Iintlobo kunye namagama ubulembu kunye iifoto kunye nenkcazo

Zifakwe ntwenini na ubulembu (igama iintlobo, uhlobo) abazi yonke. Kwimeko ilungileyo, ikhondo biology yesikolo wakhumbula neflakisi Kukushkin eziqhelekileyo okanye sphagnum. Eneneni, abaliqela iqela elikhulu kumanani zezi zityalo ixabisa kakhulu ngaphandle kwezinye ezikhoyo. Bangabi sakufumana iilinki okanye, iifom lenguqu intermediate. Kubomi eziqhelekileyo, ngokufuthi ukubhidanisa nje amagama ubulembu kunye ulele, kodwa izityalo ngokwabo, ukuba kubakhawulela, umzekelo ehlathini. Kutheni ukufumana iinkcukacha ngakumbi kwezi abemi okumangalisayo uMhlaba.

Ubulembu - enye izityalo omdala Earth

Moss usapho idibanisa iqela elikhulu zezityalo ephakamileyo, elinganayo 25,000 iintlobo. Kwezi, 1 kuphela 500 eentlobo ezikhulayo kwilizwe lethu. Izibalo ayalingana, ukususela ngoko ngokude hayi kufundwe iindawo ezinkulu kakhulu amahlathi. Kukho nkqu inzululwazi elahlukileyo ojongene nasekufundweni ubulembu - bryology. Iifom endala eziphili kubhekiswa kuzo amaxesha Carboniferous, kodwa izazinzulu ziyavuma ukuba avela ngisho ngaphambili. Ezi kuphela zityalo ogama zazivelela enxulumene nophuhliso kuchaswa le sporophyte. Bahlala kwi nobudoda on Earth, wathabatha ngokuqinileyo indawo yayo ehlabathini yezityalo, uyigcine nangoku.

Engamashumi amabini anesibini iintlobo ikhadi kwasasazeka Moss zidweliswe kwi "Red Book of Russia": kampilium Krylov orhidium ocherednolistny, brioksifium Savatier, Angstrom amentaceous, atraktilokarpus Alpine, Oreas Martius, induziella Tien shan, Lindberg brachypterous Lindberg Blowing, mamillariella igeza, krifea zodidi, doziya Japanese, gomaliadelfus gladkozuby, Necker entla, plagiotetsium tupeyshy, taksifillum enemizila, aktinotuidium ihuka leptopteriginandrum Alps esemazantsi, giofila lisongelwe, Fossombrone Alaska nskaya, backgammon Japanese, izopahes olumbhatshileyo.

iimpawu ngokubanzi ubulembu

Concepts Moss (igama Latin - "bryophytes") eyihambisa usapho Moss ibanzi kakhulu kwaye luhlanganisa iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokomthetho kubhaliwe baphazanyiswa isityalo ongatshiyo ukuphakama-1 mm ukuya iisentimitha eziliqela, kodwa kukho iintlobo ukuba bafikelele-60 cm okanye ngaphezulu. A isici esasenza moss na ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo ingcambu. umsebenzi wabo wenziwa outgrowths ezikhethekileyo sangaphandle - rhizoids. Ngoncedo lwabo umzimba moss encamathele zeendawana kwaye ufumana amanzi kunye nezithako lichithakale. Umjikelo yokuzalela ehlanganisa (gametophyte) kunye (sporophyte) isizukulwana maqanda. Kwelinye icala, iimpawu kuchaswa baphosa umva kude emva kuthelekiswa nezinye izityalo wonke umhlaba, yaye ezinye zazo - aya kukuvumela ukuze sisinde kule iimeko isigwebo, xa kwadaka konke abanye. Oku kungenxa yokuba ekuqaleni zenzeka phantsi kwekhwapha nezinye izityalo, ngoko neutrally kakubi obunjengombane ukuba shushu. Eyona nto iphambili kuba moss kuba phambi ukufuma. Kodwa ke bakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokusilela. Kukho enye inkalo imangalisayo ubulembu - ukukwazi kuwa zibe kwimeko oopopayi abanqunyanyisiweyo phantsi kweemeko engentle yokusingqongileyo. Kweli nqanaba, isityalo phantse zaphela zonke iinkqubo zobomi. Ubulembu babe nolwazi kwimo oopopayi imisiwe eminyaka, ukusinda ngempumelelo amaqondo aphansi kakhulu okanye phezulu, ukungabikho okanye ukungabikho ukufuma.

Distribution of ubulembu

Ezi zityalo babekuthanda kakhulu kwiindawo ezimanzi, bafumana phantse kulo lonke ihlabathi ngaphandle kweelwandle kwaye emuncu kakhulu (saline) imihlaba. amaninzi kakhulu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ubulembu, abamagama ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukuba yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini, zifumaneka emathafeni. Bekhula kakhulu kancinci (ukwanda ngonyaka ka-1-2 mm), ukuba uthatha izityalo omnye, kodwa, ngokubanzi, ukuba wafumana biomass elikhulu kunene.

Ziziphi ubulembu ikoloni phantse kuzo zonke iimbombo ihlabathi, kungenxa yokuba esi sityalo oligotrophs. Baza kukhula nkqu imihlaba kakhulu omncinane kunye namahlwempu. Izilwanyana ngokuqhelekileyo ubulembu musani ukudla. ubuchule babo ukugcina ngenkuthalo ukufuma maxa wambi kukhokelela zokuxinana kwamanzi zomhlaba.

lokwanda ubulembu

Ezi zityalo kufuneka ngomjikelo ngokungaqhelekanga okuzala. Amagama ubulembu kunye nokusasazwa yabo yahlukile, kodwa ke bonke efanayo ukuba gametophyte izityalo ezidibanisiweyo kunye sporophyte. Le yokugqibela echaziweyo kwakhona ngokuba sizukulwana maqanda. Yena imelwe ibhokisi encinane iimbambano, leyo esebenzisa indebe sokufunxa iinyawo zihleli kwi gametophyte. Uphuhliso kwisizukulwana ngokwesondo evela kwixesha ukuntshula sikuyo. Ekuqaleni kuphuhliswa ukubunjwa filamentous okanye ipleyiti-ezifana (protonema), nto leyo ibeka izintso, ukusuka apho ke ukhula thallus lamellar okanye iziqu kunye amagqabi, kuxhomekeka ekubeni ubucele ntoni na uhlobo moss. Amagama lwemizimba of ukuzala kwizityalo eziphezulu bayazazi amaninzi ukususela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo - kwaye archegonium antheridia. Eyokuqala i amalungu ababhinqileyo okuzala, uphawu izityalo eziphezulu ibihlungu, kwakunye qela gymnosperms. Antheridia - a amalungu eyindoda, ukuba ziyafumaneka izityalo ephezulu kwakunye nezityalo.

ngezigaba

Makhe ukuhlala umbuzo wokuba yintoni le ubulembu. Iiklasi Name ezimbini ebezikhona engaqhelekanga kakhulu: isibindi kunye eluhlaza. Ekuqaleni Ukuhlelwa efanayo yayiquka Antotserotovye ubulembu. Kodwa kamva, izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ukuba ezi amaqela ezahlukeneyo kwezityalo yedwa nabo kwisebe ekhethekileyo. Iklasi nganye iimpawu zayo ezithile kunye neempawu.

Class Pechenochniki okanye Hepatic: ubulembu, amagama kunye iifoto

A isici esasenza zonke ezi zityalo kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo gametophytes kunye sporophytes kufana. Inani lilonke leeklasi umalunga 300 kwisizukulwana kunye neentlobo-6000 ubulembu. Bekhula kakhulu kwimozulu yetropiki. Kubo, andisa uphawu kakhulu kwezityalo imithamo kuphuhliswa ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi thallus.

Kukho iindidi ukuba ayikalungiswa mhlawumbi emhlabeni okanye imithi, ezifana Ricci ezidadayo. Phantsi kweemeko zendalo, oko sifumaneka kwiMpuma Ekude kunye eCaucasus. Maxa wambi Kwakhona yakhulela akwariyam.

Ngomhla kummandla eRussia marchantia yinto exhaphakileyo ezahlukeneyo ngokunjalo. Le moss ukhula emhlabeni. izityalo (thallus) na uhlobo lomzimba multilayer, eyayizalwa kunye ipleyiti Isanti ukuya iisentimitha 10 kakhulu. Izityalo ke dioecious, kunye zokuzala ezibekwe nembasa kwi isekela ezikhethekileyo eluhlobo iambrela.

Ngawaphi amagama generic kweklasi ubulembu liverworts? Nazi ezinye zazo: sferokarpus, pallavitsinii, simfiogina, merch, gimenofitum, Metzger, Ritchie.

Iklasi Listostebelnye ubulembu: imizekelo amagama

Ibithuthwa ubulembu - iklasi kakhulu ezininzi, nto leyo iquka iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-15 000, bemanyene 700 ezizalwayo. Ngaphandle iinombolo zabo bodwa, nabo zahluke indima ebalulekileyo cover yezityalo komhlaba. abameli Gametophyte yale iklasi ukukhula ngokuthe nkqo okanye tye. Ngokuxhomekeka oku, yahlulwe, ngokulandelelana, orthotropic kunye neentlobo plagiotropnye. ubulembu ibithuthwa ukuze kube lula yahlulwe subclasses ezintathu: sphagnum, Andreeva, brievye.

ubulembu Sphagnum Subclass

Wonke umntu uqhelene la magama ubulembu. Plants of subclass, kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-300 (iintlobo-40 ezifumaneka kwilizwe lethu), kwaye ikhula kulo lonke ihlabathi. Onke amalungu iintlobo ubukhulu ngokufanelekileyo enkulu kunye umbala cwe emhlophe kunye oluhlaza, omdaka okanye obomvu. Ngokomthetho iintlobo zesi subclass up zone utyani eyetundra kwaye umthombo ongundoqo ukuze kwakhiwe iidiphozithi afanayo.

Le Sphagnum uhlobo okanye umgquba moss, iquka iintlobo 120. Bonke ezikhula amadobo, ezifikelela nabo rhwelele. Olubangelwa ukwanda isivuno ngonyaka ka-2-3 cm, ngoxa amazantsi uyafa yaye ubola, kodwa ibole. Isizathu sokuba lo msebenzi ukuba umzimba esenzelwa carbolic acid moss, magciwane. Abafileyo, kunye neentlobo inxalenye Turf, kodwa le nkqubo olucothayo kakhulu. Ngoko ke, kuqikelelwa ukuba 1 imitha yesibambiso ezinjalo imiswe phakathi kweminyaka 1000!

Enye ummeli ingqalelo subclass - tortula emaphandleni. Ikhula moss phezu imithi, lo gama into engaqhelekanga. Lihlala: ukusuka kumathafa ukuya Arctic kunye nemimandla entlango. Olubotshelelwe ku iingcambu bako kwemithi ixolo kunye namatye. It has a umbala omdaka okanye ezibuhlazarha-mdaka, isiqu ikhula ukuya ngokweesentimitha-10.

Nazi ezinye amagama phantsi ingqalelo uhlobo moss: sphagnum Bog, ewayo, omdaka, girgenzona, magellansky, papillozny.

Subclass Brievye ubulembu

Subclass ezininzi ngokwaneleyo yaye iquka iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-14 000, 1300 apho afumaneka kummandla Russia. Oku ikakhulu Perennials, efikelela ubukhulu omhle kakhulu ukusuka ku-1 ukuya kuma-50 cm ngobude. Umbala idla eluhlaza, ukuba yingqombela brown okanye phantse emnyama. Zikhula, ngokuqhelekileyo kumhlaba, umthi obolileyo okanye amagqabi. Bona eneneni ungenako ukubathwala zemihlaba saline. Kakuhle zonke amagama aqhelekileyo ubulembu ezinjalo Russian njengoko Kukushkin iflakisi okanye politrihum ngokwenzululwazi eziqhelekileyo, brium voloskonosny. Bona kukhula ezisemantla kunye neengingqi umbindi Russia, kaninzi emahlathini.

subclass Andreeva

Eli qela zezityalo elincinane (malunga 120) kukuba ezibandayo (Arctic and Antarctic). Ke ingafunyanwa ematyeni namawa, apho benza into efana pads. Abameli beli subclass zezi Andre engxondorheni, splahnum ebomvu naziiperile, rodobrium elisesifubeni lesinxibo, leukobrium oluhlaza, polia zibhetyebhetye, dikranum mnogonozhkovy. Ezi kuphela ezinye iintlobo ubulembu. Amagama neefoto namanye amalungu subclass ingafumaneka kwi-atlasi ngezityalo, nto leyo nayo iya kunikwa inkcazelo eneenkcukacha sodidi neentlobo.

mnyango Antotserotovye

ngaphambili Antrotserotovye ingqalelo njengoko ubulembu yenzelwe kwiklasi eyahlukileyo. Ngoku zichazwa njengoko ukwanda izityalo Moss abe isakhiwo efanayo thallium. Kuba thallus imilo elisesifubeni lesinxibo uphawu kwicala asezantsi babe rhizoids. Yeyona abemi efudumeleyo, yaye kuphela iintlobo ezimbalwa ezikhula sezulu sifudumele.

Indlela yokwahlukanisa ukusuka ulele moss?

Abantu kaninzi babhidanisa nje amagama ubulembu kunye ulele, kodwa ngokubanzi ukuvela kwazo. Umahluko ophambili kukuba yokugqibela - bona abameli izityalo ibihlungu aphantsi ukuvela eMhlabeni ubulembu kakhulu ngaphambili. Ezinye ulele bade nesihloko kubonisa ngokucacileyo kokwabo iqela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kwezityalo. Umzekelo, oki moss, moss Irish, adle moss. Amagama original walondoloza, kodwa i Moss usapho isebe kwisifundo ukusasazeka, abanawo lwalamano. Oak moss unalo igama elihle yenzululwazi Evernia Prunastri. Ukuba ujonga i ifoto, ngoko nangoko kucaca ukuba lo ulele. Sikhula, njengokuba negama libonisa, ngomhla amaxolo oki, kwakunye ezithile Conifers.

Iqumrhu ulele - a ngokuncedisana of ulwelwe nokungunda. Abanawo iingcambu, yaye ubulembu kufuneka imfano lwabo - rhizoids. Ukuthetha ngendlela elula, umzimba ulele - njenge iqebengwana: phezulu nasezantsi mkhuhlane kunye lisiza embindini, oluqhutywa inkqubo yefotosinthsis. Le zeendawana ukuba leyo ulele (ngokuqhelekileyo imithi) eqhotyoshelweyo wamginya yi acid eyodwa ayinabantu fungi. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba unako ukutshabalalisa nokuba lilitye. Ngoko ke, ngaba kakhulu yingozi ezi zityalo. Ngoko ke, xa zithe zenzeka, ezifana imithi yeziqhamo, azigqibi kutshabalalisa amaxolo. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, ulele - umlinganiselo ekuhlambululeni emoyeni, kuba ngokupheleleyo ungenako ukubathwala gassed.

Le iifeni efana kunye ubulembu?

Iifeni ngokoMthetho kwindaleko na inyathelo elinye ngaphezu moss. Isizathu kukuba babe olujikeleza conductive ngayo isityalo ufumana amanzi kunye nezithako lichithakale. Babenolwazi ngakumbi ebantwini kwaye zifumaneka kuyo yonke emahlathini. Dryopteris kunye bracken - igama odumileyo. Ubulembu kunye iifeni Asamanyene enye ukufana ezibalulekileyo: kokubini lawo, kunye nabanye musa zizale yi iimbewu eziyingozi. Oko kukuthi, kukho alternation kokuveliswa ngokwesondo kunye maqanda (sporophyte kunye gametophyte). Ukongeza, ukuba rhoqo abamelwane endaweni yawo yemvelo, njengoko abo bobabini, kwaye abanye bakhetha umthunzi nokufuma eliphezulu.

ubulembu meaning

Ubulembu kwi indalo - ukuba ngoovulindlela, ukuba ngowokuqala ikoloni mmandla, iimeko zemozulu badla ezingafanelanga ukuba izityalo nayiphi na enye. Ezi zityalo lukwa yinxalenye ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila xa iyonke. Ubulembu ukudala biocenoses abakhethekileyo kumathafa, nesigubungelo emhlabeni kunye ikhaphethi oluqhubekayo.

Zinelungelo amandla ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ukugcina ukufuma, inzuzo apho ezinokuchazwa ngeendlela ezimbini. Ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala lwembono, baya ukulawula imali eseleyo amanzi emhlabeni, kwaye eyesibini - negalelo yeetyuwa ezininzi kwamahlathi, amadlelo kunye nomhlaba wezolimo.

Sphagnum moss - ngumthombo oxabisekileyo ukubunjwa iidipozithi ye umgquba, nto leyo lisetyenziswa njengendlela amafutha, izixhobo zokwakha kunye nezolimo. Ukongeza, ezinye iintlobo asetyenziswa ngayo amayeza, njengoko bazenze zambi iipropati anti-virus. Kodwa ukuyilwa amadobo sphagnum kunye hypnum kubalulekile ukuba wonke eziphilayo. Yeyona kwiimfuno amatyholo ezininzi kunye nezityalo herbaceous, ikhaya izilwanyana umdlalo ezininzi neentaka. Kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, lo kumgxobhozo - yinto efana itanki reserve ngamanzi ahlaziyekileyo. Ngapha koko, njenge imfunxa, iginya zonke imvula, uze emva koko ngokuthe ngcembe unika ukufuma amanzi amancinci lomhlaba aqukuqelayo evela kuyo. Umgxobhozo udlala indima somlawuli of mmandla ukufuma.