Yintoni iKhomshan?

Ngamhla ulwimi lwesiKoksha lunye lweelwimi zaseburhulumenteni zaseRiphabhliki yaseMordovia kunye nolwimi lwesi-Erzyan. Ukongeza kwiRiphabliki yaseMordovia, izivakalisi zendawo zifumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi ezikufutshane zaseRashiya zanamhlanje, kufuphi ne-Urals: ePenza, eRyazan, eOrenburg, eSaratov, eTambov nakwezinye iindawo.

Isikhundla phakathi kwezinye iilwimi zehlabathi

Ulwimi lwe-Moksha (moksha) lunxulumene nolwimi olunxulumene neqela laseMordovian, iqela laseFinnno-Volga, isebe laseFinnno-Ugric, iqela lolimi lwesi-Uralic. Oko kukuthi, ulwimi lungaqwalaselwa "isihlobo esisekude" saseFinland, isi-Estonian, iUdmurt kunye nezinye iilwimi ezincinci eziqhelekileyo kwii-Urals. Lowo osondeleyo kuye ngoku u-Meshchersky ofileyo. Kuze kube yimhla, ulwimi lwaseKokshan lunabantu abangamawaka amabini kuphela, oko kukuthi, kunokuthi kubangelwe ukusabalalisa.

Inxalenye ethile yembali

Kwiinkulungwane zokuqala zexesha lethu, kwintsimi yeMordovia yanamhlanje, ulwimi olungumnye waseMordovia okanye uluhlu oluneenkcukacha ezinxulumene nolwaMordvinian lwasasazwa. Inxalenye yekhulu le-V-VI ukungafani kwale mihla yaba namandla kangangokuthi yajika yaba ngeelwimi ezimbini ezizimeleyo kodwa ezizimeleyo - i-Moksha ne-Erzya.

Impawu zoLwimi

Kukho iifowuni ezi-7 zeefowuni kunye neendononongo ezingama-33 ngolwimi, ezimelelwe ziileta ezili-21 kwileta. Uxinzelelo, njengomthetho, luwela kwisilayidi yokuqala, kwaye ngamabini a magama afana ne "atyat-babat" ("indoda endala kunye nomfazi omdala") iyawa nganye kwiindawo.

Ulwimi lwesi-Moksha lubhekisela kwiilwimi ezibizwa ngokuba yi- agglutinative languages. Olu luhlobo apho intsingiselo nganye yegrammatic ibonakaliswa yi-morpheme eyahlukileyo (ngokungafani neRashiya, apho ukuphela kwesibizo, umzekelo, kubonisa ubunzima begrama epheleleyo).

Nantsi kukho inani elikhulu lamatyala (kunye nexesha elingapheliyo kwaye lingasetyenziswe kangangoko, kukho malunga ne-20) ukubonisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentsingiselo ze-semantic. Iimpawu zitshintsha kwiintetho ezintathu: isiseko, isalathisi kunye nezinto eziphathekayo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba kululwimi akukho nhlobo yolu hlobo - alubonakalwanga ngegrama.

Inkqubo yegrama yesenzi sesiKoksha nayo iyafuna ukwazi. Kukho ezine kwixesha lakhe: ezimbini ezedlulileyo, elizayo-elizayo nelizayo. Kule nkqubo, imodemu yesenzi ayimelwe, isigaba esibonisa ukuba yiyona nto-into engeyiyo eyenziwayo, inyanzelekile.

Kwabo abanomdla, kukho izipapasho ezinobunobumba: i-etymological Kysha isichazamazwi ehleliwe nguVerhinin VI. (Imveliso yesichazamazwi, ngendlela, ngenxa yokuphelelwa "ngokukhawuleza" kolwimi), izichazi-magama zesiRashiya-Moksha kunye ne-Moksha-Russian.

Ngendlela, i-alfabhethi isetyenzisiweyo ukubonisa izandi kwileta, oko kukuthi, i-alfabhethi yama-Moksha yanamhlanje ayifani ne-Russian.

Ulwimi lwaseKoksha namhlanje

Okwangoku kulwimi kulwimi lwaseMordovia kuninzi inani leemviwo ezipapashwa, kunye neencwadi ezincinci neencwadi zesayensi. Izikolo zinezifundo kwiilwimi zaseKoksha, iphinda zifundwe kwizikolo eziphakamileyo, zivakala kwi-radiyo yesizwe kunye nomabonwakude waseMordovia. Nangona kunjalo, asikwazi ukuthetha ukuba ulwimi lusebenza ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu kwimimandla yonke. Phakathi koluntu lwasezidolophini, kwakungekho nantetho yezilwimi - yatshintshwa nguRashiya. I-Moksha isetyenziselwa kakhulu kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, ngokukhawuleza ukufumana isimo sesilwimi. Nangona iminyaka embalwa edlulileyo inkulumo yaseKoksha yayingavamile.

Namhlanje, iinkqubo zokubambisana kwehlabathi, ukudibanisa kunye nokuxutywa kwabantu abancinci kwihlabathi baninzi. Kule nkalo, ezininzi iinkcubeko ezithakazelisayo, ngelishwa, ziyasuswa ebusweni bomhlaba kwaye zifumana imeko yabangasekhoyo, iilwimi ezincinci ezifana neKokshan, Erzya kunye nabanye bafa.