Izikhathi zeGiological ngokulandelelana kwexesha. Imbali yeGiological yoMhlaba

Imbali yeplanethi yomhlaba sele iphelele malunga neebhiliyoni ezi-7. Ngeli xesha, indlu yethu eqhelekileyo yenze inguqu ephawulekayo, eyayiyiphumo lokutshintsha kwamaxesha. Ixesha le-Geological ngokulandelelana kwexesha libonisa yonke imbali yeplanethi ukusuka ekubonakala kwayo kuze kube namhlanje.

Ixesha lemihla ngemihla

Imbali yomhlaba, emele ngemimiselo yeemali, amaqela, amaxesha kunye namaxesha eenkcukacha ezithile zeqela. Kwimibutho yokuqala yehlabathi yee-geology, isicwangciso esikhethekileyo sokulandelelana kwexesha esasikwakhiwe sasiyimfuneko yexesha elikhoyo lomhlaba. Kamva eli nqanaba longezelelwe ngolwazi olutsha kwaye litshintshile, ngenxa yoko, ngoku libonisa onke amaxesha e-geological ngokulandelana kwexesha.

Iziqendu ezikhulu kule nqanaba zi-eonotimes, eras kunye namaxesha.

Ukubunjwa komhlaba

Izikhathi zeMveli zeMhlaba ngokulandelelana kwexesha ziqala imbali yazo ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokubunjwa kweplanethi. Iingcali zenzululwazi zafika kwisigqibo sokuba uMhlaba wasungulwa malunga ne-4.5 billion iminyaka edlulileyo. Inkqubo yokwakhiwa kwayo yayide kakhulu kwaye, mhlawumbi, yaqala iminyaka eyi-7 ibhiliyoni edlulileyo evela kwiincinci ezincinane ze-cosmic. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, amandla okuvuthwa akhula, kunye nalo isantya seembumba eziwela kwiplanethi ephumayo yanda. Amandla ekhenkethi aguqulwa waba ngushisa, ngenxa yoko uMhlaba wawufudumala kancane.

Umxholo weMhlaba, ngokwezenzululwazi, wakhiwa ngaphezu kweemitha eziliqela leminyaka, emva koko ukupholisa ngokuphambili kweplanethi kwaqala. Okwangoku, i-30% yobutyebi bomhlaba iqulethwe ngundoqo. Ukuphuhliswa kwezinye iigobolondo zeplanethi, ngokwezenzululwazi, akukagqityiwe ngoku.

Umdlalo wePrecambrian aeon

Kwi-geochronology yomhlaba, i-yeon yokuqala ibizwa ngokuba yi-Precambrian. Ihlanganisa ixesha lesi-4.5 ezigidigidi-600 izigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo. Okokuthi, isabelo seengonyama somlando weplanethi sihlanganiswe kuqala. Nangona kunjalo, le ntwana iyahlula ibe yintathu - iKatarchey, Archaean, Proterozoic. Kwaye ngokusoloko i-first of them iphuma njenge-eon emele.

Ngeli xesha, ukubunjwa komhlaba, umhlaba kunye namanzi. Konke oku kwenzeka ngexesha lomsebenzi wentshukumo ye-volcanic kulo lonke i-aeon. Izikhuselo zelizwekazi zonke zakhiwe kwi-Precambrian, kodwa iindlela zokuphila azifaneki.

Katarchean Eon

Ukuqala kwimbali yoMhlaba - isiqingatha seminyaka eyi-bhiliyoni yobukho bayo kwisayensi kuthiwa yiKatarche. Umda ophezulu walo moni usezingeni leebhiliyoni ezi-4 edlulileyo.

Iincwadi ezigqithisileyo zisishukumisela uKatarchei njengethuba lokutshintsha kwezinto ezinokuqhuma kwe-volcanic ne-geothermal kwi-Earth. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwenene oku akunjalo.

I-Katarchean yeon yithuba apho ukuqhutyelwa kwe-volcanic kwakungabonakali, kwaye umphezulu womhlaba wawusentlango engabonakaliyo. Nangona kwakukho ezininzi iinyikima eziye zatshintsha umhlaba. Ubuso bubukeka njengento ebomvu ebomkhulu ehlanganiswe nocingo lwe-regolith. Umhla ngelo xesha kwakuneeyure ezingama-6 kuphela.

Eon Archean

Eyesibini yezona zimbini kwiimbali zeMhlaba zaziyiminyaka eyi-1.5 bhiliyoni-iminyaka eyi-4-2.5 yezigidi ezidlulileyo. Emva koko uMhlaba wawungazange ube nomoya, ngoko ke kwakungekho nobomi, nangona kunjalo, ukubonakala kwebhaktheriya kwenzeka kule nto, ngenxa yokungabikho kwe-oksijeni, babeyi-anaerobic. Njengomphumo wemisebenzi yabo namhlanje sinezipho zemvelo, ezifana nesinyithi, igraphite, isulfure kunye ne-nickel. Imbali yegama elithi "i-archaea" ivela ngo-1872, xa isazi senzululwazi yaseMerika uJan Dan sichaza. I-Aronan yeon, ngokungafani neyokudlulileyo, ibonakaliswa ngumsebenzi ophezulu wokukhukhula kwentaba-mlilo nokukhukhula.

Eon Proterozoic

Ukuba sibheka amaxesha e-geological ngokulandelelana kwexesha, i-bhiliyoni elandelayo ibanjwe yi-Proterozoic. Eli xesha likwabonakaliswa ngumsebenzi ophezulu wentsholongwane kunye neentlanzi, kwaye ukuguguleka kwamanzi kuyaqhubeka kwiindawo ezinkulu.

Kukhona ukubunjwa kwezinto ezibizwa ngoko. Iintaba ze-Baikal ukunyathela. Okwangoku zizintabeni ezincinci kumathafeni. Amatye aloo aeon atyebile kakhulu kwi-mica, i-ores yensimbi engekho yensimbi kunye nentsimbi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwixesha leProzozo izidalwa eziphilileyo zokuqala zavela - izilwanyana ezincinci, i-algae ne-fungi. Kwaye ekupheleni kwe-aeon kukho iimbungu, i-invertebrates zasolwandle, i-mollusks.

I-Phanerozoic eon

Zonke iimeko zemihlaba ngokulandelelana kwexesha zikwahlula zibe zimbini iintlobo-ezicacileyo zifihliweyo. I-Phanerozoic ibhekisela kubonakala. Ngelo xesha kukho inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo kunye neembumba zamaminerali. Ixesha eliphambi kwePhanerozoic lalibizwa lifihlekile ngenxa yokuba imimiselo yalo ayifumanekanga ngenxa yokungabikho kwamagqabi amaminerali.

Okugqibela malunga nezigidi eziyi-600 zembali yomhlaba wethu kuthiwa yi-Phanerozoic eon. Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo kakhulu kule ngqungquthela yinto yokuqhuma kweCambrian, eyenzeka malunga ne-540 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo kunye nezo zintlanu ezinkulu kwiinkalo zomhlaba.

I-eras ye-Precambrian aeon

Ngethuba leKatarche kunye neArache kwakungekho i-eras kunye namaxesha athatywayo jikelele, ngoko ke siya kudlula ingqalelo yabo.

I-proterozoic iqulethe ii-eras ezintathu ezinkulu:

I-Paleoproterozoic - nguyena, yasendulo, kuquka i-siderium, i-orosiria kunye ne-stateria. Ekupheleni kweli xesha, i-concentration ye-oksijeni emoyeni sele ifinyelele kumgangatho wanamhlanje.

IMesoproterozoic - ephakathi. Iqukethe amaxesha amathathu-calima, ectazias kunye nenye. Ngeli xesha, i-algae kunye neebhaktheriya zifikelele kwinani labo.

I-Neoproterozoic - entsha, equkethe umgca wameva, i-cryogenic ne-Ediacar. Ngeli xesha, i-Rodinia yokuqala iqulunqwa, kodwa ke iiplatele zahlukana kwakhona. Ixesha elibandayo kakhulu lokugqithisa lidlulileyo kwixesha elibizwa ngokuthi i-mesoproterozoic, ngelixesha apho ininzi iplanethi ibanda.

Era ye-Phanerozoic Eon

Lo mzekelo uqulethe iibrawu ezintathu ezinkulu, ezahluke ngokuthe ngqo phakathi komnye:

I-Paleozoic, okanye ixesha lokuphila kwangaphambili. Kwaqala malunga nezigidi eziyi-600 kwiminyaka edlulileyo kwaye yaphela iminyaka eyi-230 yezigidi edlulileyo. I-Paleozoic inexesha eli-7:

1. I-Cambrian (kwiMhlaba isimo sezulu esilingeneyo sakhiwe, indawo yokulala ilala phantsi, ngeli thuba zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana zanamhla zivela).
2. I-Ordovician (imozulu kwiplanethi yonke ifudumele ngokwaneleyo, nakwi-Antarctica, ngelixa umhlaba ugcotyiweyo.) Ukubonakala kwentlanzi yokuqala kwenzeka.
3. Isikhathi saseSilurian (ukubunjwa kwezilwandle ezinkulu ze-intracontinental ezenzekayo, ngelixa iindawo eziphantsi kweeplabathi ziba nzima ngenxa yokukhuphuka komhlaba, ukuphuhliswa kweentlanzi kuyaqhubeka.) Ixesha le-Silurian liphawulwe ngokubonakala kwezinambuzane zokuqala).
4. Devon (ukubonakala kwezilwanyana zamanzi kunye namahlathi).
5. I-Lower Carboniferous (ukulawula i-ferns, ukuhanjiswa kweentlanzi).
6. I-Carboniferous ephakamileyo nephakathi (ukubonakala kwezinto zokuqala ezihlambulukileyo).
7. Perm (ezininzi izilwanyana zasendulo ziyafa).

I-Mesozoic, okanye ixesha lezityalo ezihlambulukileyo. Imbali ye-geological yexesha leMesozoic liqukethe amaxesha amathathu:

1. I-Trias (imbewu yefern ifa, i-gymnosperms ilawulwa, i-dinosaurs yokuqala kunye nezilwanyana ezixhamlayo zivela).
2. I-Jura (inxalenye yeYurophu kunye nentshona-ntshona yaseMelika ihlanganiswe nolwandle olunzulu, ukubonakala kweentaka zokuqala).
3. I-Chalk (ukubonakala kweemapula kunye namahlathi oki, uphuhliso oluphezulu kunye nokuphela kweentaka ze-dinosaurs kunye neentaka ezinokuthiwa).

I-Cenozoic, okanye ixesha lezilwanyana ezincelisayo. Iqukethe amaxesha amabini:

1. Ephakamileyo. Ekuqaleni kwexesha elidlulayo kunye nabangenayo bangena ekutshekeni kwabo, isimo sezulu sishushu. Kukho ukusabalala kwehlathi, izilwanyana ezindala kakhulu ziyafa. Phantse kwiminyaka eyi-25 yezigidi edlulileyo kwavela iintlobo zee- anthropoid, kwaye kwi-Pliocene ikhona indoda ebonakalayo.
2. Quaternary. Izilwanyana ezincinci ziphelelwa ngaphandle, uluntu lwazalwa, amaxesha ama-4 eluhlaza, iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo ziyafa. Ixesha lamanje liphela ekupheleni kwexesha lokugqibela leqabileyo, inkqubela yemozulu ithola iimeko ezikhoyo ngoku. Ulawulo lomntu emhlabeni wonke.

Imbali yendalo yeplanethi yethu inokuphuhliswa kwexesha elide neliphikisanayo. Kule nkqubo kwakukho indawo yokuphela kwezinto eziphilayo, amaxesha obundlobongela aphindaphindiwe, amaxesha aphezulu okuqhutyelwa kwemibhobho ayenziwa, kukho ii-eras zobukhulu bezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo: ukusuka kubhaktheriya ukuya kubantu. Imbali yoMhlaba yaqala malunga neebhiliyoni ezi-7 ezidlulileyo kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, yaqulunqwa malunga ne-4.5 yezigidigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo kwaye ingaphantsi kweyigidi leminyaka edlulileyo umntu wayeka ukukhuphisana kuzo zonke izilwanyana zasendle.