Umqhubi uStean Mikoyan: i-biography, ifoto

U-Stepan Mikoyan ungumqhubi wovavanyo lweSoviet, umyili we-aircraft, iHero ye-USSR, i-knight ye-Order kaLenin kunye neBlack Banner, bonke ubomi bakhe babunxulumene neenqwelo. Nguye owayephethe uxanduva lweBuran eyaziwayo, i-spacecraft evuselelekayo, eyavanywa ngempumelelo ngoNovemba 1988.

Iminyaka yobuntwana

U-Mikoyan Stepan Anastasovich, ochazwe ngaye kule nqaku, wazalwa eTiflis (ngoku iTbilisi) ngoJulayi 12, 1922. Ubaba u-Anastas Mikoyan wayengumbutho ovelele waseSoviet kunye nombuso, kunye nomama uAshken Lazarevna Tumanyan. Umtshato wabo wawude kwaye ujabule. Ngokutsho kukaStean Mikoyan ngokwakhe, akazange akhumbule umzekelo omnye xa abazali bakhe bexabana okanye bephakamisa amazwi abo. Bahlala bephatha omnye nomnye uthando nothando olukhulu.

Inzala yaseMikoyan yayinabantwana abahlanu. Umdala wabo nguStan. Yena kunye nabantwana abathathu abancinci babedluliselwa ngamagama ahloniphekileyo ama-commissars aseBaku - uSergo Ordzhonikidze, uAlexei Dzhaparidze, uStean Shaumyan kunye no-Ivan Violetov, kunye no-Anastas Mikoyan abahlala behlala bebuhlobo obuhle. Indodana yesibini yaqanjwa ngokuthi nguVolodya, ekubeni wazalwa ngonyaka xa i-VI yafa. ULenin. Bonke abantwana bachithe ikhefu zabo kwiDacha Zubalovo. Ngokutsho kukaStean Mikoyan, kwakuyindawo enkulu ejikelezwe ngodonga oluphezulu lwezitena. Kwaye kwenye indawo kumgama weekhilomitha enye kuye kwakukhona enye i-dacha Zubalovo-2, apho uStalin wayehlala khona nentsapho yakhe.

Ekubeni u-Anastas Ivanovich wayengumbutho ovelele, wayenabangane nabantu abaninzi abasuka kwisangqa sikaJoseph Stalin, abaye bagxininiswa. UStean wayazi bonke kwaye ukususela ebuntwaneni wayenomhlobo nendodana yenkokeli enguVasily Stalin.

Ukunyuka kwesibhakabhaka

Kwiminyaka engama-30 yekhulu lokugqibela phantse wonke umntu osemtsha wayephupha ngokudibanisa ubomi bakhe ngeenqwelo. Ngokubhekisele esibhakabhakeni kwaphupha ngamakhulu amabini abantwana besikolo soSoviet. Umntwana omdala ka-Anastas Ivanovich Stepan wayengenalo. Ukongezelela, umnqweno wakhe wanikezelwa ngumalume wakhe u-Artem Ivanovich, owayengumyili we-airplane.

Ngo-Agasti 1940, uStean Mikoyan, kunye nomhlobo uTimur Frunze, wangena kwiKachinsky Aviation School. Unyaka kamva ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba 1941 waphumelela kwisikolo eKrasniy Kut (esifundeni saseSaratov). Emva koko, wathunyelwa kwi-8th Reserve Air Regiment, ehleli kwidolophana yaseBagai-Baranovka, ehlala ngasentla kweSaratov. Lapha wakhawuleza kwafuneka afunde indlela yokubhabha kwi-Yak-1. Phakathi noDisemba waloo nyaka, ngokusasazwa, u-Stepan Mikoyan (isithombe somqhubi ochazwe kwinqaku) siwela kwi-11 yeFighter Regiment, eyingxenye ye-6 ye-defense ye-IAK kwaye ivikela isibhakabhaka phezu kweMoscow.

Imfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic

Xa efika kwindawo eya kuyo, umqhubi omncinci wafunda ukuba i-regiment yayo yahamba phambili ngaphambi kokuba ihlasele imikhosi yaseJamani. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphela kukaDisemba kunye nxalenye kaJanuwari 1942, akazange akwazi ukuphinda aphephe ngaphandle kwintsebenzo, ekubeni izimo zezulu ezibi kakhulu zingamthinteli ukuba asebenze naziphi na izenzo ezisebenzayo emoyeni. Ngethuba lokuqala lweentsuku ezilungileyo, uStean Mikoyan wathatha inxaxheba kwinqwelo yakhe ye-Yak-1, ekujoliswe kuyo ukukhusela iinqwelo zezempi zaseSoviet kufuphi nesixeko saseVolokolamsk kwaye, ngokukodwa, iinqwelo zamahashe zikaGeneral L. M. Dovator, oye wahlaselwa ngamaxesha ngamaxesha Intsimi ehleliweyo.

Akukho mfihlelo yokuba ii- Soviet zezindiza zazixoshwa kwiintonga zomkhosi. Kwaye kwakunye ngolunye lweentsuku zikaJanuwari ngo-1942. Izibhamu ezithintekayo zokulwa nezixhobo zaqala ukudubula indiza yethu, ngaphezu koko, imozulu yaphazamiseka ngokukhawuleza kunye neqhwa elikhulu. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, i-squadron yakwazi ukuhlawula ngokusesikweni ku-Stepan Mikoyan, owaziyo indawo yeemigwaqo zaseMoscow eziseduze neCentral Airfield yaseMoscow, apho i-Regiment yayo ye-11 yeFighter yayikuyo.

Inxeba yokuqala

Ebusika ka-1941-1942. Umqhubi omncinci kwi-regiment yakhe wenza iziphumo ezili-10 eziphumelelayo, kodwa eyesi-11 yayingambulala. NgoJanuwari 16, ngesikhephelo se-Istra, indiza yakhe yadutshulwa yi-lieutenant encinci ye-562 ye-Regiment uMikhail Rodionov ngenxa yengozi ethile. U-Stepan Mikoyan, obenokuthi wayephelile oko, wayekwazi ukubeka imoto yakhe evuthayo, njengokuba abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bathi, ngokufanelekileyo esiswini sakhe. Ukuwa kweenqwelo zeSoviet kwaqatshelwa ngabaselula abasemaphandleni. Badibanisa umqhubi wokutshisa ngomlenze ophukile kwindlela, kwaye emva koko, emva kokufumana ezinye izigulane, bamyisa kwi-battalion yonyango.

Unetyala uMikhail Rodionov wayeza kuthunyelwa kwi-tribunal, kunye nokujongana noLieutenant Mikoyan emva kokubuya kwakhe. Kodwa le meko ayizange ifike enkundleni. Ekuqaleni kukaJuni ngo-1942, uLieutenant Rodionov oPhezulu wabulawa kwintlanzi ye-air kufuphi neKaluga, apho wanikezelwa kwisihloko esilandelayo seHero ye-USSR. UStean kwafuneka aphilise amanxeba akhe kwiinyanga eziliqela.

Inqwelo entsha

Ngo-Agasti ka-1942, iRiment Force Fighter ye-434 ye-Aviation Fighter yafika e-Lyubertsy ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo sesithathu, emva koko saba ngabagadi baka-32. Kudumiwe ukuba i-26 abaqhubi abaye banikezelwa ngesihloko esithi Heroes of the USSR balwa nayo ngexesha elinye. Bonke, badubula ngaphaya kwe-520 iinqwelo zeenqwelo. Emva koko ngo-1942, umlawuli wamagorha wayengum Hero oneminyaka engu-24 ubudala waseSoviet Union u-Ivan Kleshchev, kwaye wayejongelwa nguVasily Stalin ngokwakhe.

Unyana wenkokheli ebuntwaneni wayazi abazalwana uMiyanov - Stepan noVladimir. Okokuqala, omncinci wabo wathatyelwa kwi-regiment, kwaye emva koko babhalisa okwesibini. Emva kwemfazwe yemfazwe, owakhonza kunye nabo, wasitshela ukuba bobabini abazalwana babetyala kakhulu, bekhuthele kwaye bathobekile, ngoko banokukhawuleza babandakanyeke kwintsapho yezobuhlobo.

Ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba 1942, ibutho elinabantu, behla ngeenqwelo zokuthutha, bahamba baya eBagai-Baranovka. Apha abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka bafunde amashishini aseYak-7B, afika nje ngokuthe ngqo kwi-aircraft yeSaratov. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko, umyalelo uthunyelwe ukuthunyelwa kwelinye insimu yasemoyeni, esecaleni kwipulazi yaseburhulumenteni "Stalingrad", eyayingama-60 km ukusuka kwisixeko ngokwawo. Ikhosi yaseKleshchevsky yafakwa ngokukhawuleza kwi-16 Army.

Ukulwa emoyeni ku-Stalingrad

Inqwelo yokuqala yokulwa yendiza esandula kwakhiwa yayibhalwa ngu-Ivan Kleshchev. Ukubona okokuqala ngqa u-Stalingrad ovela emoyeni, abatsha baqala ukumangaliswa ngumbonakalo onjalo. Emva koko uStan Mikoyan wakhumbula ukuba wabona isixeko esivuthayo. Umsi omnyama ovela kwiingqungquthela wenyuka ngamakhilomitha ambalwa ukuya phezulu, kwaye ngawo ngawo amanzi alubhakabhaka kaDon noVolga ayenokubonakala. Amakhulu eenqwelo-moya agijimela esibhakabhakeni, ininzi yabo yabagadi bamaJamani kunye neibhomu.

Njengoko uyazi, umlawuli weRégment Kleshchev uhlale ezisa abantu abasandul 'ukulwa emoyeni ngokuthe ngcembe. Kwaye, nangona ukuba uStean Mikoyan wayesebenolwazi lokulwa esibhakabhakeni phezu kwelikhulu, wayezichaza ngokwakhe njengekhoboka. Amaqhinga anjalo alo mlawuli wamnceda abancinci abancinci ukuba bafumane amava okulwa ngaphandle kweengozi enkulu.

Ukumiswa kwiindiza

Nangona kunjalo, isiqingatha sesibini saSeptemba sasinzima kunabo bonke: kwiiveki ezintathu zokulwa emoyeni, i-regiment yabhubhisa abangaphezu kwama-80 abahlaseli beentshaba. Kodwa ilahleko zeeyunithi zazikhulu: ii-aircraft kunye ne-16. Phakathi kwabafileyo kwakunomntakwabo omncinci kaStephen Vladimir Mikoyan. Umlawuli wamagosa u-Ivan Kleshchev ngokwakhe walimala kakhulu.

Emva kokufa komntakwabo uMiyanyan, uStein Anastasovich wasuswa kwiienqwelo zeenqwelo ezihamba ngeemyalelo zomyalelo. Inkumbulo kaVladimir, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kwiindiza ezininzi bazisa umxholo othi "NgeVolodya!". Ekuqaleni kukaOktobha, iindleko zegesi yomoya zathunyelwa emva. Amagosa amaningana anikezelwa ngesihloko seHero ye-USSR, kunye noVladimir (emva koko) kunye no-Stepan banikeze uMyalelo we-Red Banner of War.

Imfazwe iMikoyan yagqitywa kwisikhundla somphathi waza wanikwa amabhaso amabini emikhosi. Ngethuba lokusebenza kwempi, wakwazi ukubamba iimfazwe ezimbalwa kwiinqwelo zentshaba, kodwa ngokwemiqulu, ukunqoba kwamaqela oku-6 kubhalwe kwi-akhawunti yakhe yokulwa.

Ukufunda kwi-Engineering Academy

Ngomnyaka we-1945, unyaka ophumeleleyo, uMkoyan utshata no-Eleonora, intombi yovavanyo lomqhubi uPeter Lozovsky, owafa ngokukrakra ngethuba lokuhamba nge-I-4. Emva komtshato, loo mfana wangena kwi-Air Force Academy. N.3. UZhukovsky kwi-engineering faculty. Abaphulaphuli, abesele baqhuba ukuqhuba umkhosi, bavunyelwe ukuba baphawule iinqwelo-moya, eziye zalahlwa yi-academy. Igosa loqeqesho laliye kwilali. Belopesok kufuphi neKashira. Emva koko, abathathu kubo bekufuneka baqonde i-jet fighters entsha.

Ngenxa yeprojekthi yakhe yengqungquthela uMikoyan Stepan Anastasovich wakhetha isihloko esinzima kunye nesibindi kunamaxesha. Kwakhathalele umqhubi wendlela yokuphambili. Kungenzeka ukuba wafumana yonke ingcaciso malunga nokuphuhliswa kweenqwelo-moya ze-MiG-19 ezizayo kumalume wakhe u-Anush Mikoyan.

Iprojekthi yeStat's graduation yaholwa ngu-V.F. UBolkhovinov, owayengumkhosi wexesha langaphambi kwemfazwe wayebandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kweebhomu ezinzima "DB-A", kwaye kamva ukudalulwa kweyokuqala kwi-Soviet Union i-"BI". Ngaloo ndlela, kunokuthiwa ngokuzithemba ukuba uMiyan, kunye nabafundi abalingana nabo oogqirha baqhubi kunye neenjineli zogqirha, babemi ekuqaleni kokuphuhliswa kweenqwelo zomoya.

Umsebenzi onzima

Ngo-Agasti ka-1951 uStean Ananstasovich wafumana isikhundla sokuvavanya kwi-GCI ye-Military Air Force Research Institute. Apha, iminyaka engama-23 ubudala, wayejongene nokuvavanya iindiza zokulwa ezihlukeneyo zeYakovlev, Mikoyan kunye ne-Sukhoi Design Bureau. Yena, ngokungenabanye, udibanise ngempumelelo umsebenzi womqhubi kunye nesimo senjini ekhokelayo yocandelo lophando lwezenzululwazi.

Ukususela ngo-1975, uStean Mikoyan unguHero weSoviet Union. Wafanelwe esi sihloko esiphakamileyo sokuvavanya i-MiG-25 ye-interceptor yamuva. Kulo lonke ixesha lomsebenzi wakhe wakwazi ukuqonda iintlobo ezili-102 zeenqwelo ezihlukeneyo, sele esetyenzisile emoyeni ngaphezu kweeyure eziyi-3,5 iiyure.

Uhlelo lweBuran

Ngowe-1974 uStep Anastasovich wasuswa ekuhlolweni kwezithuthi zomkhosi ngesigqibo sebhodi lezonyango, kodwa wavunyelwa ukusebenza kwiinqwelo-moya kunye neenqwelo zokuhamba. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-56, waqonda ukuba akayi kukwazi ukuphumelela ngokuphumelelayo uviwo lwezokwelapha kwakhona, ngoko ke kufuneka amkele isibonelelo sokufudukela komnye umsebenzi.

Ngo-Apreli 1978 uMikoyan waba ngumphathi we-designer chief of NGO NGO Molniya. Lapha iGG Lozino-Lozinsky yakha iinqanawa ezihlaziywayo "Buran". Ngaphantsi kwezi meko, amava ka-Stepan Anastasovich, aqokelelwe kwiminyaka emininzi yomsebenzi, enxulumene nokuhlelwa kweemvavanyo zendiza, xa kugqitywe ukudala isalathiso somoya esinqanawa esibizwa ngokuthi "UMveliso 002", savela ebomini. U-Mikoyan wayebandakanyekile kwiimvavanyo zendiza, ukuma nokuqeqeshwa kobugcisa beenqwelo-moya. Waphinda waphendula ngenxa yolawulo lwangempela "uBuran" ekuhambeni kwakhe kokugqibela nokugqibela kwithuba.

Imemori

Ukuqulunqa, kukhuselekile ukutsho ukuba uLieutenant-General of Aviation uStean Mikoyan wanikezela ubomi bakhe bonke kwiinqwelo-moya, nokuba kunjalo, ekuqhubeni kwabo. Kwaye enokuba ngumntu oneminyaka engama-70 ubudala oneminyaka eyi-gray-gray, ugijime ngokuphindaphindiweyo umatshini "Yak-18T".

Nangona wayenomsebenzi oxakekile, wayesefumana ixesha lokubhala le ncwadi. I-Biographical, ngokwenene, imemori ebonisa ngokuchanekileyo ubomi kwiSoviet Union kunye nayo yonke into eyayiphila kwaye isebenza njengombhali wayo odumileyo uStean Mikoyan. "Iimemori zomqhubi weemvavanyo zomkhosi" zafika kuqala e-UK, kwaye emva koko e-Russia. Le ncwadi inomdla ongathandanga kuphela phakathi kwabase-aviators, kodwa nabantu abaqhelekileyo abangabandakanyekanga kwimbali yelizwe labo.