Imbali zokufundisa ukusuka kudala ukuya namhlanje

Imbali isahlakalo yokuziphatha enemvelaphi yayo ngamakhoboka. Ekubeni abantu namaqela amakhulu ophilileyo, kwafuneka imfuneko ukulawula ubukho babo imigangatho ethile, ebavumela ukuba bafumane phambili intuthuzelo kakhulu omnye komnye. Umgaqo ofanayo zigcinwe ukuya namhlanje.

Standards of Conduct of the eminyaka

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje yokuziphatha - akukho nto kodwa iseti yemithetho iyilelwe ukwenza ubomi bethu kumnandi yaye sikhuselekile zonxibelelwano kunye namanye, kwakunye ukuzikhusela bona kunye nabanye amabango ngabom kunye nezikhalazo. Uninzi mfuno, efana ukuba baqhwabe emagxeni bolunye uhlanga, ukuba angekacaci kwaye lilawulwe ngobomi ngokwayo, kodwa kukho abo ukuba idluliselwe ngokohlobo iimfundiso kunye nokhokelo.

Imbali ngemvelaphi yokuziphatha kwimo yayo yokuqala yaziwa ikakhulu ngenxa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ebekwe kwi-ngqangi yaseYiputa baseRoma, kuquka kwi "Odyssey" kaHomer. Nokuba kula maxwebhu yamandulo yaqulunqa imigaqo ubudlelwane ngokwesini, abaphathi aliliso kubo, kwakunye nemithetho emisiweyo zonxibelelwano kunye basemzini. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukuhlukunyezwa ezi zityalo kuqulatha isohlwayo bumandundu. Ngokubanzi, imithetho unxibelelwano phakathi abantu ezintsonkothe ngokuthe kratya ngokunxuseneyo kuloo imbali kancane.

Knightly code of imbeko

Zokufundisa e Western Europe ufumene okwalo kwibala ingakumbi otyebileyo kwi X-XI ngenkulungwane, kunye ukunwenwa phakathi iyaxela wawuyinyhweba yoluntu inkqubo zokulwa. Ngenxa yoko, kwakukho i-Code of Imbeko - uluhlu lwemithetho, wavuma iinkcukacha kungekuphela nje imithetho yokuziphatha, kodwa ke ngokusa knight umbala kunye nendlela iingubo zakhe, kwakunye neempawu imbali generic.

Ngeli xesha, izithethe ezininzi ezintsha abayinqobo kakhulu kunye namasiko, ezifana njengenxenye sele kwiitumente knightly beliqela feat egameni eli nenekazi wentliziyo, kwaye bacinga okokuba iimeko apho umntu okhethiweyo ukuba wenza okufanayo. Ukuze ikwazi ukuhambelana ngokupheleleyo isimo sayo, kwafuneka Knight abe nesibindi, ihloniphekile yaye nesisa. Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu ezimbini yokugqibela kuya kuba yimfuneko kuphela ngokunxulumene abantu kwisangqa bakhe. Nabantu knight eyayiqhelekile ukhululekile ukuba enze unothanda, kodwa enye ibali.

Yokuziphatha, okanye kunoko, ukubambelela kwayo ngokungqongqo imithetho, yakwazi ukuba ngamanye amaxesha ukudlala umonakalo abo bamhlonelayo ayilandele. Eyaziwa, umzekelo, ityala xa, ngexesha kwedabi Crecy, elisuke laba amadabi ibalulekileyo kaHameha Iminyaka War, Knights French babekhwele kuKumkani wakhe uFilipu VI kunye umyalezo ongxamisekileyo, akabanga nabuganga ukuphazamisa ubenza kwaye kuqala ukuba bambize. Xa ekugqibeleni ukumkani zithethe, baqubuda ixesha elide, enika ngamnye elinye ilungelo Luzuko olo. Ngenxa yoko, imithetho yokuziphatha iphunyeziwe, kodwa ixesha elilahlekileyo, kwaye singaphezu ifuthe elibi edabini.

Yokuziphatha nolwathi lwaphuhliswa ngakumbi kwinkulungwane XVIII XVII- kwi entendelezweni French ukumkani Louis XIV. Enyanisweni, lo gama sele bangena ehlabathini wakhe apho ebhotwe, apho ebudeni omnye oneninzi amaqhinga bonke abo bakhoyo bafumana ikhadi (in French - etiquete) kunye uluhlu lwemithetho yokuziphatha, koko kwafuneka ukuba baqhubeke bekhokelwa.

Imbali yokuziphatha eRashiya

In pre-Petrine Russia njengoko kukho imithetho ethile yokuziphatha, kodwa azimchazi ngokwenyani ukuba zivela eYurophu, kodwa kuBukhosi baseByzantium, leyo ukusuka kudaladala babenolwalama- abasenyongweni. Noko ke, ndawonye nabo wavuka amasiko alatyuzayo yamandulo yobuhedeni, maxa wambi kukhokelela ukudideka loonozakuzaku amazwe. Imbali yokuziphatha eRashiya, ukuba eso sifundo zokufunda ngenyameko kakhulu libonisa indlela ekubaluleke ngayo sele inikwe iwonga ekuhlaleni lomntu.

Kwagqitywa, umzekelo, esiza kutyelelo koontanga babo, ukuba kungena eyadini, wema evarandeni. Ukuba umnini-ndlu onesikhundla esiphezulu, obekumele ukuba ahlale ngakumbi esitratweni, nihambe ngapha kweyadi. host guest ezibalulekileyo sanyanzeleka ukuba ihlangabezane emi ngasevarandeni, nangoku - kwi sicatshulwa, yaye lowo isimo ngezantsi - kwigumbi eliphezulu.

Ukuze ufake igumbi bekumele hatless, kodwa musa akuyishiyi epasejini, njengokuba induku, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuthi. Phezu ukungena, igumbi labahambi wabhaptizwa izihlandlo ezithathu kwi icon, kwaye ke, ukuba umnini lwalungasentla uluhlu wakhe, wamnika phantsi. Ukuba bayalingana, ngoko bona bawavuthululela izandla. Lesalamane efanayo wamanga.

Imbali Russian yokuziphatha Ixesha wokulawula Peter I kwiinkalo ezininzi ifuze ngendlela emazweni Western uyenzileyo, kanye ngokunzulu, kwakunye eRashiya, kwi ubuqaba kunye ukungaphucuki. UPetros, ezifana kwiikumkani amazwe ukunyanzela izifundo unyanzelekile ukuba alandele izithethe yempucuko. Phakathi amaGrike akumgangatho ophezulu ehlanganisa iingubo ukumila cut yaseYurophu, sivumele caftans enxibe kunye ingubo kuphela abameli abakumgangatho ophantsi. Wavula izinduna phantsi kwesigwebo ewisa isohlwayo ukuba achebe iindevu.

Ukongeza, wabulela kukumkani, uye ezozinto utshintshe indawo abafazi Russian. Ukuba phambi abafazi neentombi amagosa phezulu kwafuneka ukuba ahlale ekhaya, kodwa ngoku baye nxaxheba rhoqo zonke mibhiyozo. Beza ke wangena kubomi bemihla imithetho akhaliphileyo yokujongana nabo. Oku ikakhulu negalelo lwasekhaya kwinqanaba zasebukhosini eYurophu.

Education, eyaba nendlela

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, ngokukodwa ngexesha Alexander I, basebukhosini weza imfundo vogue kwanokwazisa kwimiba uncwadi nobugcisa. Thetha iilwimi ezininzi waba eqhelekileyo. eyenziwe okukhulu of Western imifuziselo baseYurophu, impahla kunye nomsa wagabadela umlinganiswa sisimbo oluzinzileyo, ogama comme il faut (ukusuka French comme il faut - ngokoqobo "ekunene").

Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi oku umfanekiso eqhelekileyo kuthi evela esikolweni, evgeniya Onegina. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula njani into yokuba lo ngeharika eqhotyoshelwe ngubo yakhe, kodwa kwangaxeshanye yakwazi ukuba kukhanye emphakathini, umyalelo kwabo ulwimi French kunye nolwazi izibongo yamandulo.

Ngokutsho Pushkin, unako nje kuphela ukudanisa i mazurka, kodwa ukwenza le epigraph Latin, uthethe ngale kwisihobe Juvenal uze usebenzise lady epigram ezikrelekrele. Zokufundisa ngelo xesha isayensi yonke, ngokufikelela leyo buxhomekeke kakhulu amakhondo kunye nenkqubela ngakumbi eluntwini.

Nezazi kunye neemfuno ezintsha yokuziphatha

Imbali ezalandela yokuziphatha kweli lizwe lethu ibhiyozela liphakama ukuya kwinqanaba entsha embindini kwinkulungwane XIX. Oku kubangelwe utshintsho ka-Alexander II, ebonisa indlela kwimfundo, inkoliso yabantu kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo. Eli lizwe a ezinawo ekuhlaleni ekuthiwa nezazi ezintsha ngaphambili ayaziwa.

Ukuze ngeyabo kubantu abangenayo ilifa isikhundla esiphezulu eluntwini, kodwa kwakhiwa ngokugqibeleleyo, kwaye, ngenxa yemfundo, yaye yayingeyonxalenye izimilo ezilungileyo. Noko ke, phakathi kwabo ngembeko ngokugqithiseleyo kunye yimibhalo kakhulu imigaqo yokuziphatha, esithathwe ngexesha lolawulo lwangaphambili, waqalisa ukukhangela ngandlel lwakudala.

Yokuziphatha XIX kwekhulu wambiza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukubambelela ngokungqongqo fashion izihombiso, apho kwedayimani negolide wanika indlela eya cameos yamandulo eyenziwe lwendlovu okanye iintlobo ezifanelekileyo ngamatye. Kuluntu amanenekazi 'uye de rigueur ukuba banxibe iinwele ezimfutshane ukukhumbula namaqhawekazi yeenguqu yaseYurophu, yaphela ubomi bakhe phezu itheko, apho ngaphambi kokuba abulawe isikiwe nje iinwele. Kananjalo vogue, yaye ngenxa yoko yaba enye yeemfuneko yokuziphatha, okanye curls ibotshelelwe ezineeribhoni bunch eziliqela encinci iinwele uyawa ngokukhululekileyo.

Zokufundisa kweli lizwe sabasebenzi noloyiso

Ingaba ibali yokuziphatha waba nokuqhubekeka yayo ngexesha eSoviet? Ewe, kunjalo, kodwa sitsho ukuba ibonise sisingxami kunye ezele iziganeko ezinkulu kwinkulungwane XX. Ngexesha leMfazwe Civil ayegqatse emva ubukho elidlulileyo liba zezwe, ukuseka kanye imithetho yokuziphatha. Kwangaxeshanye, ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle nesimilo enxulumene nezinesidima. lirhabaxa Accentuated waba ngumqondiso sokubandakanyeka sabasebenzi - iklasi-sokulawula unaphakade uqoqosho. Norms zokuziphatha ekhokelwa oonozakuzaku kuphela kunye namalungu ngamanye abaphathi abaphezulu, kakhulu, akusoloko.

Xa ekugqibeleni imfazwe wafa phantsi, kwaye kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX, elasekwa kweli lizwe nangona ubomi sisityebi, kodwa siyathembisa kwezopolitiko, abantu abaninzi wakhawuleza ukuya kwimfundo ephakamileyo, nto leyo ufikeleleka kakhulu ngelo xesha. Isiphumo soku ukunxanelwa ulwazi sele yokukhwela inkcubeko oqhelekileyo labemi, kwaye nalo imfuneko okwandileyo ekuthobeleni imithetho zonxibelelwano.

Igama elithi "yokuziphatha" lisetyenziswa kunqabile, kodwa ukuba nabani na onqwenela ukwenza ngokwayo sithandwe abanye, kwafuneka ukuba ukulandela imigaqo ezibonisa. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla kumiselwa ngokuqinileyo inani amabinzana ezisigxina eyenzelwe ngezihlandlo ezithile. Amabinzana ezifana - "ukuba nceda", "nceda" okanye "musa ukwala ububele" waba lwentando bonke cultured.

Kuloo minyaka, indlela ekhethwayo iimpahla zamadoda liye isuti ishishini kunye ihempe kunye utayi nemazi - sinxibe engqongqo, kwiblawuzi kunye isondo ezantsi kwedolo. Akukho iingubo sexy akuvumelekanga. Igama elithi "comrade" kongezwe amagama asetyenziswa obalaseleyo ngokulinganayo njengendoda nomfazi. Imithetho le "yokuziphatha eSoviet" ayifundiswa esikolweni, kodwa ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi zilandelwe ngqo yi luninzi lwabantu.

Features yokuziphatha Oriental

Yonke into kuxoxwe ngasentla - yimbali yaseYurophu yokuziphatha evela kudala ukuya namhlanje. kuba kodwa ibali bekungayi ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle ukukhankanywa njani le ndawo lwempucuko yabantu yaphuhliswa eMpuma. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uninzi lwezi imithetho yokuziphatha kunye nobudlelwane kunye namanye amalungu oluntu kubaluleke kakhulu apha. Oku ndiyakuthetha ndikungqine ngokulinganayo amasiko namhlanje egqubayo kula mazwe kunye nembali yazo kwiinkulungwane ubudala.

Zokufundisa e China yenye imiba zindala ngenkcubeko yakhe. Ngalinye amakhosi olawulayo alandelelanayo ukwenza utshintsho ikhowudi yokuziphatha yaye ibeka iimfuno ukuphunyezwa leyo ibekwa iliso elibukhali. Noko ke, nangona umahluko, bonke aba bafana.

Umzekelo, kuzo zonke izigaba zexesha, neengubo Chinese Inokuthelekiseka nesakho ubume layo kunye nendawo kwiqela elinegunya esemthethweni. Kuzithenga zahlulwe ngokungqongqo kwezo lowo unelungelo lokuba anxibe umlawuli, abalawuli wayenguphum, abalungiseleli, izidwangube, njalo-njalo. Ingakumbi yamahlwempu elula unelungelo ukunxiba into ekholisa yena, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba bazithobe ngokwemigangatho emiselweyo.

kwinqanaba ngalinye sabaphathi obabulingana umnqwazi ethile, elo singesuki nokuba ngaphakathi. amaTshayina musa bachebe iinwele zabo, babekwa iinwele ezintsonkothileyo naye sisalathisi yemeko yentlalo.

Imithetho yokuziphatha eKorea, kunye nembali yazo

kakhulu zokufundisa yale lizwe iyafana amaTshayina, ngenxa yokuba omabini amazwe kangangeenkulungwane kunxulumene amaqhina abasenyongweni. Ingakumbi okuphawuleka yaba commonality yeenkcubeko, emva ngenxa, yaqhambuka ntlekele kwezopolitiko kwinkulungwane XX, IsiTshayina abaninzi bafudukela eKorea, bezise ngayo inxalenye ebalulekileyo inkcubeko yesizwe.

Isiseko imithetho yokuziphatha aqulethe iimfuno list iinkonzo ezimbini ezenziwa kweli lizwe - ubuConfucius nobuBhuda. Bafundiswa kumaziko emfundo kuwo onke amanqanaba ukuphunyezwa kwazo yenziwa ulawulo qwa.

A phawu uphawu le yokuziphatha lengingqi kunqandwa ukusetyenziswa kwalo naluphi izimelabizo lomntu wesibini. Baphakamisa amehlo Korean nokuba zange ndixelele ngomntu, "yena" okanye "yena," yaye zinomongo ivakalisa igama kunye kongezwe kulo, "UMnu", "uNksk" okanye "utitshala."

Iimpawu Ukuziphatha abemi ilanga eliphumayo

Imbali yokuziphatha yaseJapan kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ukuba ingawi kwi XII-XIII ngenkulungwane ikhowudi ye Bushido ( "Ndlela Gorha"). Yena wachaza imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye neendlela zokuziphatha kwiklasi wamajoni, nto leyo ke nakolu sikarhulumente. On ineziseko zayo, kwi XX yesikole kwinkulungwane apho yonke imigaqo yokuziphatha Umntu ofundileyo ekuhlaleni nasekhaya kuxutyushwa ngako oko zabuya.

Umvuzo ingqalelo eyodwa kubugcisa yokuziphatha ukuze baxoxe ngokubanzi, kunye indlela yonxibelelwano uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubume bentlalo ye interlocutor. Ngovukelo kungabangela isandi njengokuba ngokwaneleyo nangoovumazonke, kunye nangokuthobeka ngokugqithiseleyo, nokufihla umnqweno ukuthintela incoko. A yaseJapan abafundileyo ngokwenene zisoloko bakwazi ukufumana indawo ephakathi.

Kwakhona ingqalelo akuvumelekile ukuba ukuphulaphula interlocutor cwaka, amazwi akhe kufuneka ubuncinane amaxesha ihlanjululwa amazwi akhe. Kungenjalo, kusenokubonakala ngathi incoko akanalo naluphi umdla. Ngokubanzi, imbali yokuziphatha yokuthetha yaseJapan - icandelo eyodwa nezifundo zenkcubeko, nto leyo endinga isifundo kakhulu ngenyameko.

Ukuba kuqale zokufundisa

Kweli xesha post-yiSoviet eRashiya, kunye ukuvuselelwa khale swinene yenkcubeko, safumana ubomi obutsha isithethe zokuziphatha zentlalo kunye zokunxibelelana nabanye abantu. Malunga umdla obonakala kule miba, ibonisa ukuba liyanda inani amanqaku epapashwe kumajelo eendaba, eyona jikelele apho linokuchazwa ngokuthi "Imbali yokuziphatha." Inkcazo-ntetho iyimpumelelo kubo ngokufuthi isiganeko kakhulu eqaqambileyo kubomi benkcubeko lizwe.