Imithetho draco eAtene. iimpawu ngokubanzi imithetho draco

Dragon, okanye Drakonta - mthetho waseAthene, imithetho yakhe ezinzima kakhulu negalelo ukuvela aphorisms ezifana 'amanyathelo draconian ", ethetha ukuba oqine izohlwayo engqongqo negalelo othile ukomeleza urhulumente yinkcazo ngokucacileyo nemigaqo zalo ezisisiseko zomthetho.

inkqubo lwakudala yenkundla

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abemi zaseAttica (i ariya apho IAthene sasikhona) ngo VII. BC. e. kodwa waqhubeka ukwenza ngokuvumelana nemithetho yesizwe yamandulo. imilinganiselo zabo ukuze umntu mihla ibonakala ingqwabalala kakhulu. Ngexesha lo, ababusi apha kudala ingasekho, ngoko owayelawula iintloko nkqubo okanye archons, banyulwa phakathi kwabantu abaninzi abalaseleyo.

Enyanisweni, IAthene ke walawula abantu abangama-9. Chief phakathi kwabo kwakukho Archon-eponym - umntu wokuqala kwi-nkqubo, Archon kaBasilio inxaxheba kwimibandela ephathelele unqulo, Archon-polemarch owayephethe imicimbi zomkhosi, yaye eziseleyo archons ezintandathu fesmofetov-ekhokelwa nomantyi zasezidolophini kunye nokongamela ukuphunyezwa komthetho kunye nemithetho imisebenzi yenkundla.

Kilonovskaya Troubles

Kakade ekupheleni kuka VII kwenkulungwane. BC. e. Athens, abantu baqalisa ukuqonda ukuba umthetho ngendlela apho ubukhona, kufuneka itshintshwe ngokukhawuleza. Isizathu sokuqala, nto leyo eqhuba abasemagunyeni ezinjalo yotshintsho egwebayo, baba amaxesha wakhathazeka, nto leyo efunekayo izohlwayo ezingqongqo ngakumbi ulwaphulo kwipropati yabucala, kwaye eyesibini - elisoloko-ukwanda ukunganeliseki ethandwayo ezibangelwa amanyathelo olithandayo kwabagwebi, izinhanha, ukutolika umthetho njengoko ebona kufanelekile.

Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba omnye wemiba leyo negalelo kakhulu ekubhalweni imithetho olutsha lwenkundla, ekuthiwa-Kilonovskaya ingxokozelo. Kukholelwa ukuba ethile phakathi 636 no 624 iminyaka BC. e. a Colon ozalwa wazama ukumbamba amandla ngenkani kule nkqubo, kodwa zange isebenze ngaphandle, ngenxa yokuba izama abantu ababekolo kwintsapho yeengcungcu Alcmaeonidae. nogonyamelo lwabo yayinzima kangangokuba abavukeli nokuba wayethabathe yokusabela kwi izibingelelo oothixo, babulawa ngoko nangoko. basebukhosini nalwazelelelo enjalo kunye ihlekisa zizinto abanomsindo njalo baseAthene ukuba uyabatshabhisa bonke Alcmaeonidae.

komthetho entsha

Emva iyelenqe Kilonovskogo ukuba kwimeko koyisa amenze amandla oozwilakhe Eupatridae sanyanzeleka ukuba ukubonisa thile statesmanship. Kungenxa yoko le nto umthetho baseAthene, kwagqitywa ukuphucula. Lo msebenzi wabelwa enye amathandathu archons-fesmofetov. Ukhetho wawa phezu Drakonta wayewuthanda emhlonela ekuhlaleni yaye umntu ngenxa yesazela none-. Wonke umsebenzi kwakhe akwenzileyo ngexesha 621 BC. e. Ngenxa yoko, kwabonakala ukukhanya imithetho draco.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukholelwa ukuba uxwebhu kuqala kubhalwa imigaqo esemthethweni sisebenza kummandla baseAthene. Nangona le ngxelo kusini na. Bekuya kuba echanekileyo ngakumbi ukuba bathethe malunga umthetho wokuqala emidala kwathiwa, njengoko ngokuqhelekileyo nayiphi na imithetho ngokutsha kuphela sele kanye izithethe pre-ezikhoyo. Umzekelo kule meko ayanceda ingxelo Aristotle, ukuba emva kwi 80s zenkulungwane olufanayo, loo Archons-fesmofety sele bewenza lo msebenzi.

iimpawu ngokubanzi imithetho draco

Eyona mpumelelo iphambili imigangatho zihlaziyiweyo baba anezikhundla ngokucacileyo ngakumbi amagosa, kwaye imigaqo neenkqubo ukhetho kwisikhundla. Nangona iseti imithetho draco kwaye izihloko ezimbalwa malunga isakhiwo sezopolitiko karhulumente, kodwa ayibalulekanga kule ngqokelela, njengoko kubonisiwe ngegama layo - "custom".

Isiseko imithetho abatsha ichazwe ngokucacileyo izohlwayo iintlobo ngeentlobo amatyala. Eminye imithetho draco, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, kubonakala ngokungeyomfuneko ukhohlakele. Thatha ubuncinane ityala elimsulwa ezinjengokuba isiqhamo okanye imifuno, kodwa ngenxa yokuba liye lathembela ukuba isigwebo sokufa! Kodwa ukuba abulale isela ezenziwa self-wokhuselo okanye ukubuya ipropati yabo, lulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye akukho kuqwalaselwa. Isigwebo sentambo bekucingelwa ngenxa yokubulala, umlilo ihlekisa. Drakonta ngisho Njengesiqhelo kubonakala nganto ngokupheleleyo - isohlwayo ngokubulawa izinto ezingaphiliyo.

Ezi ezintsha umthetho lolwaphulo

Njengoko usazi, imithetho draco yabonisa inkqubela ekuphuhliseni kwenzeka ngelo xesha kuluntu Athene. Kuba okokuqala kwakukho ukwahlulwa ecacileyo ukubulala engacwangciswanga, olubonakala kwaye uzibophelele kwinkqubo wokhuselo. Ngokwahlukeneyo ingqalelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinxulumene ukuhluthwa nabakhohlisi ubomi noodade, abafazi, iintombi kunye noomama. Kudidi ukuwa olufanayo nokubulala hlangana isiganeko ezemidlalo, kodwa ngenxa yeengozi ezahlukeneyo.

Arheopaga lungelo ukuba uqwalasele izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kuphela ngabom okubangele wancipha yabantu. Isohlwayo zokubulala lowo isigwebo sentambo. Ungaqondanga njengoko lwebhodi okhethekileyo equlathe efetov abadala ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50. ngokuqhelekileyo lokubulala lowo ayesohlwaywa ukugxothwa unetyala. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izohlwayo, ezifana zeenkomo, ezisetyenziswa ngokunxulumene kubemi abaye ezinye lwamacala.

Kufuneka wathi imithetho draco eAtene wenza ngempumelelo yaye ubukhulu becala ziyilwe ukoyisa njengesiqhelo ngelixa ayilwa, kuba akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo ukuba ukulungisa i kokutshatana. Kulo mzekelo, uxanduva ukubulawa elele kuphela umntu owonileyo, yaye hayi lonke usapho, njengokuba ngaphambili. Ngaphezu koko, wazala isohlwayo, yaye lowo babangela lokubulala.

inani

Eziphunyeziweyo uluntu ubomvu imithetho draco, leyo ezicatshulwe ngasentla iimpawu yabonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba wayefuna ukuba balahle ilifa amasiko zesizwe kunye nokuphumeza ebomini bakho ukuhlaziywa ubudlelwane karhulumente imodeli kunye neklasi.

Nangona ezi mthetho kunokuba ezingqongqo, uphuhliso komthetho zamaGrike nangoku bafudukela linyathelo elibheka phambili. Ekubeni ukubhala imithetho ezintsha basebukhosini ababehleli ezinkundleni wathinteleka izenzo zabo ichazwe ngokucacileyo imithetho, ekubulaweni lwazo lula iqinisekisiwe.

ukurhoxiswa

Uninzi mbali bathi yonke imithetho draco wenze kwintsimi polis kude 594 BC. AD de wakhe wokuguqula abazange ukuqhuba Solon -. Intshisakalo baseAthene kunye kakuhle. Wabubhangisa uninzi imithetho esekwe 621 BC. e., kodwa abashiya ezo zinxulumene ngokuzikhusela lokubulala. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kanye Drakonta, nangona imithetho yayo engqongqo kumaxesha amandulo intlonelo enkulu, yaye igama lakhe yaye ngoku belingana kunye mthetho omhlaba.