Imizekelo iingxabano. iintlobo zongquzulwano

Yinxalenye yoluntu esetyenziswayo ungquzulwano yoluntu ukwahluka yayo yonke. Imizekelo kongquzulwano esidibana yonke, ukuqala ingxabano amancinane kunye nesiphelo ngxabano ngamazwe. Isiphumo enye yezi iingxabano - fundamentalism Islamic - kuqwalaselwa kwi kwisikali yenye yeengxaki ezinkulu ehlabathini, ngomda kunye nesisongelo kweMfazwe Yehlabathi III. Nakuba kunjalo, izifundo entsimini kwezi nkcukacha kwembambano njengokuba into lwezentlalo-psychological lubonise ukuba ngokwaneleyo ingqiqo ebanzi ezintsonkothileyo ukuvavanya umbono wayo ngendlela eyingozi.

Ingcamango ingxabano

Avamise kakhulu ulwazi lwezenzululwazi zithathwa iindlela ezimbini ukuya uhlobo ungquzulwano (Antsupov AY). Eyokuqala ichaza ungquzulwano nje ingxabano zamaqela, iimbono okanye amandla; yesibini - njengokuba yokungqubana malunga izikhundla, iinjongo, iminqweno nezimvo okubeka intsebenziswano. Ngenxa yoko, kwimeko yokuqala ingqalelo imizekelo ungquzulwano amaxabiso ebanzi ibakho zombini ziyaphila kunye nohlobo ezingaphiliyo. Kwimeko yesibini kukho ungquzulwano iqela plurilateral labantu. Ngoko naluphi na ungquzulwano iquka intsebenziswano ethile umgca phakathi zezifundo (okanye amaqela zezifundo) ngubani zikhule zibe awunandaba.

Isakhiwo neyodwa ye ngqu

Owasungula le ungquzulwano ebekufudulwa ezoluntu ngokubanzi ingqalelo L. Coser. Enye yezinto ezilungileyo ingcamango yakhe siyayazi ukuba kukho imizekelo kongquzulwano lixabiso elingqinelanayo ezisebenzayo. Ngamanye amazwi, Coser ababesithi ungquzulwano akusoloko yinkolelo etshabalalisayo - kukho iimeko apho kubalulekile ukuba indalo zamakhonkco yangaphakathi inkqubo ethile, okanye kugcinwe umanyano loluntu.

ifomu ungquzulwano Ulwakhiwo nxaxheba (bamelene amacala amabini), kunye nezenzo zabo, isifundo imeko / imeko yongquzulwano (umzekelo - kuzityumza kwezothutho zoluntu), kunye nesiphumo yayo. Isifundo ungquzulwano kudla zidityaniswe iimfuno zamaqela achaphazelekayo, nangenxa ulwaneliseko apho kunzima. Bebonke ke amaqela ngamaqela ezintathu eziphambili: ngokwasemzimbeni, entlalweni (status-nxaxheba) kunye yokomoya. Ukunganeliseki kwabo omnye okanye kwenye kubalulekile ukuba umntu (s) kufuneka kunokubonwa izinto ezibangela ingxabano.

Imizekelo ukungavumelani typology

Indlela NV Grishina uthi xa ukwazi bemihla ungquzulwano Imizekelo iquka kakhulu uluhlu olubanzi iziganeko - ukusuka kwesiqabu kunye ukruthakruthwano phakathi kwamaqela ezithile zentlalo ukuya ingxabano emtshatweni. Akukhathaliseki, nokuba ngaba ingxoxo kwipalamente, okanye lomzabalazo iinkanuko zobuqu. Xa namhlanje naukoznanii Ungafumana inani enkulu zokuhlelwa ezahlukeneyo, kungekho umahluko ocacileyo phakathi ingqiqo ka "iintlobo" kunye "iintlobo" lweemfazwe. Imizekelo yawo omabini amaqela isoloko isetyenziswa ntonye. Ngelo xesha, imbono yethu, kungcono ukuba ukwaba iinkalo ezintathu ukuya typology ukungavumelani:

• iintlobo ukungavumelani;
• iintlobo ukungavumelani;
• iintlobo zongquzulwano.

Inkalo yokuqala yeyona ububanzi umthamo. uhlobo ngalunye kungabandakanya iindidi eziliqela lweemfazwe, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, kungathatha indawo uhlobo olunye okanye kwelinye.

Types and Iingxabano

Iindidi eziphambili zimpi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• intrapersonal (intrapersonal);
• okuthelekelelayo (obudlelwana);
• NATIONAL;
• ingxabano phakathi ngamnye kunye neqela.

Ngenxa yoko, ugxininiso kule meko kwizifundo (kwamalungu) of the impixano. Naye obudlelwana, ungquzulwano IDENTITY kunye ungquzulwano phakathi ngamnye kunye neqela yimizekelo iingxabano zentlalo. Ungquzulwano lokuqala zentlalo, kunye intrapersonal kunye zookonfliktom, kolunye uhlobo olwahlukileyo kwabantu waseJamani Georg Simmel. Kwezinye izinto zakutshanje ngakumbi ungquzulwano intrapersonal oko kwakhona zibandakanyiwe ingqiqo yentlalo, Noko ke, leyo, ukuba ingongoma debatable.

Phakathi ezibangela ezinkulu zongquzulwano loluntu yamkelwe ukuba isixa yokunqongophala, umahluko ezixabisekileyo yaye nemeko lwesemantiki abantu, umahluko kumava obomi kunye nezenzo, ukusilela iimpawu ezithile psyche oluntu, kunye nabanye.

ingxabano intrapersonal

Oku kuthetha subjectively abanamava ukungalungelelani imikhwa ethile kwi ezingqondweni ngamnye (iimvavanyo, isimo sengqondo, izinto njalo njalo. D.), Ukusebenzelana enye kwenye kwinkqubo yophuhliso (Mitin LM Kuzmenkova OV). Ngamanye amazwi, le ukungquzulana ezikhuthazayo kwiziseko ezithile, apho enganeliswa (waqonda) ngaxeshanye. Ngokomzekelo, umntu akanako ukumthanda umsebenzi wenu, kodwa babesoyika ukuhamba ngenxa amathuba eseleyo abangasebenziyo. Umntwana inokuzibona angabikho eklasini kwaye ngaxeshanye woyika kohlwaywa ngayo, njalo-njalo. D.

Kwelinye icala, olu hlobo impixano kunokuba ezi ndidi zilandelayo (Antsupov AY, Shipilov AI):

• ezixhasayo ( "Ndifuna" yaye "ufuna");
• ungquzulwano ezingonelanga ukuzithemba ( "andikwazi 'yaye' uyakwazi ');
• indima-yokudlala ( "kumele" yaye "kufuneka ');
• ingxabano iminqweno kufezeke ( "Ndifuna" yaye "I ');
• yokuziphatha ( "Ndifuna" yaye "kumelwe ');
• ukuziqhelanisa ( "kumele", "ungakwazi").

Ngenxa yoko, oluhlobo iyayahlula i engundoqo isakhiwo ezintathu kumacandelo ubuntu, zingqubane omnye komnye: "Ndifuna" (ndifuna), "Mna" (ifanele ibe) kunye "Mna" (I). Ukuba uthelekisa lo ingqiqo kunye nesakhiwo nobuntu ethile, eziveliswe uSigmund Freud e psychoanalysis, singakwazi ukubona ungquzulwano Eid (ufuna), Ego (I) kunye superego (kuyimfuneko). Kwakhona kulo mzekelo, kucetyiswa ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba uhlalutyo ezimfutshane Erika Berna yaye abelwe ukuba kwizikhundla ezintathu umntu: umntwana (engenanto), abadala (I), umzali (ukuba kuyimfuneko).

ingxabano phakathi

Olu hlobo kwenzeka kwimeko ukungavisisani kunye iingxabano phakathi kwabantu. Phakathi iimpawu kokuba kuqatshelwe ukuba lwenzeka kwi "apha kwaye ngoku 'kunokuba zombini izizathu njengenjongo luluvo, ngokunjalo, njengokuba umthetho, ebonakala ziimvakalelo ezixhomisa amehlo. uhlobo obudlelwana nayo zohlulwa ngokwendidi ahlukeneyo lweemfazwe.

Umzekelo, kuxhomekeke nkcukacha ze ukuzalana ngaphantsi phakathi kwamaqela, ungquzulwano phakathi angohlulwa kwingxabano "nkqo", "oxwesileyo" yaye "nemigca". Kwimeko yokuqala sisebenzisana ubudlelwane owayamileyo, umzekelo, intloko - umqeshwa, utitshala - umfundi. Ityala lesibini lwenzeka xa amaqela ukuya ungquzulwano kwi nolwakho yaye ngokuxhomekeke omnye komnye - .. Co-kubasebenzi, amaqabane, babemi khona, abantu line, njl Iingxabano usuke phakathi abachasi aba ngaphantsi ngqo kusenokuvela - phakathi abaziintloko inkonzo on-umsebenzi isabelo phakathi njl abaphezulu kunye olusezantsi kulo. (xa nxaxheba ezihleli kwiindawo kwinqanaba ezahlukeneyo, kodwa iinkalo ayamileyo akumi kunye nezinye).

ungquzulwano obudlelwana singaquka sibona lonke ixesha kungquzulwano lwenzeka kwi isakhiwo ethile imveliso kweentlobo ezifana intsapho (impixano lomtshato, umzali nomntwana phakathi abazalwana noodade), ikhaya, ningavisisani umbutho (umzekelo ungquzulwano lombutho phakathi naMaziko wawo ngaphakathi desktop intsebenziswano), kunye nabanye.

ingxabano NATIONAL

Kuba ingxabano IDENTITY samkelwe ukuba kwenzeke ingozi phakathi kwamalungu ngamanye amaqela ezahlukeneyo zentlalo (elikhulu, amancinci naphakathi-ertyisi), ngokunjalo phakathi kwala maqela xa iyonke. Kule meko kungenzeka ukuba kunika kwangalaa ndlela ningavisisani umbutho, nendlu (xa imbambano ebandakanya abameli abaliqela amaqela amabini okanye ngaphezulu (imizekelo Phakathi abasebenzi kunye nolawulo, ulawulo kunye union, abafundi kunye nootitshala, njl.) - umzekelo in kamasipala zokuhlala, ke, izithuthi zikawonke-njalo. d.).

Ungakwazi ukucofa le mizekelo ngquzulwano zentlalo apha kweli kwinqanaba inter-iqela njengokuba ngamazwe, ngenkcubeko nenkolo. Nganye kwezi ntlobo ibandakanya amacandelo ebanzi inani labemi yaye lubonakala ngokuba elide ixesha. Ukongeza, iintlobo ezikhethiweyo unokuba uphawu crossover. A udidi eyahlukileyo ezi nezomhlaba (imizekelo apho rhoqo sibona iindaba), kubandakanywa phakathi kwamazwe ngamnye kunye namanye zabo.

Ungquzulwano phakathi ngamnye kunye neqela

Olu hlobo livamile kwenzeka kwimeko apho umntu oyedwa kwi qela uyala ukwenza njengoko nxaxheba eseleyo, ngaloo ndlela ebonisa ukuziphatha nonconformist. Mhlawumbi endothi ezinye isenzo ithathwa engamkelekanga ukuba afune ingxabano qela. Ngokomzekelo, ifilim msebenzi osemqoka unokuba ukwenza Roland Bykov "abotshwe" (1983), apho umlinganiswa ophambili, Lena Bessoltseva achaseneyo eklasini. Kwakhona bawabulala umzekelo yokuziphatha kwiqela Nonconformist ingqondo impi ukufa kabuhlungu sobulumko Italian UGIORDANO Bruno.

iintlobo zongquzulwano

Olu didi kukwaquka Okukodwa elithile eyenza ungquzulwano. Phakathi iintlobo ezisisiseko apho ithuba ingenzeka le impixano, ngaba ezi zinto zilandelayo (Samsonova N. V.): mpikiswano (debate) ibango, sesa ekugwetyweni, Ukwayo olo, agalele, ngabom, agalele, ukuxhatshazwa (impatho gadalala), umqolo, sisongelo, intiyo, ukuphazamisa , ukunyanzela, ukubetha, imfazwe (nepolitiki). Imizekelo kwingxabano ubambene nazo zifumaneka kwiindawo zoluntu yenzululwazi, nto leyo kwakhona kubonisa ithuba zongquzulwano eyakhayo.

Kuba zonke iintlobo ngquzulwano, unako kuqwalasela iindlela ezintathu eziphambili theoretical:

• ezixhasayo;
• isimo;
• ngokwasengqondweni.

indlela ezikhuthazayo

Ngokwemiqathango yale ndlela, ubumpi komntu okanye iqela elithile ngaphezu kwabo bonke ibonisa ingxaki yayo yangaphakathi. Umzekelo, kunye Freud indawo autogruppovaya intiyo yimeko engaphephekiyo na intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela, ukuba jikelele. Eyona umsebenzi yenzondo - njengendlela yokugcina uzinzo lwangaphakathi kunye umanyano yeqela. A indawo ekhethekileyo kulo mzekelo ahlala nepolitiki. Imizekelo zingafunyanwa kwimbali lokusekwa intshukumo zwilakhe eJamani Italy (ingcamango sikho), kwakunye kwimbali kumzabalazo ochasene "Iintshaba zabantu 'nexesha elongezelelweyo kwisithuba repressions Stalin kaThixo. Freud enxulumene indlela ukuyilwa autogruppovoy ubutshaba "angaphandle" kwi Oedipus sinzima, ithuku bundlobongela kunye nokuchongwa emphefumlweni kunye inkokeli yeqela -. I "uyise", njl Ukususela kwinqanaba ngenxa yokuziphatha ayikwazi ukuba sixoxe ngezinto ezifana ungquzulwano eyakhayo. Imizekelo izothuso ngokobuhlanga yaye abaninzi, Noko ke, ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba kungenzeka ekuxhaseni amalungu eqela elinye ngxabano kunye nabanye.

Le ubuvila yengqiqo theoretical component ngengqondo American Leonard Berkowitz njengenye yezinto eziphambili lweengxabano IDENTITY wakhetha nokuswela isalamane. Leyo yenye maqela ukuvavanya indawo yabo kuluntu kwindawo ngakumbi amathuba xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaqela. Kule ukungalali kubalulekile, njengoko imeko oluhlelelekileyo ngokwenyani kusenokungabi ichanekile.

indlela isimo

Le ndlela ijolise kwizinto yangaphandle, imeko ebangela ukwenzeka neyodwa ye imbambano. Ngoko, kwi wengqondo Turkish izifundo Muzaffer Sheriff baye bafumanisa ukuba ubumpi yeqela omnye nomnye yehliswe kakhulu ukuba, endaweni ekhuphisanayo babonelelwe iimeko ngentsebenziswano (imfuneko ukuphumeza imisebenzi ngokudibeneyo apho isiphumo ixhomekeke kwimigudu eziqhelekileyo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba). Ngenxa yoko, kaNothimba ufumanisa ukuba izinto zale meko, apho amaqela basebenzisane, ngaba enokugqiba uhlobo lwentsebenziswano okanye lokhuphiswano IDENTITY intsebenziswano.

indlela ephawulekayo

Kulo mzekelo, kugxininiswa indima ephezulu izixokelelwano cognitive (yengqondo) inxaxheba ungquzulwano omnye komnye. Ngoko ke, xa imeko yongquzulwano IDENTITY yobutshaba iqela elinye nxamnye omnye akuthethi kuthi zibangelwa yongquzulwano kwinjongo komdla (apho ibango kwi kwingcamango elungeleleneyo iingxabano phakathi sikhokelo ndlela lobume). Ngako oko, akukho lwentsebenziswano / uhlobo lokhuphiswano meko iba yayibaluleke kwi IDENTITY kunye nonxibelelwano nabanye yaye zenzeka ngexesha izicwangciso zeqela lakhe. Bebodwa, iinjongo ngokubanzi zezi ukusombulula iingxabano phakathi abachasi - kuxhomekeke ukuyilwa zengqondo zentlalo olumanyanisa iqela kunye negalelo boyise ukuphikisa kwabo.

Tedzhfel Turner yaye yaqulunqa imfundiso ungubani loluntu, apho impixano phakathi kwamaqela aba isiphumo eziyimfuneko nokungalungi (ngokungafaniyo indlela ezikhuthazayo). Njengoko ejongene nale sikweni, abantu banethuba ukukhetha elinye okanye ezinye iindlela usoyise.

inkcubeko Conflictological ubuntu

Kungakhathaliseki nokuba ngaba kukho nezomhlaba, imizekelo apho kubonakala ngokucacileyo amacala etshabalalisayo yokuziphatha ungquzulwano; okanye enoba sithetha ingxabano minor phakathi oogxa ebaluleke kakhulu ukhangeleka ndlela ngaphandle. Ukukwazi amacala elichasene ukufumana ezintweni imeko yongquzulwano enzima, ukunqanda yawo yokuziphatha entshabalalo, bona amathemba kunokwenzeka wentsebenziswano ngakumbi nezi ntshaba - zonke ezi zinto zingundoqo ukuze isiphumo kunokwenzeka entle. Kwangaxeshanye, enoba kwakubaluleke kangakanani itotali ka-nkqubo karhulumente, inkqubo yoqoqosho, yenkcubeko esemthethweni kuluntu, imvelaphi yalo mkhwa bangabantu ethile. Kanye njengokuba lo mlambo uqala evela nemisinga.

Kumalunga yesazisi conflictological yenkcubeko. Ehambelana ibandakanya ukukwazi nomnqweno yomntu ekuthinteleni kunye nokusombulula iingxaki zentlalo (Samsonova N. V.). Kule meko ke kucetyiswa ukuba ukukhumbula ingqikelelo "ungquzulwano eyakhayo". Imizekelo ungquzulwano yangoku (ngokuqwalasela zabo uhlobo ziloliwe nazo ngokubanzi) umboniso kunoko, kungekho nayiphi na ungquzulwano intsebenziswano eyakhayo. Kulo mba, ingcamango yesazisi conflictological yenkcubeko kufuneka kuqwalaselwa kuphela kwaye kakhulu kangangokuba omnye wemiqathango ngesisombululo ngokupheleleyo kwiimbambano zoluntu, kodwa njengoko inkalo ebalulekileyo ngokwasentlaweni lomntu ngamnye mihla.