Imodeli uRutherford sokonakaliswa ye atom Rutherford imodeli

Discoveries entsimini isakhiwo atom yaba linyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso physics. ukubaluleka mkhulu umfuziselo uRutherford. Atom njenge inkqubo amasuntswana kunye kwanangamacandelo alo ziye zahlolwa ngokusondeleyo kakhulu kwaye ngokweenkcukacha. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kulwakhiwo ngempumelelo a inzululwazi physics yenyukliya.

Iimbono yamandulo malunga isakhiwo lomba

Ingqikelelo ukuba amabhunga ezingqongileyo iqanjwa ezincinane ezenziwe ngamaxesha amandulo. Iinkcuba ngoko ingaphezulu zimelwe njengoko amasuntswana mncinane ayahlukahlukenanga ngayo nayiphi na into. Bamela ukuba akukho nto kwindalo iphela incincane ubukhulu ngaphandle atom. izimvo ezinjalo agcinwe izazinzulu zamaGrike enkulu kunye zobulumko - Democritus, Lucretius, uEpicurus. Nantoni na awayefike sele ezi iinkcuba namhlanje emanyeneyo phantsi kwegama "atomism ngezinto zakudala."

imifanekiso ephakathi

sele kudlule amaxesha amandulo, yaye kumaXesha Aphakathi nabo iinzululwazi wavakalisa uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo malunga isakhiwo mbandela. Nangona kunjalo, i ngakumbi ubukho bezinto iimbono zonqulo bulumko kwamandla yebandla kwixesha yembali neengcambu nayiphi na iinzame ukucinezela neminqweno ingqondo yabantu iziphumo zenzululwazi ezibonakalayo ezifunyaniswe. Njengoko yaziwa, Kwamacala aphakathi abanabubele kakhulu babeziphatha nabameli lesayensi ngelo xesha. Kuhleli ukuba bathi ngaloo mihla kwafika iingqondo eqaqambileyo evela ingcamango yamandulo hluleki atom.

Studies abaneminyaka 18-19

ngenkulungwane ye-18 kwaphawulwa ezifunyaniswe engundoqo kummandla lwesakhiwo eziziziqalelo mba. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yemigudu izazinzulu ezifana Antuan Lavuaze, uMikhail Lomonosov kunye Dzhon wayeseDalton. Ngokuzimeleyo ngalinye enye, bakwazi ukubonisa ukuba zikho ngokwenene atom. Kodwa ke umbuzo yesakhiwo lwangaphakathi kwavuleka. Le ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 yabalasela isiganeko ebonakalayo kwindawo lesayensi, njengoko kwafunyanwa D. I. Mendeleevym ngamaxesha itheyibhile imichiza. Kwaba ngokwenene idabi enamandla elo xesha ukuze uphakamise isigqubuthelo ekuqondeni ukuba zonke athom babe uhlobo olufanayo, ukuba bazalana omnye komnye. Kamva, kwinkulungwane ye-19, elinye inyathelo elibalulekileyo ngokwenzeka isakhiwo atom yaba bubungqina ukuba ukwenziwa kwalo naluphi na omnye kubo electron langoku. Umsebenzi izazinzulu zeli xesha luvelise umhlaba ochumileyo ezifunyaniswe zenkulungwane yama-20.

experiments Thomson

yamachiza British Dzhon Tomson ngo-1897 zabonisa ukuba isakhiwo athom iquka elektroni nentlawulo ezimbi. Kweli nqanaba, kukho inkolelo yobuxoki ukuba atom - divisibility umda naliphi na into zaye ekugqibeleni batshatyalaliswe. akazange Thomson waba njani akwazi ukungqina ubukho electron? Scientist babeka amalinge bakhe rarefied kakhulu iigesi electrode kunye umbane lidlule. Isiphumo imisebe cathode. Thomson wafunda ngenyameko iimpawu zabo waza wafumanisa ukuba umsinga ngamasuntswana ityala ukuhamba ngesantya esikhulu. Scientific ilawula ukubala ubunzima ezi amasuntswana kunye Isigxina sabo. Ke ndafumanisa ukuba abakwazi zitshintshwe zibe amasuntswana cala, ibe kagesi - sisiseko bemvelo yabo. Ngoko ke electron ivulekile. Thomson Kwakhona umdali imodeli yokuqala ehlabathini isakhiwo atomic. Ngokutsho kuwo, atom - ihlwili kakuhle ityala mba, apho kuthunyelwa electron ngokufanayo embi ityala. Oku kucacisa kumbutho we atom cala, njengoko iintlawulo malunga cancel bodwa. Experiments Dzhona Tomsona waba kubaluleke gqitha ukuba uqhubeka ufundisisa isakhiwo atom. Noko ke, imibuzo emininzi awayenayo.

ucwaningo Rutherford

Thomson wafumanisa ubukho electron, kodwa akaba nako ukufumana kwi-atom kakuhle ityala amasuntswana. Ernest Rutherford wayilungisa le mpazamo ngo-1911. Ngexesha amalinge ukufunda umsebenzi alpha-amasuntswana kwi yeegesi, kufumaniseke ukuba kukho amasuntswana kwi-atom, le kakuhle ityala. Rutherford wafumanisa ukuba ngokugqithisela umqadi ngokusebenzisa igesi okanye kwipleyiti yesinyithi mncane kuyinto unxaxho kabukhali isixa ezingephi amasuntswana ukusuka umendo intshukumo. Bayijulela nje umva. Le Isazinzulu waqonda ukuba oku kuziphatha kungenxa ingxabano kunye amasuntswana kakuhle ityala. Ezo amalinge ziya kwenza zesayensi ukubonisa umzekelo isakhiwo atom Rutherford.

imodeli zomhlaba

Ngoku Academic yahlukile kokucingelwayo eyenziwe John Thomson. imifuziselo ezahlukileyo zentsimbi kunye atom zabo. amava kaRutherford wamvumela ukuba ukudala ingcamango entsha ngokupheleleyo kulo. Discovery sesayensi baba kakhulu kuphuhliso olungaphezulu physics. imodeli uRutherford ichaza atom njenge ngumongo ilahlwe kwiziko kwaye ihamba phakathi electron. Le ongundoqo uba intlawulo ezintle electron - negative. Model ingaphezulu Rutherford kuzakuthathwa electron ejikelezayo ehlabathini undoqo kwi trajectories ezithile - emzileni. Ukuvula sisazinzulu wanceda achaze isizathu sokuba kwenzeke olo phambuko kwamasuntswana alpha yaye yaba negalelo kuphuhliso kwethiyori wenyukliya ye atom. Xa imodeli atomic kaRutherford isifaniso kunye isindululo iiplanethi kwenkqubo solar ujikeleza ilanga. Kuyinto ichanekile kakhulu kwaye uthelekiso ecacileyo. ingaphezulu imodeli ngoko uRutherford leyo ezinambuzelayo ujikeleza ngumongo, kuthiwa-langa.

Umsebenzi Niels Bohr

Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, yamachiza Danish Niels Bohr wazama ukudibanisa ingqiqo isakhiwo atom kunye iimpawu umyinge lokukhanya. imodeli kaRutherford wenyukliya ye atom libekiwe izazinzulu ngenxa imfundiso yakhe entsha. In Bohr atom vekeleke egxininisa undoqo kwindawo yazo setyhula. Ezo ndlela intshukumo ikhokelela kwezinga electron. Ukongeza, i-Coulomb intsebenziswano ezi amasuntswana nge-atom iziko sikhatshwa ngendalo kunye nenkcitho amandla ukugcina intsimi lwendawo kagesi ezivela isindululo of electron. Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, amasuntswana kakubi ityala kufuneka nanini kweyela ngumongo. Kodwa oku akwenzeki, ebonisa ukuba uzinzo olukhulu athom njengoko iinkqubo. Niels Bohr waqonda ukuba imithetho obizwa yamandulo, echazwe zibalo Maxwell xa musa ukusebenza kwiimeko eathom. Ngoko ke, oosonzululwazi ebekwe ukuzisa imithetho emitsha eyayiza ubambe amasuntswana eziziziqalelo ehlabathini.

postulates Bohr kaThixo

Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba kwakukho ngumzekelo Rutherford, i-atom kwanangamacandelo alo ziye zahlolwa kakuhle, Niels Bohr wakwazi ukusondela nokudalwa postulates yayo. Eyokuqala kwezi ithi atom na imeko emileyo apho ayithethi atshintshe amandla alo kunye electron ngaloo ukusuka kwindawo yazo ngaphandle kokutshintsha necala eya ngakulo. Ngokutsho postulate yesibini, iintambo zolawulo ovela kwenye orbit ukuya kwenye kwenzeka wedwa okanye Ukunciphisa amandla. It ilingana umahluko lwamandla phakathi elandulela nasekuphumeleleni uthi ye atom. Kulo mzekelo, ukuba ovela utsiba ku kufutshane ingundoqo komzila, oko ukhutshiwe eneji (photons), kunye vice versa. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba intshukumo ye elektroni ngenkankulu kufana indlela Orbital ilahlwe lokuvula ngqongqo circumferential Bohr kungenzeka ukufumana ingcaciso elisemagqabini ubukho kumgca spectrum ye atom hydrogen. Malunga nelo xesha, zezinto Hertz kunye noFrank, owayehlala eJamani, ukuqinisekisile Isazinzulu Niels Bohr ubukho zokubhala, uthi ezizinzileyo ye atom kunye amathuba lutshintsho kumaxabiso atomic amandla.

Intsebenziswano phakathi izazinzulu ezimbini

Hi ndlela leyi, uRutherford kangangexesha elide wayengazi ukuba amisele isigxina ngumongo. Izazinzulu Marsden kunye Geiger wazama ukwenza amabango umnqamlezo-kwakhona kweencwadi Ernest Rutherford, yaye ngenxa imifuniselo ngenyameko yaye eneenkcukacha kunye izibalo baye kwisigqibo ukuba ingundoqo iimpawu eziphambili ze-atom, kwaye igxininisa yonke isigxina yayo. Kamva kwabonisa ukuba intlawulo Inyukliya ngamanani elingana nexabiso inani ngokokuma kwento i element lwezakhi D. I. Mendeleeva. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i Niels Bohr kungekudala wadibana Rutherford wavuma ngokupheleleyo iimbono zakhe. Kamva, izazinzulu ziye kudala basebenza kunye kuloo kwilebhu efanayo. umfuziselo uRutherford ngayo atom njenge inkqubo equlathe sabaqalayo ityala amasuntswana - wonke Niels Bohr ingqalelo efanelekileyo kunye bonke azibeke imodeli elektroniki. imisebenzi yophando Joint zezazinzulu iye yaba yimpumelelo kakhulu kwaye uye wanikela iziqhamo. Ngamnye kubo waziphosa ukufunda iimpawu kwamasuntswana cebetshu wenza ezifunyaniswe kakhulu kwinzululwazi. Kamva, uRutherford yafunyanwa kwaye babonisa amathuba okwandisa core, kodwa loo nto ngesihloko omnye nqaku.