Imizekelo ye revolution eRashiya and France

Revolution njengendlela enokuchaphazela inguqu esisiseko kwi ukuze ezikhoyo, baqale aziphazamise iingqondo esuka ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-revolution engundoqo ngokuba mkhulu, ziphawulwe utshintsho ukusuka monarchical ukuya uhlobo republic karhulumente. Le ndlela ubhedu lu dityanisiwe amaxhoba amaninzi. Zonke Imizekelo eyaziwayo Revolution - inxalenye kabuhlungu imbali yalo naliphi na ilizwe. Makhe sihlolisise kuphazamiseka kakhulu zithandwa kwaye uzame ukuphendula lo mbuzo, waba ukuba okanye hayi usanekwa ukufa abantu Wabunikela ubomi babo ngenxa ingcamango.

Revolution: a inkcazelo

Okokuqala kufuneka ukuchaza ibinzana elithi 'revolution ", yinto nje inguqu kunye notshintsho esisiseko, esibonakala transience. Ngokubanzi, ingqiqo akangowakhe kuphela imbali. Kukho revolution kwinzululwazi (abanye ukufunyanwa ibalulekileyo) kwindalo (utshintsho ngokukhawuleza naluphi na useto, ngakumbi rhoqo, neeminerali), kuphuhliso lwentlalo (revolution mveliso kunye nenkcubeko).

Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwahlula kule nkqubo ukususela iziphumo ubuchule kunye efanayo kodwa eyahlukileyo. Ngoko, igama elithi "indaleko" ithetha ngcembe, utshintsho olucothayo kakhulu. Kancinci ngokukhawuleza inkqubo yohlaziyo, kodwa ke akanalo ukusebenza ngesantya esiphezulu, kwaye utshintsho azikho mkhulu kangaka.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwahlula phakathi elithi 'revolution "yaye" ubhedu d'kwango ". Etymologically, bazalana, kuba revolutio yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini lithetha "ubhedu." Nangona kunjalo, ingqiqo revolution kude, oko kunxulumene utshintsho kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi kwezentlalo, lo gama i-kombuso, enyanisweni - yinto tshintsho kuphela umlawuli karhulumente omnye komnye.

Izinto ezibangela le yeenguqu

Kutheni kukho lo mbuso? Yintoni ebangela abantu ukuba babandakanyeka isiganeko ezimbi, ithwele amawakawaka abantu? Ezi zizathu lilawulwe yimiba ezininzi:

1. Ukunganeliseki kunye nabasemagunyeni kunye nokwehla elite ekuhambeni kwezoqoqosho. Emelene imvelaphi nokwehla kwezoqoqosho.
2. Ukulwa lwangaphakathi elite phakathi kwabo. Kuyenzeka ukuba iyaxela ephakamileyo yoluntu - isakhiwo kakhulu lavalwa, maxa wambi ukulahlula amandla. Le mpi kungabangela dube yokwenene, ukuba naziphi na ama ukuba acele inkxaso ebantwini.
3. Le vivo yotshintsho olululo. boqhankqalazo okubangelwa ukunganeliseki kunye nazo zonke iinkalo zobomi - ukusuka elite kanye ezantsi.
4. Okuyingozi. Kufuneka sixhaswe nayiphi revolution, ukuba bid impumelelo. ngabemi na onokuma embindini mfundiso yonqulo okanye enye. Jikelele ziya kuba kumzabalazo wokulwa sikweni okwenziwa ulawulo lwangoku kunye siseko.
5. Okuhambisa eyakhayo nkqubo amazwe. amazwe Amanyeneyo bayala ukwamkela nokuxhasa amandla okhoyo.

Ngaloo ndlela, ubukho kwezi ngongoma ezintlanu inguquko zisenokuthathwa yimpumelelo. Imizekelo ukuvukelwa yenza kucace ukuba akusoloko bazithobele zonke iingongoma ezintlanu, kodwa inkoliso kwenziwa kwimekoephethuphethukayo enjalo.

Ezicacileyo yeenguqu Russian

iinguqu ezinkulu ngendlela zentlalo noqoqosho luphawulwa States ezininzi. Imizekelo ye revolution inokufumaneka phantse kuwo onke amazwe aseYurophu, eUnited States. Noko ke, akazange wazisa imiphumo ebuhlungu enjalo, njengoko eRashiya. Apha, zonke revolution Russian ayikwazanga siyawubhangisa kuphela kukarhulumente, kodwa elo lizwe ngokwayo. Zithini izizathu?

Okokuqala, ulwalamano olukhethekileyo phakathi kwileli oluneqela elinegunya. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho kwakungekho "nokuhlangana", nabaphetheyo kwaye kukho eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo ebantwini. Ngenxa yoko - iimfuno kumandla emali nakuqoqosho ngokugqithisileyo kakhulu ukuba iiklasi ephantsi, uninzi lwabo baphila ngaphantsi kweqondo lentlupheko. Ingxaki wayengekho ukunyoluka ngokugqithisileyo lamanqanaba ephezulu, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba uphi na ubomi "bottom" ngenxa isixhobo ulawulo abangafezekanga. Konke oku kwakhokelela ekubeni i "top" ngamandla eziyimfuneko Wathobisa abantu ngenkani.

Okwesibini, i ubukrelekrele eliphezulu, kukuzalela ingcamango revolution thaca isixhobo elandelayo nephupha kakhulu ngenxa yokuba amava ulawulo eyoneleyo.

Kufuneka uthathe ingqalelo awohluke yokuba nomqondo ka Russian ngabantu nokulubona ingcinezelo ixesha elide, kwaye ngaxeshanye "zisenokuqhushumba."

Zonke ezi mpawu abe njengesikhundla wambumba Bolshevism, leyo ikhokele Russian Revolution.

1905: i-revolution yokuqala

I-revolution yokuqala eRashiya kwenzeka ngoJanuwari 1905. Wayengekho ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kuba yaphela kuphela ngoJuni 1907.

Ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala kwakukho ukuhla kwesantya kuqoqosho kunye noshishino, ukusilela kwesivuno, ityala aqokelelwe uluntu ukuba ubukhulu (kule ityala imfazwe kunye eTurkey). Kuyo uguquko osidingayo: ukusuka kulawulo emhlabeni phambi kokwenza naluphi na utshintsho ngokwanelisayo kukarhulumente. Emva ukupheliswa kwenkqubo yolawulo loshishino serfdom efunekayo processing. umsebenzi yamahlwempu kwaba kakubi zizizathu, eneneni wahlala imbopheleleko efanayo, umhlaba yoluntu kunye nokwehla njalo zorhwebo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba revolution 1905 saba mali elungileyo zangaphandle; ngexa imfazwe kunye Japan isaziso Abaxhasi ubugrogrisi kunye nemibutho yotshintsho olululo.

Le mvukelo kwalutyhutyha lonke kunokudala uluntu Russian - ukusuka abalimi ukuya nezazi. Revolution yenzelwe ukunciphisa naziphi na iintsalela yenkqubo serf feudal, kumbetha lobuzwilakhe.

Iziphumo of Revolution, 1905-1907

Ngelishwa, le revolution 1905 kokupheliswa, engena nje stub encwadini yeembali imbali, nangona kunjalo, oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni iinguqu ezibalulekileyo:

1. Wawunika abatsha ngeenjongo parliamentarism Russian: umzimba urhulumente yasekwa.
2. amandla mlawuli ilinganiselwe ngokusekwa kwe-State Duma.
3. Ngokutsho imanifesto Oktobha 17 abangabemi inkululeko lwentando yesininzi.
4. Indawo kunye neemeko zokusebenza ziye zaba ngcono.
5. Amafama baye ngaphantsi ebotshelelwe kwilizwe labo.

I-February Revolution ngo-1917

I-February Revolution of 1917 yaba nokuqhubekeka iziganeko ka-1905-1907. Xa lobuzwilakhe Ingaphandle asezantsi kuphela ndaxakwa (abasebenzi, amafama), kodwa oongxowankulu. Le mizwa nzima kakhulu imfazwe impiriyali.

Ngenxa mdibi kulawulo loluntu kunye noluntu ijongene utshintsho olukhulu. uhlobo revolution ka-1917 yaba yoohlohlesakhe-lwentando yesininzi. Kodwa ke eyona nto bayiyo okhethekileyo. Xa sithatha imizekelo kwicala revolution efanayo kumazwe aseYurophu, siyabona ukuba amandla uqhuba ngasemva kubo abasebenzi, nawokuwisa ukumkani, ubudlelwane zangaphambili yobungxowankulu (baqalisa ukuba kungekudala emva kokuba utshintsho kukarhulumente). Kwaye ke injini ke inkqubo ababulalekayo, kodwa igunya phezu ukuba oohlohlesakhe.

UMbuso Russian kwakungenjalo: ukongeza kurhulumente wethutyana, nto leyo ekhokelwa ngabantu kwiklasi eliphezulu bongxowankulu, kukho enye i ngurhulumente - Tips, lithatyathwe udidi abasebenzi kunye nabalimi. Eli gunya ezimbini yayikhona kuze iziganeko Oktobha.

Isiphumo ephambili revolution ngoFebruwari 1917 yaba ukubanjwa losapho lobukumkani kunye ngokubhukuqwa lobuzwilakhe.

I-October Revolution ngo-1917,

Imizekelo ye revolution eRashiya vuphukuphuku, Kakade ke, Enkulu Oktobha Socialist Revolution. It ngokupheleleyo wajika indlela yembali hayi kuphela eRussia kodwa ehlabathini lonke. Ngapha koko, omnye iziphumo zayo - indlela yokuphuma yemfazwe impiriyali.

Kakuhle eli revolution-revolution yaba kulandelayo: oko lwaye Provisional kaRhulumente, kwaye amandla kweli lizwe wegqitha waya iiBolsheviks kunye Ekhohlo SRs. yazibandakanya waba V. I. Lenin.

Ngenxa yoko, kwabakho nokunikezelwa zezepolitiki: amandla ephakamileyo sabasebenzi uye, ilizwe yanikwa abalimi, kwaye mveliso phantsi kolawulo lwabasebenzi. Kwakukho buhlungu, kabuhlungu isiphumo revolution - imfazwe yamakhaya, balaba umphakathi miba mibini ezikhohlakeleyo.

I-mbuso eFransi

Kwakunye yoBukhosi Russian, eFransi, intshukumo ngenxa ngokubhukuqwa lobuzwilakhe liqulethe izigaba eziliqela, eli lizwe walityhutyha revolutions yayo enkulu. Iyonke kwimbali yawo kwakukho 4. I intshukumo yaqala ngo ka1789 kunye French Revolution.

Ekuhambeni yale revolution laphumelela abhukuqe ukumkani ngokwenene ndiyiqinise Republic Lokuqala. Noko ke, loo nto ivele ngenxa ye revolution abanqolobi Jacobin ngeqhudu ayikwazanga xesha lide. igunya lakhe phezu komnye uMbuso 1794.

Revolution ngoJulayi 1830 obizwa "iintsuku ezintathu ezukileyo." Yena buzinzile ubukumkani ukumkani ngokukhululekileyo Louis-Philippe I: «uKumkani-ummi", nto leyo ekugqibeleni kubhangise ilungelo ngesiphelo yokumkani, ukuba senziwe imithetho.

I-revolution ka-1848 umisela Republic Second. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba Louis uPhilippe ngokuthe ngcembe ndaqalisa ukuhambisa kude iinkolelo zobunene yokuqala. Yena abdicates. I-revolution ka 1848 wenza kube lula ukubamba kunyulo lwentando kweli lizwe apho abantu (kuquka abasebenzi kunye nezinye iyaxela "ophantsi" oluntu) wakhetha Louis UNapoleon Bonaparte, umtshana edume uKhesare.

Okwesithathu Republic ukuba aphelise ngonaphakade kwindlela monarchical yobomi yoluntu, eziqulunqwe France ngoSeptemba 1870. Emva kokuba wobukumkani ingxaki elide UNapoleon III ugqiba ukuba anikezele (ukuba kukho imfazwe Prussia). ilizwe yaqonda ibamba unyulo ngokungxamisekileyo. Power budluliselwe khosi ukusuka monarchists ukuya Republican, yaye kuphela 1871 umthetho French uba republic umongameli irhuluneli edume anyulwe ngamandla kwiminyaka apho 3. Eli lizwe yayikhona kuze 1940.