Radziwiłł Chronicle umbhalo, inkcazo yokufunda

ixesha ubhaqo yokuQala omdala kunye, kwaye ngokunjalo kungundoqo, indaba radziwiłł. Lonke uluhlu okwadala "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" ngenene ikopi kuyo.

Abanini yokuqala

Janusz Radziwill, Vilna irhuluneli mkhosi ye-Grand Duchy of Lithuania yaba umnini esongwayo kwinkulungwane XVII. Eneneni, egameni umlando magnate usapho got igama layo. Ngokutsho ukurekhodwa kwenziwa ekupheleni yeziKronike, kuyaziwa ukuba Yanushu Radzivillu wayinika eliyi Zenovevich, ummeli iindwalutho encinane, inkosikazi ngqangi ngaphambili, njengoko oko kungqinwa ukuvula kumda. Bawo Janusz, iNkosana oyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma Boguslaw Radziwill, ngo-1671 echazwe ingxelo elayibrari Koenigsberg apho badibana ngo-1715 yaye wayalela ukuba wenze ikopi Peter I (ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, ukumkani wathuma ikopi-m 1711). Kwaye xa 1761 isixeko yathinjwa amajoni Russian, ingxelo yasuswa kwaye zikwazi ukuya eSt Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Ngenxa yoko igama yesibini, nto leyo radziwiłł Chronicle - Königsberg, emva kokuba isixeko apho agcinwe kwinkulungwane XVIII kude kube mzuzu xa, ekwimo mbuka weza eRashiya, wathabatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo. Olu xwebhu lokuqala nokunika kuphela ingqiqo imbali Russia kunye nabamelwane zayo V XIII kwekhulu. Umntu unokucinga ukubaluleka kwale bungqina omkhulukazi nembali.

Le yokuqala Incwadi ngemizekeliso

Kodwa yokuvelela kuyo kwakhona into yokuba radziwiłł umlando - omdala kwaye kuphela ephathelele ixesha inemifanekiso, okanye ubuso uxwebhu (ubuso zipeyintwe). Iqulethe 618 miniatures, ukupha, nangona i-oganogram, awuqonde kakuhle kwexesha. Koenigsberg Chronicle (elinye igama umlando rhoqo ekhankanywe) kuhambelana namanye amaxwebhu zembali ezifanayo yaseYurophu ukuba yobuciko ehlabathini jikelele eyaziwayo - Bulgarian Chronicle Konstantina Manassii, Hungary umlando kwinkulungwane XIV kunye odumileyo Grandes Chroniques de France. Kwaye kule ngcelele radziwiłł umlando abelwe ubuninzi kunye nobutyebi imizekeliso. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uxwebhu exabisekileyo ixesha elide ubukho enokuchatshazelwa kakhulu, nto leyo ezinemiphetho lweso zaye zalungisa, Umatshini ukubola indawo izihlandlo eziliqela.

Chronicle isebe yeziKronike Vladimir-Suzdalian

Indawo Imvelaphi kunye ubunyani yemicimbi yemihla zisafumaneka mpikiswano engenasiphelo. imvelaphi Ruthenian, wavele ESmolensk, ngoku ISityhi kakhulu enengqondo iey. Qinisekisa umchiza Belarus kunye Great-nezihlomelo kunye thumbnails, leyo waziva impembelelo Western eYurophu. Zemihla Radzivilovskaya kufutshane kakhulu kuluhlu eMoscow-Academic zemihla Suzdal. Le ngqokelela lugcinwe eMoscow, kwi Library State. ULenin.

Zombini ngqangi bevumelana nokwakhiwa Novgorod de 1206, ekugqibeleni Inxalenye eyimbali yoxwebhu kamva kwi umlando eMoscow-Academic yenye okubhaliweyo ichaza isiganeko de 1419. umlando Radziwiłł i lesikhumbuzo nanto, wavele yabhalwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIII. Wahlala kwizintlu ezimbini, ezizezi: yangempela Radzivilovskom kunye eMoscow-Academic.

Yintoni etha zemihla ngemihla?

Radzivilovskaya Chronicle isixelela phulo Igorya Svyatoslavovicha, malunga nendlela yathinjwa Konchak ndasinda kuye Ovlur, lo Svyatoslav umnxeba iinkosana Vsevolodovich Russian ukuthetha Kanev. I xelela malunga zokuhlaselwa Konchak Vladimir Glebovich, uchaza namaphulo okulwa eConstantinople, wayesilwa Pechenegs kunye Polovtsy. Kukho kwakhona yingqokelela ezimpawu, kunye nezinye izimvo ukuba thumbnails ebonisa iindumiso abathetheli Russian.

Around Koenigsberg Chronicle ukungaqiniseki ezininzi kangaka. Ayaziwa kwi osicelo sakhe, yaye kubhalwe kuyo kwathiwa, nokuba imifanekiso nokubhaliweyo eyintloko.

uxwebhu zembali okanye ukuguqula?

Isibakala sokuba uxwebhu zembali radziwiłł umlando endala - njengentsomi, ezibhalwe abaninzi. Abanye babo ingqalelo ubungqina ibalulekileyo iphepha Polish apho kubhaliweyo i Chronicle. Missing amaphepha ukwintandabuzo, idala isicatshulwa puzzle imibele kaMnu. izifundo kamva wabonisa ukuba ngqangi lalilawulwa ubuncinane kathathu, kwaye phakathi kwexesha yesibini neyesithathu kwakuyinto kangangexesha elide. Le artist wesithathu ingakumbi ndlongo: walitshintsha pose neempahla zabantu miniatures. iimfihlelo ezininzi zabizwa iimpahla yaseYurophu ngokucacileyo, ngelo xesha ukuba yeyiphi eRashiya nako. Nantsi into yabo kwaye udumo pravschiku wesithathu. Ngamafutshane, ukuzalwa Königsberg ibonisa iimfihlelo ezininzi yokubambana kwabantu. Kodwa iindlela zophando ziyaphucuka lonke ixesha, kwaye ngenye imini inyaniso kutyhilwa. Abalandeli ukuba ubhale imbali, ukuhanahanisa ukuba iinjongo zazo elifutshane wakhe ebesoloko ngokwaneleyo.

"" Ku Rurik - akukho uNorman okanye IsiNgesi okanye Swedish okanye Dutch

Ngoku kukho intetho malunga kutheni rusichi kubizwa ukuze alawule ukuba abasemzini baza bathi kubo bonke. mhlawumbi neku gezi umntu inzuzo bonisa silima Russian, yaye ukutyhubela iminyaka. Radziwiłł Chronicle ubizo Normans States. Kwaye kwakhona kwezinye Ngokungathandabuzekiyo yayo ezingezo-sokubandakanyeka. Abanye abaphandi, nabo abafuni nokumbona isibakala lokumemeza basemzini ukuba alawule, bathi, ebhekisela VN Tatishcheva ukuba Rurik waba benemfundo kunye ngokubanzi bathetha ulwimi Slavic. Abanye bayazibuza isizathu sokuba VN Tatischev, mveliso kunye abezoqoqosho, nkqu owayeyinzala Rurik, umsebenzi ngembali eRashiya kona. Bakholelwa ukuba izinto ezininzi enkulu asabambe yakhe.