Indima iintsholongwane kwindalo. Andise amagciwane endalweni

Bacterium zonke ngeenxa zonke kuthi, enyanisweni, bahlala ngaphakathi umzimba womntu, kwaye amanani amakhulu. Ngenxa yobukhulu amancinane engenakubonwa ngeliso lenyama, kodwa unako ukuzisa zombini ingozi ebonakalayo inzuzo. Ngokubanzi, indima iintsholongwane kwindalo kakhulu.

Ucalulo zezinto eziphilayo

Ukuze ixesha elide ingakhange ayisekho nayiphi na inkqubo ecacileyo, izinto ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, yayingeyiyo Karl Linney wabeka isiseko yokuhlelwa ekhatywayo nth ingcambu mihla, yahlulwe 3 eziphambili, lakhe uluvo, amaqela: izilwanyana, izityalo kunye neeminerali. Kwakhona usungule igama elithi "ubukumkani".

Kwixesha elizayo, njengoko inkqubela ubuchwepheshe kunye nokufumana ulwazi olutsha Ukuhlelwa eziphuculweyo sasikwanti prokaryotes kunye eukaryotes, umahluko ongundoqo nguwuphi na ukungabikho kwaye ubukho leseli nucleus ukusuka kwenye. Namhlanje aphake izikumkani 8 ukuba babe iiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo: iintsholongwane, archaea, protists, chromium, izityalo, umngundo, izilwanyana neentsholongwane. Ngokuphathelele yokugqibela, sonke siyazi vumbiweke kwaye sijongene rhoqo nabo, nangona asikaziboni. Ingase ize ibonakale engaqhelekanga ukuba wedwa ummandla eyahlukileyo wendalo.

bacteria

Aba bameli elula zasendle ixesha elide 'bazifihla' esweni kwabantu. Nakuba kunjalo, iziphumo zomsebenzi zabo ibonakala kumaxesha amandulo: ubisi ezimuncu guququ, anokungenwa inkunkuma amagqabi, yokubola of iswekile kunye nangaphezulu. Ngoko ke ixabiso iintsholongwane kwindalo, kude kudala ngaphambi kokuba uvule zabo, kunzima ukuba zazi.

Eli qela eziphilayo yenye kakhulu kwi planethi - kukho iminyaka engaphezu kwe-3.5 billion ubudala, yaye kwisinye esithathwini eli xesha, baba nezinto eziphilileyo kuphela Earth. Nangona yokuba izinto zazivelela ochaphazelekayo ngandlel 'yaye, ubume intsholongwane ihlala ngokungenamkhethe likumgangatho ophantsi, kuba musa kwagama kernel. Namalungu ubukumkani, abakwaziyo ephila kwiimeko ezininzi kakhulu, kwaye bonke kunganxulunyaniswa osisiyatha. Ngelo xesha linye nawo iqela elikhulu izinto eziphilayo ezivela kuzo zonke ezikhoyo ehlabathini.

Sokufumana kunye nokufunda

Kangangexesha elide izazinzulu bengazi ukuba ubukho eziphilayo ukuba zazingabonakali. Kakade ke, lo discoverer amagciwane kwinkulungwane XVII indoda owasungula microscope - inzalelwane Holland, Antony van Leeuwenhoek. izixhobo zakhe banikwa ukwanda amaxesha ukuya ku 160, ukwenzela ukuba sisazinzulu wabona nethontsi lamanzi, eludakeni, ukubola kunye nezinye iimeko ezininzi, izidalwa zasemzini - wababizela animalkulyami. Ebudeni isifundo, waya phesheya eziphilayo njengoko ezahlukeneyo ezifana, yaye eboniswe ngenyameko kubo. Ngoko Iziseko eziphilayo ibekwe. Igama "igciwane lesifo" efanayo kakhulu yaphakanyiswa yi Christian Ehrenberg ngo-1828.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwezi zinto ziphilayo zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo okokuqala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, wathi ugqirha yasemkhosini DS Samoylovich. Ngoncedo ngemicroscope, wazama ukufumana arhente causative lwesibetho, ngalo kwafuneka ukuba ajongane ngexesha bhubhane eMoscow. Nangona yokuba uye wasilela, wangqina ukuba usuleleko kuphela xa ukudibana ngqo kumguli okanye impahla yakhe. Ngelo xesha, yaye ingcamango ugonyo sele asondezwayo silwanyana buthathaka okanye abulawe. Kamva ndaqonda eNgilani, xa ugqirha Eduard Dzhenner waphawula izigulane omzimba ukuba ingqakaqa emva kwimbali wemazi.

Ngaphezu koko, amashumi eminyaka eziphilayo inxaxheba ikakhulu ukuqokelela nokucwangcisa ulwazi, ukuchonga indima iintsholongwane kwindalo kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ubomi. Ngaphezu koko, kukho umahluko iintsholongwane ngenxa umahluko ezinkulu kwindlela yokuma. Kodwa iintsholongwane eyakhayo uhlobo ubomi kwavavanywa asiyi kuba kwaoko.

iimpawu

Ngokuphathelele imfuneko ukuziqhelanisa ukukhula kwiimeko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, le ntsholongwane kufuneka nje ube namandla ukwanda, kodwa zahluke kwezinye ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo eza kuxoxwa kamva.

Zonke eziphilayo besive ubukumkani, Kakade ke, iimpawu ezifanayo. Umzekelo, ukuba prokaryotes, okt musa ukuba inucleus olunye kunye nezinye organelles zeselula. Okwangoku, ngokutsho ubukhulu ukuba amakhulu ngokubanzi ngaphezu eukaryotes, yaye ifikelela malunga 0,005 iimilimitha. Kunazo zonke ezaziwayo bacterium inzululwazi lingaphantsi kwe-0.75 mm ububanzi, ngoxa Kuyakwazeka ukubona ngeliso lenyama.

Kuqala kwinto zonke, abameli kule ubukumkani ibe nodonga iseli enika imilo ebuhlanti, kwakunye capsule okhethekileyo imazi ibonakalisa ekhusela umzimba kukoma kwaye ikhuthaza intshukumo yayo sliding. Ngamanye amaxesha Ebubanzini kwale maleko inokuba ngaphezu koko ke ezinye iintsholongwane. Kukho icytoplasm, xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iiseli micro, zamahlathi ngakumbi kwaye yakhiwe. Zonke izondlo ibekwe ngqo kuwo, kuba akukho vacuoles. Enye umzimba, inceda iiseli ukuhamba, zinganikezelwa phezu kobuso imicu. Kodwa ukuze babe khona.

uhlobo

Iintsholongwane indalo ephilayo wazibalula kakhulu kwi imilo yeseli, benjenjalo yahlulwe ngokwamaqela ngokwendlela zikhangeleka njani. Ezi ntlobo ziphambili ibizwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• cocci;
• bacilli;
• vibrio;
• spirochetes;
• spirilla;
• streptococci;
• staphylococci.

Ukongeza, kukho umahluko ngokuthi uhlobo iimeko ezifanelekileyo ebomini. Nanku umzekelo. Abo ezisulelayo khona xa ingekho ioksijini zibizwa ngokuba anaerobic. Ngaphezu koko, microbiologists bahlule negative-Igram kunye neentsholongwane Igram-HIV. Apha sithetha kuphela indlela ukuya idayi ekhethekileyo, oko kuxhomekeke isakhiwo yeseli ndizayo. Gram iintsholongwane ezimbi abe iqokobhe ziyatyeba zokhuselo.

ukwanda

Zihlala yonke indawo, ngoko kuyanyanzeleka ukuba athathe ifomu ekucaphukisayo enjalo. Mlilo kunye ice iintlango, ezinzulwini zolwandle kunye neendawo entabeni, ioksijini-amahlwempu - naphi unako ukufumana iintsholongwane. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa kuphela survivability zabo amileyo kwaye andise ngokukhawuleza: division elula malunga Inokwenzeka yonke imizuzu engama-20.

Hi ndlela leyi, kwiimeko ezo ngokupheleleyo akafanelekanga ukuba ukuphila, iintsholongwane, indalo ephilayo bangaba ekuthiwa yokubambana kwabantu, oko kukuthi ukuya iphetshana elifanelekileyo ze umoya okanye sothutho amanzi. Xa wezokusingqongileyo kwakhona ukuba kakhulu kakuhle, angenziwa kwakhona le fom kwezityalo kwaye zinokubangela ukuba ithanga entsha. Oku kugcina ukwanda iintsholongwane luqhubeke kwindalo.

Ukubaluleka kunye nendima

Ukubaluleka nto eyenza ezi zinto ziphilayo zincinane, kunzima ukuba zazi. Indima iintsholongwane kwindalo kakhulu. Okokuqala, oko kubo sembethe ubukho iintlobo ubomi kwimo yazo yangoku. Ngapha koko, ulele blue-eluhlaza, ngokufuthi kangakanani ngokuba icyanobacteria, eneneni wadala emoyeni uze ugcine inqanaba ioksijini kwinqanaba elifunekayo. De kube ngoku, ezi amagciwane aphilayo elwandle ziyatyeba ehlabathini okuvelisa ngaphezu kwesiqingatha O _2.

Mhlawumbi ukubaluleka yesibini ibalulekileyo iintsholongwane kwindalo - oku yinxalenye yawo okutsha lomba ephilayo. Ngaphandle kwakhona Kunzima ukucinga ihlabathi lanamhlanje. Kukho yonke iklasi yonke eziphilayo saprophytes (equka zombini intsholongwane). Bona abachaphazeleka ngqo kulo kwegazi kwezinto kwindalo, ukucazulula iintsalela izicwili organic ukuya nezithako ezidingekayo kwesityalo. Ngoko ke zintoni ezi "chips" lukwa yinxalenye nayiphi eziphilayo.

Enye indima ebalulekileyo iintsholongwane kwindalo kukuba ukuguqula into ukuya kwenye, nangona akusoloko enqwenelekayo. intlama igwele uze uvumele ukuba afumane utywala kunye neentsholongwane acid lactic - iyogurt, cottage isonka samasi, iyogurt kunye nezinye izinto ezifanayo. Kodwa asingabo bonke. Cinga iintsholongwane besenza microflora namathumbu ezincancisayo. Avumela inkqubo yokucola ukuze ngempumelelo ukufunxa izondlo engena umzimba ngokutya.

yokuvikela

Nangona kunjalo, indima iintsholongwane yobume kwezinye iinkalo HIV kuphela. Ngoko ke, kukho iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo kakhulu, ngoko ngokufuthi kukho imfuneko ukuze ususe 'iindwendwe' okungafunekiyo. Ukuze wenze oku, kukho ucoceko nje samabanga aphantsi, okt ukuhlamba izandla ngesepha nomzimba, kodwa naye kweentsholongwane kwaye kokuvala izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nomphezulu. Amanyathelo okukhusela nxamnye iintsholongwane zinokubandakanya ithuba elide ukuya abilayo kunye nomphunga eshushu, izisombululo unyango utywala okanye iikhompawundi chlorine, kwakunye ukukhanya eyingozi. Ukuba yenziwe ngendlela eyiyo, inkoliso iiseli ezibangela izifo ziyafa.

Ke ukuba ukudla, ke nabo phantsi iindlela ezahlukeneyo processing: .. Pasteurization, ulondolozo, ukubilisa, kaJohn, uqhubeke, ukubhaka, njl It ikuvumela ukuba sandise ubomi ezikhabhathini kwaye lukhuselekile ukuba lusetyenziswe ngabantu. Kodwa ukhuseleko zonke ngeenxa yibhaktheriya anokuba zisasuka: ngenxa yokungabikho imfuneko yokuba usoloko inkqubo sikulungele omzimba buthathaka. Ngoko anenzondelelo kakhulu akuyomfuneko kuyo emfazweni nxamnye iintsholongwane.