Ingqolowa - ntoni na? Ixabiso kwezityalo ebomini bomntu

Thina ukususela ebuntwaneni uqhelene nale yezivuno ezifana nengqolowa. Yintoni na ingqolowa, wonke umntu uyayazi indlela kwaye ngaphandle kunzima ukucinga ukutya womntu mihla. Namhlanje siya lokwandisa ulwazi lwabo wemifuno, uhlolisise iimbono zakhe, iindlela zokulima, iimpawu, kunye nangaphezulu.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Ingqolowa, iifoto ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo eziqhelekileyo kubo bonke, na unyaka-emibini ngabo- okanye uhlobo cereals. Umgubo evela ingqolowa, ezisetyenziswa zezonka ukubhaka nokuveliswa ukukhanya ukutya okuthile. imveliso yomgubo inkunkuma iya ukondla imfuyo kunye neenkukhu. Ukongeza, kwiminyaka yakutshanje koko bayicutha zisetyenziswa izinto mveliso ekrwada. ingqolowa isityalo Wonderful isesona okuthandwa kumazwe amaninzi, kwaye kutya kutyiwa ephambili kumantla eTshayina, ezinye iindawo Indiya kunye Japan, kumazwe amaninzi yakuMbindi Mpuma kunye naseMntla Afrika, kwakunye kumathafa yoMzantsi Merika.

Umlimi ezingundoqo ingqolowa China, kwaye kwindawo yesibini kuhlala Melika. Bona ilandelwa ngu ezinjalo amazwe ivelisa: India, eRashiya, France, Canada, Ukraine, Turkey, Kazakhstan. Ukhozo lwengqolowa kuyinto ebaluleke lezolimo wasebenza kumazwe ngamazwe, okubangela ukuba phantse i-60% yazo kwamanye amazwe okuziinkozo. Le elithumela ingqolowa enkulu eMelika. Oku kulandela Canada, France, Australia ne Argentina. Abangenisa eziphambili zezi eRashiya, China, eJapan, iYiputa, Brazil, Poland, Italy, Korea, Iraq kunye Morocco.

iintlobo ingqolowa inani zamawaka abe kudidi kunokuba esimbaxa, kodwa iindidi ezimbini eziphambili - nzima yaye soft. iintlobo Soft zahlulwe zibe krasnozernye kunye Belozernaya. Njengomgaqo, abazange bazibonise kwimimandla ifumile. Durum ingqolowa exutywe kwimozulu eyomileyo, umzekelo, kwiindawo apho emathafeni olubalaseleyo. In Australia neNtshona yeYurophu uvelisa ubukhulu becala iintlobo ezithambileyo. Kwimimandla efana Melika, Canada, eMntla Afrika, West Asia, Argentina kunye amazwe awayesakuba yiSoviet Union - ntlobo ikakhulu nzima.

eziphilayo

Siyaqhubeka aqhelane kukho ingqolowa izityalo. Yintoni ingqolowa ukusuka kwindawo zebhayoloji ngayo? Lo umbuzo olandelayo ukuba Kubalulekile ukuphendula. Njengezinye ukutya okuziinkozo, iindiza ingqolowa yimpontshane uye ezalathelwe nomgodi internodes. Amagqabi zilula, yomgama, kabini-mqolo, elandelayo. Ngamnye kubo isuka esiludumbo, kwaye iqulathe esingxotyeni salo equka overlying Embi efanayo zifunxe ityhubhu uzoy kunye nembasa elide. Ngelo umda phakathi imbasa kunye lobufazi zezi izalelwe ezintathu: Ulwimi filmy oko omelene esikhondweni, kanye pair ukuyigubungela tabs yayo fingerlike.

Embi Top, ekwabizwa ngokuba peduncle, amabhere yokudubula - a spike esimbaxa. Oku kuquka umgca esembindini kruthu kunye nokunabisa ukusuka yokudubula yayo elula - spikelets ezijongene esqwini ecaleni ngokubanzi. Kwi ngalinye amabanga spikelet ezimbini ukuya ezintlanu kwicala zeemoto of iintyatyambo, ezithi wambu ngecala esezantsi iperi indlebe kukubola. Ngaphezu koko, isibini ngasinye ukhusela bracts intyatyambo - obukhulu kakhulu aphantsi kunye Imihlubulo eliphezulu ezibhityileyo. Ezinye iintlobo ngeentlobo ingqolowa isikali umbala ephantsi kukho umqolo elide. iintlobo ezinjalo kuthiwa spinous.

Flowers ingqolowa, ngokuqhelekileyo ulala. Baye stamens ezintathu pistil ephethe stigmas ezimbini feathery. Emazantsi imitya kubekwe 2-3 bhanyabhanya ezincinane zidubule (lodikuly) ukwenza imisebenzi perianth. Ngexesha kweentyatyambo lodikuly kudumba nokunyanzelisa amaxolo olungqonge intyatyambo. Ingqolowa ikakhulu self-ukuhlakanipha izityalo, kodwa kukho iintlobo kunye cross-sukube. Emva kokukhulelwa, yamaqanda Bukhula isiqhamo encinane nzima - a inani ngokokuma kwento, ibanjwa esikalini ngenxa lokudubula kweentyatyambo spikelet.

Iinkozo, okanye njengoko kuthiwa inani ngokokuma kwento - pericarp, wabumba eludongeni yamaqanda apho zinenjongo enxulumene mbewu olunye equlethe ndiseyimbumba kunye endosperm. Umbungu ibekwe emazantsi kwicala okuziinkozo, yaye iquka plumule, radicle kunye elisecaleni endosperm waziqulunqa ngokutsha Cotyledon - ikhaka. Xa umbungu ikhula, umnqonqo ibonelela inkqubo iingcambu, gemmule - "abadala" iingcambu zesityalo kunye neziseko zayo lwasemoyeni nekhaka iienzymes ngenxa yesisu le endosperm yaye liqhuba izondlo zayo ihlumelo, ekuqaleni ukuya kuphuhliso ixesha. Ngoko ke ubomi bakho iqale ingqolowa abatsha. Photo, eboniswe ngezantsi, kuya kukunceda ukuqonda ngokucacileyo ubume nomnikelo walo.

Grain luhlwayelwa emhlabeni, efunxa ukufuma, fuku kunye ikhula. Gemmule iingcambu osandul kwaye ukhule uze wandise ngaphandle ngokulandelelana ezantsi naphezulu. Phezu komphezulu womhlaba, ukusuka culm yokuqala esiludumbo kwakhiwa ukusuka plumule, ukwandisa iingcambu ezikhaphayo ukuba isebe ngaphandle kwaye zenze inkqubo iingcambu mochkovuyu. Indawo apho lihamba esiqwini ukuya iingcambu kuthiwa ingcambu entanyeni. ngaphezu nje wesibeleko, kwiindawo Isiqu ephantsi basondele omnye komnye. Ukususela axils amagqabi abaphuhlisa Kuphendula icala. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ingqolowa tillering.

Ngexesha iinkqubo ezichazwe, isityalo kuthiwa ekuntshuleni. Emva koko kufike ukukhululwa isigaba in ityhubhu - ngokukhawuleza umququ zobude. Emva wakhe sokulima - ukuyilwa inflorescences. Ngexesha kulima, internode yenza indlebe iisentimitha 8-10 ngaphezu topsheet.

Iinkozo lifikelele ubungakanani lokugqibela nombungu kwaye iquka a endosperm anzongonzongo. Ekuqaleni endosperm ngaphaya. Ngenxa yokwanda umxholo starch, kuba emhlophe. Eli nqanaba libizwa ngokuba sivuthiwe acidosis. Ukufuma Grain liyancipha ngcembe yaye okubhalwe kuyo uba ngathi intlama ancamathelayo. Eli nqanaba libizwa ngokuba wax sivuthiwe. Ekugqibeleni, xa zavuthwa ngokupheleleyo okuziinkozo (nencindi yemithi Nngokobuchwepheshe), kuba nzima.

izakhiwo

Ngoko ke, siye sele sibonile ukuba ingqolowa. Yintoni na iintlobo nzima yaye ethambileyo, siyazi. Ngoku makhe sithethe kwiipropati ezenza le nkcubeko ufumene isicelo ngokubanzi. iintlobo ezithambileyo kunye nzima, kwelinye icala, ukuba zininzi izinto esifana, yaye kwelinye - eziliqela ezahlukene ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo ingqalelo xa usebenzisa umgubo. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, umahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini eziphambili ezinokutya zengqolowa waziwa amaGrike amandulo namaRoma, yaye mhlawumbi impucuko ngaphambi koko.

Yomgubo afunyenwe lwengqolowa ethambileyo kufuneka lithambile yaye elikhulu kakhulu ingqolowa starch, ukuba sele ukungaguquguquki entle kwaye uphuqeka, kwaye iqulathe ezinye gluten afunxa amanzi ngaphantsi. Olu hlobo yomgubo ifumene isicelo baking confectionery. Isonka akulunganga, kuba kule iimveliso umgubo ngokukhawuleza lukhuni kwaye ziba kakubi. Kwiindawo apho umgubo ethambileyo ezikhulayo ibe ngokuqhelekileyo isonka esibhakiweyo kumxube iintlobo zasekuhlaleni kunye ethambileyo amazwe aqinileyo.

Le umgubo lungafumaneka durum ingqolowa, uba amancinci aqinileyo granule starch texture ocoliweyo, lubonakala ezinomthamo omkhulu gluten. Esi sidlo sibizwa ngokuba "ngamandla" kuba afunxa amanzi amaninzi kwaye isetyenziswa ukubhaka isonka. Kwakhona imveliso ethandwayo pasta durum ingqolowa.

enkulu isicelo

Ixabiso ingqolowa ebomini bomntu ibisoloko ebonakalayo. Ngenxa yokwanda ekutyeni abantu babelane inyama kunye nezinye zokutya non-cereal, isixa lwengqolowa kuzigqiba ngabo kunye nezinye okuziinkozo ithe yaqukwa phandle. Ingqolowa kwakhona isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengoko injalo. Ngaphezu koko, umgangatho yokugaya yayo udlubu nafuthe ngexabiso lesondlo. E Melika, umzekelo, kuba ukutya baqala ukusebenzisa ukolo, nangona ngaphambili kusetyenziswa inkunkuma lokusila.

imveliso yomgubo Inkunkuma anikwe iinkomo ngamakhoboka. Waste ezinomthamo eliphezulu neselulosi zaye anikwe iinkomo namahashe, kwaye ephantsi - iinkukhu kunye neehagu. Ingqolowa bran usoloko okwezinyo besitya ukuya yomxhesho neegusha kunye abakhulelweyo. Ngaphambili ke anikwa njengoko namahashe, ngenxa iipropati isisu. Iihagu best bran ezincinane, eziquka iintsholongwane kunye nokunamathela kubo umgubo. Kakhulu ngempumelelo uzisebenzise kunye isidlo intlanzi, ubisi iimveliso kunye nenkunkuma zokuxhela, njengoko isongezo ukondla okuziinkozo. Xa iinkukhu, ingakumbi iinkuku zenyama, ukusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma yokugaya kutshanje lancipha, ngenxa ukuthandwa olukhulayo lwezabelo nizkovoloknistyh.

Ukususela protein equlethwe iinkozo zengqolowa, oko kuqala ifunyenwe sodium glutamate. Kuyinto into leyo kuphucula ukungcamla le mveliso. EJapan, sodium glutamate liye lasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekuvelisweni sauce zesoya. Ngoku, ke, loo nto safunda indlela ngaphandle zesoya efanayo.

Kude kube kamva nje, isifundo enokusebenziseka ingqolowa yayijonge ikakhulu ekuphuculeni izakhiwo zalo zesondlo. izifundo zeLebhu ziye zafumanisa ukuba gluten zengqolowa kuba ekrwada izinto ekuveliseni iiplastiki, imicu yokuncamathelisa. Ingxaki kukuba ezi mveliso afunyenwe ethe kwaye zikhawuleze enyibilikayo emanzini, yaye ngenxa yoko akubonakalisi ixabiso yorhwebo.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kukho umkhwa ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa lesonka, leyo evuselela umdla ekufundeni iindlela ezingezizo yemveli yokusebenzisa ingqolowa. Ngoko ke, ukususela yomgubo usebenzisa unyango olukhethekileyo, baye bafunda ukuba "wangoko nangoko" ukutya-ezifana imbonakalo semolina, gluten yenza protein cereal eliphezulu sakusasa ekhawulezayo, starch ingqolowa isetyenziswe njani ukugxininisa iphepha. Kwaye lwegciwane ingqolowa, iipropati eziluncedo ezithe ubungqina bokuba, kwaye bonke badla ekrwada.

iipropati kwakuse kunye viscous kumgubo sele isetyenziswe kolu shishino. Yomgubo sisetyenziswa isongezo ziincindi yokomba ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso ye-oyile. Kwaye ke nezokukhupha igolide isicombululo, kufeza njenge arhente flocculating. Ngaphezu koko, umgubo ekwenziweni gypsum iinxalenye kwezimbiwa ayikokubambana ngendlela engcono kunye nephepha, kwaye kananjalo usebenza njenge lokufaka kwizincamatheli, ngamaplanga manzi. Kwaye oku kuphela iindlela ezininzi eqhelekileyo ukuba usebenzise umgubo wengqolowa kolu shishino.

ngezigaba

Ngokwemeko-kwezoqoqosho lwembono, ixabiso sikude yonke ingqolowa. Ixabiso kuxhomekeke iintlobo zezityalo. Eyona inzuzo, ngoko eqhelekileyo emithathu iintlobo ingqolowa: zasehlotyeni / ithambile / eqhelekileyo, nzima, kunye plotnokolosaya / nenomlanga. Uhlobo lokuqala likhule ehlabathini lonke, kwaye busetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lokubhaka le. Beenkozo kuhlobo lwesibini isetyenziswe ukuvelisa pasta, ngenxa yokuba zizityebi gluten. Le Umxube iiprotheni, enza ubunzima incangathi edityaniswe intlama kakuhle kwaye igcina ekuwo amaqamza le carbon dioxide. Ngenxa Gluten, intlama liphuma, yaye isonka awuve. Ke yona ingqolowa club, nowomgubo eyenziwe kulo isetyenziswa ikakhulu sokubhaka uphuqeka.

Summer ingqolowa siyakhuthazeka nangokomthamo inkulu. glumes bakhe isakhiwo ikama-ezifana kuphela phezulu. ezikalini Lower kweentyatyambo beardless. Solomin ezinjalo ingqolowa idla lulilize. Of vulgaris zengqolowa, nenomlanga ezahlukeneyo evuthelweyo, evakalala okanye compact, iindlebe dorsoventrally atshabalalisa. A isici esasenza durum ingqolowa lwamawa abukhali elahliweyo lonke ubude indlebe kukubola. Ukongeza, ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo awned lemmas esikalini. Solomin durum ingqolowa, njengokuba umthetho, ayiphelelanga.

iintlobo ingqolowa zahlulwe zibe entwasahlobo nasebusika. Spring ingqolowa ikhule ngalo kwimimandla kunye ezinzima kakhulu ebusika. Sukuba luhlwayelwa entwasahlobo. ingqolowa Ebusika luhlwayelwa ukuwa wavuna ihlobo elilandelayo. Olu luhlobo eqhelekileyo, njengoko uqala ukuphuhlisa phambi ingqolowa yasebusika, igcinwe isantya ne ngokukhawuleza kwaye anike izivuno eziphezulu.

eziphilayo

Ingqolowa ikhula kakuhle kuluhlu olubanzi iimeko zemozulu, nesowaliweyo phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zolimo, ngaphandle kokuba le ndawo. Ngoko ke, lo ukulinywa ingqolowa eziphuhliswe phantse kuyo yonke indawo. Ngokutsho uxhathiso yengqele, ukuba ulahlekelwa ibhali kuphela, iitapile kunye ezithile zengca ukudla. Ubushushu ngokuba ingqolowa kwakhona Musa ukoyika, ngaphandle kokuba edibene nokufuma eliphezulu. Kwimeko yokugqibela, iinkozo baphethwe zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo kunciphisa ingeniso kulinywe yabo.

Nangona ukuba le nkcubeko abakwazi ukukhula yonke, kukho iindawo ezimbini eziphambili, apho ingqolowa lwahluma nemveliso ngakumbi. Esokuqala phakathi kwe-30 ne-55 degrees ekwizibanzi lasentla, kwaye eyesibini - 25 ne-40 degrees inkululeko emzantsi. imvula ngonyaka kwezi nkalo imvula 300 ukuya 1100 mm. Imvula elilelona ukuba isivuno esihle 250-1000 mm ngonyaka. ukukhula ingqolowa kwenzeka kuluhlu lobushushu ukusuka degrees-3 ukuya 32. Ngenxa lokuhlwayela kwangoko kakhulu, izithole bayagula, njengokuba ngenxa kakhulu emva kwexesha (kwimeko lwengqolowa ebusika).

Spring ingqolowa idla kuhlwayelwa ukusuka ngoMatshi ukuya kuMeyi, konke oko kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu zendawo. Isivuno uqala ukucoca xa ukufuma ingqolowa kusithwa-13%. Spring ingqolowa ikhula ngokupheleleyo kwiintsuku qabaka malunga 100. Ukuba uyayisusa ngaphambili, kuya kufuneka ukuba bangabheneli omiswe. A ukucoca eliphezulu izaliswe kulahleka umthamo, njengoko okuziinkozo overripe iqala ukuwa phantsi.

ingqolowa Winter elinywayo ngaphezu kwabo bonke ngenxa wefula. Xa iziphumo ukufikelela ubude 15-20 cm, amadlelo uqalisa endle ingqolowa. Ukuba kunyaka olandelayo ndawonye nentsimi enye icetyelwe ukuba ukuqokelela imbewu, amadlelo iyakuvingca ixesha utshintsho isityalo kwityhubhu. Kwezinye iindawo ingqolowa waseMerika kuhlwayelwe nezityalo zasebusika legumes phambi kweentyatyambo kukucheba ukuba silage hay.

processing

Ingqolowa ingqolowa sele iqokobhe sinombala ukuba xa besila onika bran osisityebi ngakwicala leeprothini, iivithamini kunye kwincindi. Phantsi cover ibekwe aleurone umaleko eziquka granules emihle. Umbungu elele emazantsi ingqolowa, osisityebi ioli, iiprotheni zingangeni kwezimbiwa. Yonke enye into - iiseli ezingcakacileyo-umboniso endosperm, leyo zizaliswe iinkozo starch kunye intlama gluten anika viscosity.

Ngexesha besila - ukusebenza emva kokufumana zomgubo wengqolowa, kuvela ingxaki wokwahlula wesitatshi kunye gluten kwamanye amacandelo okuziinkozo. Inyaniso kukuba ngenxa umgubo intsholongwane iba yokuncamathelisa ngokukhawuleza mnyama, kodwa ngenxa umaleko aleurone ukuba unenxaxheba ithinti sinombala. Zokuhlanjululwa kwakhiwa umgubo Millers Inkunkuma - bran kunye bran entle (Muchka). Kubabulali-15 ukuya kwi-18% ngokobunzima iinkozo esulungekisiweyo.

izithako umgubo

Ingqolowa, iifoto apho zidla zimelwe kwi kwimiqulu yomgubo, ungumnikelo wokudla exabisekileyo kakhulu. Iqulethe isixa esikhulu iivithamini (group B, choline, PP, E kunye H), kwakunye olukhulu kunye Micro (calcium, potassium, nemagnesium, isodiyam, intsimbi, phosphorus, i-aluminiyamu, titanium, chlorine, nickel, inkcenkce, molybdenum, chromium, boron, zinc, selenium, kunye nabanye). Ngenxa yoko, ingqolowa, okulungileyo kunye umonakalo ukuba uza kuthathwa kancinane ngezantsi iqulethe kuzo zonke izinto yezimbiwa eziyimfuneko ukuze ubomi umzimba womntu.

umgubo imihlobo

Le umgubo ihlelwa mabakala. Makhe siqwalasele ngamnye kubo.

Eli banga liphezulu. Kuyinto emhlophe ngebala kwaye isetyenziswa ukwenza umgubo iimveliso oluphezulu. Le yokugqibela bafumana porosity entle kunye nomthamo elungileyo. Flour ugqibelele ukuba ejiyileyo, igwele kunye intlama.

kwibanga lokuqala. Kunokuba ibe zombini ezimhlophe elityheli. Kuyinto kahle ekwenzeni enekuku, rolls, iikeyiki kunye nezinye goods. akukhuthazwa ukuba confectionery kunye yokubhaka iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu yomgubo ezinjalo.

ibanga lesibini. It has a umthunzi bulubhelu okanye nombala. Ukusuka kuvela khekhe anoboya kunye nakwamanye amazwe. Sebenzisa umgubo kwibakala yesibini isikakhulu isonka namakhekhe emhlophe nesdobnoe. Umgubo ngokubanzi ibanga lesibini wokosa iikeyiki kunye cookies.

Semolina. powder cream Light, equlethe ipesenti ephezulu gluten. Isetyenziswa ngokwenza intlama igwele equlathe eninzi iswekile kunye namafutha. Ifanele ukuba ukulungiselela bhaka.

Iphepha lodonga. Kuye elikhulu, amasuntswana ezingezo-uniform. It has ukufuma ophezulu kunye nokukwazi saharoobrazuyuschey. zisetyenziswa kakhulu sokubhaka isonka etafileni esiXhoseni.

Iinzuzo tywaleni

Sele sibonile ukuba ingqolowa. Yintoni isidlo, siyazi. Kuhleli kuphela ukuqonda iimpawu kuyingenelo kwaye kuyingozi kumgubo ngokwayo.

Nomgubo kunceda ukukhawulezisa ukutya, eshukumisa ubuchopho, kunye nokuveliswa estrogen, ukhusela nemithambo yegazi, lunciphisa ubungozi enyongweni, kwakunye negalelo unyango kwamathambo kunye nesifo i-Alzheimer. Izinto ezikhoyo ekwakhiweni kuloo mgubo, nimbongoze iinkqubo ukudumba emzimbeni womntu, ukuthintela ukuyilwa radicals free kulo, awukhusele izifo ezithile. Yomgubo kunceda kwi unyango yomoya kunye sombefu.

Ingqolowa, apho iinzuzo engenakuphikwa, inazo neengxaki. Luncedo yomgubo na umxholo wayo caloric. Ukongezelela, ukuze zinongezele uxinzelelo kwaye baxabane nomzimba.