Inqwelo yeenqwelo zomoya zaseFransi zanamhlanje kunye namaxesha eMfazwe Yehlabathi II

Uluntu luyintlonelo kuluntu. Le nyaniso engathandekiyo iqinisekiswa yimfazwe ezininzi ezikhutshwa ngabantu ngezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kumazwe anxamnye ne-Aldous Huxley, Orwell okanye eBredbury, umntu akanako ngaphandle kobundlobongela. Kubonakala ukuba, ukuxubha izixhobo, abanye abameli be-homo sapiens uhlanga bayazixela, kwaye akukhathazeki ukuba sisiphi isizathu sokuba amazwe angquzulwano. Imfazwe ayinakucingeka ngaphandle kwezixhobo, kwaye isiphumo sayo ngokuthe ngqo kuxhomekeke ekubeni zinamandla kangakanani izixhobo zenye yamacala emfazwe. Ngokomzekelo, iimpi zamanqwanje zanamhlanje zingasebenzi ngaphandle kweenqanawa zokulwa ezikhethekileyo: umqhubi wendiza.

Umqhubi wendiza: Iinqanawa eziqhubela phambili

Le nqanawa enkulu ethwele imithwalo yomoya: iindiza okanye ii-helicopter. Yaye ingaba ngamakhulu eenqwelo-moya. Kwakhona liyilo eliphambili lomqhubi wendiza. Ngethuba lokuqala loo mkhombe wasemhlabeni yabonakala kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, kodwa ubuqaqawuli bamazibulo zokuqala kukuba babeguqulwe kwezinye iintlobo zeenqanawa. Ngokomzekelo, loo nqanawa yaba ngumkhumbi obizwa ngokuthi "iBirmingham." Ukusuka kwidonki okokuqala ngqa indiza. Esi siganeko esibalulekileyo senzeke ngo-1910, kwaye saqaphela ukuqala kwendiza yokukhwela. Ekuqaleni iinqanawa ezinjalo zazisetyenziselwa iinjongo zokubhengezwa, kodwa kamva zabona ukubaluleka kweenqwelo zezixhobo njengendlela yokubhobhoza. Ngethuba lokuqala lokwakhiwa kweenqwelo zeenqwelo zeenqwelo, i-hydroplanes yayisetyenziswa, kuba iinqwelo ziyakunqumla, kwaye zazingenakukwazi ukuhlala kwindawo. Ngenxa yoko, i-hydroplanes yayisetyenziswe, eyayiwela ngempumelelo emanzini. Imbali ithi abaphathi beFransi ngaphambi kokuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBili ibe yimbalwa: ukuba yinto echanekileyo, enye kuphela, kunye ne-United States. Inani elikhulu leenqanawa ngelo xesha lise-United Kingdom (iiyunithi ezi-7). Emva koko, iMelika iphumelele ukuyila abaphathi beenqwelo.

Ezi nqanawa zilandelayo zihlulwe ngezi zikhundla ezilandelayo:

• Abaphathi beenqwelo;
• Ukurhweba;
• Ukuthatha ibhaluni;
• Helicopter zithwali;
• I-Hydro-carriers;
• Umoya;
• Ngaphantsi kwamanzi.

Ukongezelela, ukwahlula izinto ezahlukeneyo, ukutshitshiswa kunye nokulwa nolwandle. Ngohlobo lwamandla, kukho imodeli eqhelekileyo kunye ne-atomiki.

Impawu eziphambili zeenqwelo zezixhobo

Iinqwelo zensimbi zeenqwelo zeenqwelo zomoya zinamandla amaninzi, kuba ubukhulu babo bufikelela emithamitha amaninzi. Ubude beenqanawa ezinkulu bunamakhulu emitha: i-amplitude isukela kwi-180 ukuya ku-342. Isiqulunqo somkhumbi sifinyelela kwi-12-meter depth. Ububanzi bomkhumbi bukhulu kakhulu, obanika abaphathi beenqwelo-moya ukuba bajonge. Ngaphantsi kwidonki ngamanzi amakhulu kunye nama-hangars ekukhonzeni inqwelo. Ukuphakama kokuphela kwidonki, uhlobo "lwesiqithi", ngumyalelo weposi, oquka ukufumana iinkqubo kunye neentennas. Eli qumrhu liqhele ukufumaneka kwicala lokuqalisa.

Ipakethi yokuhamba ngenye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kumqhubi wendiza. Bahlula kwiintlobo ezintathu, enye enye engasetyenziswa ngoku. Umquba odibeneyo, umzekelo, unomqhubi wendiza odumile waseFrance "uCharles de Gaulle". Iimpawu zolu hlobo zisetyenziselwa ukukhutshwa okungaqhelekanga. I-steam catapults isetyenziselwa oku. Iimpawu ezinokwenziwa kwe-springboard zifakwe kwiinqanawa eziqulethwe ngeenqwelo ezinqamlekileyo. Isici saloo ndawo idibeneyo ngumanyano we-runway kunye nomgca wokuhlalisa.

Iphaka lokuhamba, elinamazinga amabini, lisetyenziselwa ukufikelela kwii-30 zeenkulungwane zokugqibela. Kwimpumlo yabanqwelisi beenqwelo ezinjalo kwakukho ipakethi yokukhutshwa, kwaye phezulu kwakukho umgangatho wokuhlala. Kodwa ekubeni isicwangciso esinjalo sasiyingozi kubaqhubi bee-pilot, yatshintshwa ngokuyibuyisela kwakhona, njengesiko kwizithuthi eziqhelekileyo.

Inyaniso enomdla malunga namaqhosha aseNavy

Uninitiated iya kuba nomdla ekufumaneni apho abathwali beenqwelo-moya abanomthombo ongapheliyo wezantya kunye namandla. Into enokuthi izityalo zamandla enyukliya kwiinqanawa zanamhlanje, kuquka iinqwelo zomoya zaseFransi, zinikezela ngeenqanawa zokuhamba. Ukongezelela, ngenxa yokufakelwa kwenyukliya, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya unako ukugcina ubuninzi, kungekhona ukuhamba ngesivinini, kwiiveki.

Kwakhona kubalulekile kukuba i-runway ikhona. Itholakala kwinqanaba le-9 . Oku kwakungenziwa ngengozi. Ngaphambili, xa umgca wawunqamle, kwakukho ukuqhuma kweemoto ezimileyo, kunye nalabo abazange baphumelele. Emva kwayo yonke into, kunzima ukuhlala kwindawo yokuqhaqhaqhaqhazelayo. Ukuze ugweme iintlekele ezinjalo kunye nemililo ebangelwa ngabo, abaqulunqi beza kwisigqibo esinqabileyo, ngaloo ndlela banike umqhubi ilungelo lokwenza iphutha.

IFrentshi

Inqanawa yaseFransi inendawo ekhokelayo kwihlabathi. Ngokufuduka kwayo (321 850 itoni), ikhona phakathi kweKorea neGreat Britain. Kwi-arsenal yale mandla yamandla emininzi enamandla, i-frigates, i-amphibians, i-amphibians, i-amphibians, i-amphibians, kunye ne-aphirers, kunye nenqwelomoya yeFransi uCharles de Gaulle. Isiseko samandla amphibious yi-cruiser "Mistral". Iinqanawa zolu hlobo zinamacandelo amathathu.

Kodwa ngelo xesha, kukho ukunqongophala kwekhava yomoya ngexesha, njengendlela yokuhamba ngeenqanawa zaseFransi ineemoto ezingama-60 kuphela ezisevisi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, urhulumente waseFransi ukhulelwe ukulungelelanisa kakhulu kweNavy, ekubeni amandla okwangoku akwanele ukuqhuba imisebenzi yomkhosi jikelele. Nangona iFransi inekhalenda echanekileyo: izixhobo zenuzi. Okokuqala, ezi zihlaselo zamabhola zamanje.

IFransi neMfazwe Yehlabathi II

AmaFrentshi ngokufanelekileyo abizwa ngokuba ngabavulindlela bokuhamba ngeenqwelo. Bakha ama-hydroplanes, iinqanawa kunye neenqanawa eziphaphayo, kunye neempahla zokulwa kunye nabahamba ngeenkampu ezixhotywe ngokukhawuleza. Kwaye kwiminyaka eyi-20 yekhulu lokugqibela, amabutho aseFransi azaliswa ngamalungu amatsha-anamhlanje kwinqwelo yeenqwelo-moya ezithwala imoto "Bearn". Yayixhotywe ngendawo yokuthabatha kunye neendawo zokuhlala. Le nqanawa, nangona kungekho nantlukwano, ithathe inxaxheba kwimfazwe yehlabathi kunye ne-fascism yaseJamani, kodwa ngowe-1940 yahlala umhlalaphantsi. Oku kwenzeka emva kokunikezelwa kweRiphabhlikhi yaseFransi kwiJamani yaseJamani. Ukongezelela, emva kowe-1937, ngokwemiqathango ecwangcisiweyo yokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, kwagqitywa ekubeni kusekwe iinqanawa ezintsha. Kodwa oku kwakungenakucingelwa ukuba kuzaliseke. Ngethuba lokusukela ngo-1939 ukuya ku-1945, imikhosi enezixhobo zaseFransi, ingakumbi i-fleet, yalahlekelwa ezininzi zezixhobo zazo, yaye yayifuna ukuba kubuyiselwe. Ngoko zingaphi iinqwelo zendiza ezenza iFransi ngexesha lemfazwe namaJamani? Phakathi kweeprojekthi ezifana ne "Geoffre", "uClemenceau", umqhubi weenqwelo zezixhobo ezithintekayo "I-Commando Test", enye inkundla yezempi ethi "Fumana" yavela.

Umqhubi wendiza "Fumana": umlando ompunga

I-Vice-Admiral Bourget yaseFransi ikholelwa ukuba kuphuthumayo ukuvuselela abathwali beenqwelo-moya zaseFransi njengeSiseko seNavy. Le ndoda yayalela "iBéarn", ngoko icebiso lakhe lalixabiseke kwaye lavakala. I-admiral yayikholelwa ukuba iinqanawa zaseFransi zazidinga ubuncinane ubuncinane beenqwelo zomoya. Emva koko, urhulumente wathenga abathuthi beenqwelo-moya ezivela eNgilandi, kwaye kwi-50s ye-shipwilders yaseFransi yenzelwe iinqwelo zomoya "uClemenceau" kunye ne "Foch".

Kodwa malunga neenqwelo zokulwa, umqhubi wendiza "Fumana", kuyafaneleka ukuba ukhankanywe ngokukodwa ukuba ngenxa yokuba uthatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe yamaNazi. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya uthathe inxaxheba ekukhangekeni kwinqanawa yaseJamani i-Admiral Count Spee. Ukwakhiwa kwekhephe kwaqaliswa ngoJanuwari 1914, kwaye yaqaliswa ngo-Ephreli 1920. Isiqulatho somkhumbi sinamitha angaphezu kwe-9, kwaye ububanzi buyi-27. Ubude bomqhubi wendiza lwama-182 emitha. Inani labasebenzi laliyi-865 yabantu.

Abaphathi beenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya zeNayile yamaFransi baqala imbali yabo nale mkhumbi. Wayexhobile ngeemfuyo zokulwa nezixhobo zokulwa nezixhobo, i-torpedoes kwaye wayeneminyaka engama-40. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya wenziwe kwinqanaba laseNormandy, ngelixa iinqwelo zokulwa zatshatyathwa yintambo yamandla. Emva kokuba amaFransi azinikezele, kwakukho amahemuhemu ukuba umthuthi wendiza wayithathile yonke indawo yokugcina igolide kwiMartinique, kodwa le ngcaciso ayiqinisekisi. Ngaphezu koko, de kube sekupheleni kwemfazwe, "Yifumana" iinqwelo ezivela eKhanada ukuya ezweni lakubo. Ngowe-1967, i-flagship yaseFransi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokugqibela yachithwa.

UCharles de Gaulle okanye uRichelieu?

Ngoku iinqwelo zezixhobo zeFransi zihlaziye kwaye zixhotyiswe nazo zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze zinelise imigangatho yempi. Okwenene, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya waseFransi okwangoku ngowona kuphela: owaziwayo uCharles de Gaulle. Le nqanawa yakhiwa kwaye yaqaliswa ngo-1994. Umsebenzi walo waqala ngo-2001. Ngenxa yokufuduka kweetoni ezingama-42 000, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya unikeza amaqhina ama-27. Iineenjini zenyukliya ezimbini, ubude bomkhumbi buyii-261 zamitha, kwaye ububanzi buba malunga no-64. Umqhubi wendiza yiyona nqanawa enkulu yeFransi, kodwa incinci ifaniswa nemikhumbi ye-nyukliya yaseMelika. Abasebenzi baninzi kwaye banani labantu abayi-1,900, kubandakanywa abaqhubi kunye nomyalelo.

Imbali yokudala le nqanawa yaqala ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba urhulumente wagqiba ekubeni athathe indawo yabasemagunyeni beFransi "Foch" kunye ne "Clemenceau" ngeemodeli zanamhlanje. Kodwa enye yeso sixhobo salolu chungechunge yenziwe, kuba iindleko zayo eziphezulu azizange zivumele ukuba iphrojekthi iqhubeke. Umqhubi wendiza uye waphucula amaxesha amaninzi, ngenxa yokuvavanya.

Ngokuphathelele uyilo lwenqanawa, ixhotyiswe kwiinkqubo ezininzi zanamhlanje: ii-catapults, i-bulkheads ezingabonakaliyo, i-double down, i-radio absorbing and concealed devices. Kwakhona kukho umlambo, inkqubo yokukhusela umlilo. Izimo zomoya kunye neenkqubo zokuphuphuma umoya zinikezelwa kubasebenzi. Iindawo zokulala zokuzilalisa, indawo yokuphumla kunye nokutya okuphuhliswayo.

Ekubeni ligama lomqhubi wendiza, kwavela ingxabano enzulu: uFrancois Mitterrand, umongameli waseFransi, wayefuna ukubiza igama leenqanawa uRichelieu, kuba wayecinga ukungabonisi ngothando neqela lamaGadi. Kodwa unyaka kamva, uJacques Chirac wamkholisa, kwaye umkhombe wawubizwa ngokuba ngumphathi owaziwayo.

Ingalo kaCharles

Amandla e-athomu emkhunjini anele iminyaka emi-5 yokuhamba ngejubane lama-knots ama-25. Lo mqhubi wendiza unyanzelekile kwisikhululo samandla esinamandla amakhulu: amawaka angama-76 amahhashi. Kwiziko elinjalo elinamandla linokuhlala kwi-aircraft ezili-100 ngexesha elinye. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo i-fleet ibandakanya iinqwelo-moya ezingama-40, apho iinqwelo zokulwa, iindiza zokuhlaselwa komhlaba, ukuqwalasela kunye neenqwelo-moya. Kukho ii-helicopter kwindawo. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya uxhotyiswe ngeenkqubo ze-radar kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela umoya. Ngoko, uzibuza ukuba zingaphi iinqwelo zithuthi zeFransi ngoku, unokuphendula ngokunyanisekileyo: enye. Kodwa kukho iinqanawa ezimbalwa ezithe zenziwa kwinqanaba elifanayo lokukwazi ukulwa nokunyamezela.

Mistral: Iinqwelo zaseFransi

I-craft landing-carrier ye-helicopter "iMistral" ihluke kwezinye izicelo ezininzi. Ingaba sisibhedlele, ukuqhubela umhlaba ngomhlaba, usebenze njengesikhungo somyalelo, uthwale kunye neenqwelo zomlilo ze-helicopter. Ukuba sixoxa ngeenqwelo zeenqwelo moya eFransi, iMistral, nangona engekho umqhubi wendiza ngokugcwele, kodwa naye ungummeleli omelekayo weNxweme yamaFrentshi. Inzuzo ebalulekileyo inokuthiwa ukujongwa okucothayo nokucokisekileyo kwendawo, ephunyezwa ngempumelelo yi-helicopter. Ukongezelela, iinqanawa zinokukwazi ukungena kwiindawo zokungena, i-tank battalion kunye namajoni angama-900 ngexesha. Iinqanawa zaseFransi zineenqanawa ezintathu: iMistral, Tonner and Dismud.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukucima umqhubi wendiza?

Lo ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba iinqanawa ezibiza kakhulu ziphethe ixabiso elikhulu, ngokwemvelo, imisebenzi yokukhusela yomqhubi wenqwelo-moya ayihambelani imfuneko efanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, malunga nomkhombe omkhulu apho kukho iinqanawa ezili-15 okanye ngaphezulu zinika ukhuselo oluthembekileyo ngaphakathi kwimizila engama-300 ekhilomitha. Kodwa kunengqiqo ukucima umqhubi wendiza, nangona kunzima kakhulu. Indlela elula kodwa ingeyona ndlela efanelekileyo ngayo ukuhlaselwa. Ukwenza oku, kuyimfuneko ukunqanda iinqanawa zokhuseleko, kwaye uzama ukubeka umqhubi wenqwelo-moya ukuya ngasezantsi, okuya kuba nzima kakhulu, kuba ixhotywe ngamanani amaninzi.

I-sabotage ingadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhutshweni komqhubi wendiza. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lokuzaliswa kwee-stocks, kwenye yeechwep, iqela labafundi kufuneka lidada lingafunyanwa kwinqanawa kwaye ifake isixhobo esikhuselekileyo esisezantsi. Into ephambili kukuba ungabonakali kulo msebenzi.

Enye indlela ingaba i-torpedo ukusuka kwicala le-submarine elingenanto. Ngokuqinisekileyo, umqhubi omkhulu wenqwelo-moya akayi kukwazi ukudibanisa i-torpedo. Kuphela apha i-kmarkaze ehamba ngeenqwelo-moya ezinokuthi zonakalise ngokukhawuleza iinqanawa zokulinda.

Impumelelo enkulu ekukhungeni komqhubi wenqwelo-moya unikezwa i-rocket kunye neentlekliya. Kucacile ukuba oku, ngenxa yokusulelwa kwintsimi kunye neminye imiphumo eyingozi, isetyenziswa kuphela kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu.

Iinqwelo zexesha elizayo

Kodwa izithuthi zeFransi namanye amagunya omhlaba azimi, imizekelo emitsha, eyona mihla kwaye iyenziwa. Ukuqwalasela amava okuphumelela kunye neempazamo ezidlulileyo, iprojekthi yenkampani yenkampani yexesha elizayo elibizwa ngokuba yiCVNX kunye nokufuduka kweetoni ezili-100 000 kwadalwa. Kwiinkwenkwezi zalo zokudala "ukunyaniseka", ukufakelwa kwenyukliya entsha, ukuvumela ixesha elide ukuba lihambe ngaphandle kwe-refueling, kwakunye nesakhiwo esitsha ngokusisiseko. Ngokweziqikelelo zabadali, loo nqanawa inokudlulela kwiimitha ezili- 3 zezigidi ze-nautical kwi-50 yobudala beminyaka , kwaye uchithe iintsuku ezingama-6 ezilwandle.

Inkqubela phambili ishukunyiswa ngokukhawuleza, kubandakanyeka kwishishini lemikhosi. Imali eninzi ityalomali kwi-teknoloji yakutshanje, kodwa ihlabathi emhlabeni alikwazi ukuthengwa nayiphi na imali.