Zaporozhye Cossacks

Zaporozhye Cossacks zihlangene emkhosini ukusuka kwixesha elide kakhulu. Iimbali zembali zifakazela ukuba zivela kulo nyaka unesihlanu. Abanye abahlala kwisiseko seSich Zaporizhzhya bakholelwa ukuba ukuvela kwamaCosacks kwaqala ngokubambisana kwabahlali abafuna ukutshabalalisa i-serfdom. Ngokwezinye iimbali, le mkhosi yadalwa evela kozar, owayehlala eCentral Asia, waza waya eUkraine ngexesha leMongol-Tatar ijoka.

Amadoda kweli klasi awazange asebenze, kodwa achitha ixesha labo beqhuba isayensi yempi. Ukususela ngexesha lokuhlala kwi-Ukraine, baye babizwa ngokuba yi-Cossacks. Izikhulu zasePoland naseLithuania zaphoqeleka ukuba zisebenze imisebenzi engamaqeshwe abasebenzi. Ezi ziganeko zenzeka emva kwe-Ukraine. Nangona kunjalo, ii-Cossacks, ukuze ziphephe umsebenzi onyanzelekileyo, zaphuma emazweni awakhiwe. Bawuthatha indawo eqhelekileyo emva kwee-rapids ze-Dnieper. Ngokwababhali-mlando, ngale ndlela iZaporozhye Cossacks yabonakala. Ebona ubukroti balo mkhosi, ookumkani basePoland baqala ukubizela kwinkonzo. Kwaye abameli abahloniphekileyo bentente babonwa njengelungelo elikhulu lokuba yienkokheli zenkampani ekhaliphile.

I-arsenal yemikhosi yayiquka izixhobo eziphambili kwilo xesha. I-Zaporozhye i-Cossacks ibeneemipu kunye nemigodi, iimfucu kunye nezidumbu, i-samopals kunye neengqapheli, iimbiti kunye neinkemba, amakrele kunye neengqungquthela, iindonga kunye neentolo. I-data ye-archaeological kunye nezenzululwazi zenzululwazi ibonisa ubungqina bokhuselo olukhulu lwezixhobo, ezithathwe kubantu abaye balwa nabo. Nangona kunjalo, ukhetho oluphambili lweZaporozhye Cossacks lunikeza i-saber.

Umkhosi onesibindi wawubandakanya iintsana, amahhashi kunye nezixhobo zokulwa. Inani elipheleleyo lamaCosacks ahlomile lisuka kwilishumi ukuya kweyeshumi elinambini lamawaka. Iqela elincinane lalihlala libhekwa njengabamahhashi. Yayona nto ibalulekileyo kwiimpawu zokulwa. Iinqununu zemikhosi zibandakanya amakhulu kunye neerimimenti. Ngexesha lephulo, i-Cossacks yema ebusuku kwenkampu, eyayiyilungu leenqwelo ezinqwelwe kumjikelezo, ziboshwe ngamaketanga.

Umthombo oyintloko wemali engenayo i-Zaporizhzhya Sich yayiyi-extraction, iphumelele ngexesha leephulo, kunye nezorhwebo, ukuthengiswa kwewayini, umvuzo ofunyenwe kwizinto zokuthutha, kunye nobukhosi, kunye nemirholo yamakhosi. Inxalenye yezinto ezilungileyo ezifunyenwe kwiimfazwe zanikwa ibandla njengesiqhelo. Imveliso esele yahlula ngokulinganayo, kwaye i-Cossack yaseUkraine yayiphuza i-penny. Iimali ezibalulekileyo zaqokelelwa nguSich kubarhwebi abahamba ngelizwe laseZaporozhye. Uninzi lwemvuzo luquka irhafu kwiindawo zokuhlala ezikuloo mida yoMkhosi.

Amakhosi amakhosikazi ajonga ngokukhathazeka ngempembelelo ekhulayo yamaCosacks. Emva koko, bekunxweme lwabalimi abacinezelweyo kwaye banokuhlala bancedisa. Iinjongo zeenduna ze-feudal zancitshiswa zibe ngumsebenzi wokutshabalalisa i-Sich yaseZaporizhzhya nokuyibuyisela kwi-serfdom. Ekupheleni kweshumi elinesihlanu ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, iinkopi zaseLithuania nasePoland zakwazi ukunika imimandla ebalulekileyo yamazwe angama-Cossacks. Ngenxa yoko, ngo-1648 ukuvukela kwavela. Yayikhokelwa ngumkholi we-Cossack umkhosi uBobdan Khmelnitsky. Eli phulo phantsi kobunkokeli bakhe lathweswe ngongoma.

Ukuqwalaselwa kweTch kummandla omkhulu kwi-Cossacks yase-Ukraine, uPetros I kunye noHetman Mazepa balwela i-Army. Nangona kunjalo, iiCosacks zathatha icala likaCharles XII kwaye zaqhuba imikhosi yokulwa nemikhosi yaseRashiya. Emva kokuba i-Mazepa isayine isivumelwano sokusebenzisana kunye namaSweden, uPetros ndamisela iirimenimente ezintathu zokubanjwa kweZaporizhzhya Sich. Ngaphambi kwabo kwakubekwe umsebenzi wokutshabalalisa isidleke sabavukeli emhlabeni. Ngomhla ka-Meyi 1709 inqaba yathathwa, yachithwa yatshiswa.

Ingxelo yokugqibela kwi-Cossacks yafakwa nguCatherine II. Ngo-Agasti 1775, yanikezela i-manifesto eyavuma ukutshatyalaliswa kweSich kunye nesabelo sayo kwiPhondo laseNovorossiysk.