IPanama Canal (unyaka lokuvula - we-1914): i mfula ngumntu odibanisa Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

Kakade Geography, siyazi ukuba i iPanama Canal yenye kwiindlela ezinkulu ukuthuthwa kwamanzi interconnecting the Pacific kunye neelwandle Atlantic. Wawela zirhuqwe kwegama elifanayo inxalenye yayo liphantsi kakhulu. Ngenxa yemidlalo umsebenzi sele kakhulu asisifutshane indlela elwandle phakathi kumazibuko ezininzi, umzekelo, eSan Francisco to New York ukususela-24 300 km ukuya km-10 700. IPanama Canal (konyaka wama-1914 D) linobude 81 km, kwaye ixesha ndima yalo malunga ezisibhozo iiyure.

Le channel, kunye Kiel kunye Suez, abe iwonga ngamazwe kwaye zingasetyenziswa kuphela ngokuhambelana ngokungqongqo nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemigaqo eyamkelekileyo ngokubanzi kunye nomthetho wesizwe yelizwe ekuso. Wayesele engama-95 ubudala. Kwaye wakhawulwa Panama Canal (ekuqaleni konyaka we-1914, nangona idwelisiweyo lokuqala) ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi.

Kweli thuba ukususela 1534 ukuya 1823 ingcamango yokwakha lithathe iingqondo urhulumente Spanish. ngokuphindaphindiweyo Kuye kuqhutywa uphando olubanzi kule ndawo, wakha ijelo ethwele / izicwangciso zokwakha, kubalulekile ukuba onke utshintsho ngapha sezwe. Ngowe-1814 baseSpeyin nokuba kude ummiselo ohambelana. Kodwa ngowe-1823, baphulukana zonke ngamathanga eMzantsi and Central Merika, yaye ubalahlile izicwangciso zabo. I-50 ezayo iminyaka, ephanda kunye neeprojekthi inxaxheba amaNgesi, amaMelika, isiFrentshi, Dutch. Ekugqibeleni ilungelo elikhethekileyo zolwakhiwo kunye umnyinyiva iminyaka 99, wafumana inkampani French. Ke kaloku kwathi ngo-1876, yaye kwiminyaka emithathu kamva le nkampani esithatyathwe ngumntu ngonozakuzaku kuFerdinand de Lesseps, injineli ye umakhi ye Suez Canal, wavula ukwenzela amasuntswana Maritime ngaphambili - November 17, 1869.

emva koko inkampani Lesseps zawa, wamiselwa receivership, yaye ngowe-1904 inkampani yathengiswa kurhulumente US ukuba sum of $ 40 ezigidi. America ekuvunyelwene ngayo iPanama Canal kwindawo yengqeshiso obungunaphakade, kunye nokwakhiwa into Panama Canal. Ivula nyaka, we-1914, ephawulwe ukuphela iinzame nyaka-11 kunye nomsebenzi amandla yaye wabonisa indlela yabiza urhulumente ukuphumeza iingcamango. Le mali ogama kakhulu - million 220 zeerandi.

Isiphumo ndlela yesango sicatshulwe isantya emithandathu nge-Isthmus Panama ukusuka Atlantic kwizibuko Cristobal ukuya Balboa izibuko kunxweme wePasifiki, kwicala ukusuka emntla ukuya mpuma. ubude umjelo, njengoko kuchaziwe,-80 km, apho 42 - channel ngumntu nezitshixo. Ubude amagumbi lock neemitha 305, ububanzi - 33 enesiqingatha. Le milinganiselo kwenza kube lula ukuba kudlula 85% ye ezisebenzayo iinqanawa zabarhwebi ehlabathini lonke.

Inqanawa yokuqala badlula Isthmus ngomhla we-15 Agasti 1914, kodwa kuvulo ngokusesikweni i-Panama Canal kwenzeka ngoJuni 12, 1920, emva koko wathunywa ngokupheleleyo-eyomeleleyo.

Ke kaloku inkundla asinda ekubeni ukuya yaseKapa Horn kunye Strait of Magellan, ngoko ke imizila zibalulekileyo yokuthumela atshintshiwe. Unyaka emva kokuvulwa Panama Canal yaba isiqalo sexesha elitsha yokuhamba kule ngingqi. Maxa wambi 2-3 ukunciphisa umgama phakathi mida empumalanga nasentshonalanga of Canada nase-United States, phakathi East Far ne-United States, phakathi amazwe Latin America ngokwayo.

Buyela kwi 20 zenkulungwane lokugqibela, Panama yaba iinzame ukuguqulela ijelo phantsi kolawulo lwayo. Le nkqubo wathabatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba, iminyaka emininzi, kwaye kwagqitywa ngoDisemba 31, 1999 kuphela, xa Panama Canal (unyaka ukuvulwa ka-1914-th, t. E. Ukutyhubela iminyaka 85) baba inkululeko epheleleyo nesebenzayo.