Iqondo lobushushu ehonjisiweyo enyibilikisa igolide. lobushushu yokunyibilika nokubilisa le metal

Kuyinto iimpawu ebonakalayo nensimbi ukuze becala emiselwe entsimini isicelo zabo njengabantu ubugcisa kunye noshishino. Phakathi iimpawu eziphambili kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba iqondo lobushushu zavuleka. Ukwazi oku parameter ikuvumela ukuba ukudibanisa ngempumelelo izithako ezahlukileyo nokudala bekhululekile, ixesha elide yaye ezikumgangatho ophezulu aluminiyamu, ingakumbi ezilungele ukusetyenziswa ekhaya.

lobushushu yokunyibilika nokubilisa le metal

Kuba ummeli ngamnye nesalathisi elinikiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, lo umda lokushushubeza kukuba zonke iintsimbi. Kwiqondo elithile, baqala ukunyibilika, behamba ukusuka okuqinileyo ukuya kwimo engamanzi. Ukuba lo mzobo ukuba ixabiso ebalulekileyo, ngoko intsimbi uya kungena kurhulumente sukube, ngamanye uqala okubila vaporization inkqubo.

Ngoko ke, kukho lonke Ukuhlelwa ebonisa ukukwazi ukunyibilika iintsimbi. Bonke bephela yahlulwe maqela alandelayo.

1. Fusible. Eli qela libandakanya ezo zinyibilika ngamaxabiso ngezantsi ^malunga 600 C. Umzekelo: zinc, isodiyam, kaLayishe waseGalim, bismuth, inkcenkce, atom, kunye nabanye.

2. meltability Medium. Isalathisi ngaphakathi 600-1600 ^C. Umzekelo, indawo enyibilikisa igolide kwifomu ecocekileyo - 1063 ^C, ngenxa yoko, oko kunxulumene kweli qela zesinyithi.
3. Eliyinjubaqa. Phezu 1600 ° ^C. Imizekelo: titanium, Tungsten, chromium kunye nabanye.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba oluhlobo sisebenza kuphela iintsimbi ehlambulukileyo. Xa kufikwa aluminiyamu, amanani kutshintsha kakhulu, kwaye amanani, zingohluka kwezo lokwaNdlalela.

Ukupheka point iintsimbi axhome kakhulu kunokuba parameter ingqalelo. Ngoko ke, ukuba iqondo lokubila legolide - 1063 ^{° C,} abilayo - esele 2947 ° ^C. Umahluko phantse kabini!

Gold: a isishwankathelo jikelele

Aurum, okanye igolide - linani imichiza isiqalelo 79 kule lwezakhi. ubunzima Atomic yi iiyunithi 196,967. Ifunyanwa eqeleni mna, iqela yenguqu. Oku kubhekisele amatye anqabileyo, ukongeza:

• platinum;
• yesilivere;
• mbala.

Ngokwembono reactivity phantse egalelwe, akukho iimeko ezizodwa indlela akuthethi bangene. It has iimpawu ezikhethekileyo emzimbeni ezivumela ukusetyenziswa kwalo izacholo, ubuchwepheshe kunye noshishino.

Iipropati Physical zegolide

Yintoni eyodwa kangaka olu, ebe inabo kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi uleqa abantu owaba uphawu lwe zemali kakuhle ukuba ehlabathini?

1. Umbala. Kuba ngegolide ecocekileyo iphawulwa emihle umbala enzulu omthubi kunye Ndileka sisinyithi libizwe. Le metal ulwelo uba umbala oluhlaza luthuthu. Couples umbala omthubi noluhlaza.
2. Ukuqina. Ukusebenzisa le parameter Gold enasilela ngayo kwamanye amalungu amaninzi kuba metal ethambileyo. On kwisikali kwezinto yokuqaqadeka (Mohs isikali) licandelo esebenzayo ngu 2.5-3.
3. Iqondo lobushushu ehonjisiweyo enyibilikisa igolide - 1063 ^C.
4. Le Unikezelo lombane ilungile, 75% ngokumalunga ubhedu nje superconductor.
5. I-thermal conductivity nobushushu amandla kuhle. Amanqaku zegolide shushu nangoko yaye ngokukhawuleza shushu ngako.

Iimpawu ezizodwa abayenzela igolide ephakamileyo, ziqwalaselwe zodwa. Zezi:

• ductility;
• plasticity;
• mninzi.

mninzi metal

Awuphathe iimpawu mninzi kuthetha ubunzima wenkqu nganye kwiyunithi umthamo. Ngoko ke igolide inamalunga inani eliphezulu parameter elinikiweyo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, isiqingatha iglasi isanti ngegolide ecocekileyo kuya kuba ubunzima malunga 1000 grams.

Gold Density, nyulu ukusuka ubumdaka yi 19.3 g / cm ^3. Ukuba sithethe malunga kwamatye endalo segolide, ngoko kuli- rate ephantsi - 18-18,2 g / cm ^3. Esi salathisi ivumela lula ukuba ndikhuphe isinyithi ngamatye. Kwakhona yenza igolide ibiza kangaka imali encinane kakhulu grams.

Malleability kunye ductility

Ingongoma yokunyibilika ngegolide, ngokunjalo malleability yayo ezigqithisileyo ductility ukwenza kube lula yaye ngoxo- ezandleni zabantu abanamava. Ngoko, ngexesha lokuva ingqiqo ka "igolide yaba zizixwexwe ezicekethekileyo". Yintoni na? Oku ezityikitywe amaphepha intle semi-neziselubala zegolide, apho angalahlekelwa ukhanye kwaso nobumnandi. Gold umgangatho leaf unako wawutyabeka iimveliso, neendonga zawo amabandla amajukujuku , njalo njalo.

Itotali 1 g olu emangalisayo zingenziwa wire ojingayo kakhulu, ubude eya kuba phantse 3000 mitha! Gold kuba bangenwe deformations zilandelayo ngaphandle kokulahleka zeepropati kunye nemfezeko isakhiwo:

• ucinezelo;
• ukuyisonga;
• ugobile;
• esila;
• onenombolo;
• elula;
• azidlulisele nayiphi imilo olufunekayo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iseti enjalo iipropati emzimbeni akakwazi ukuhlala kunivuza ebantwini, ngoko, igolide isetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo inzululwazi, ubuchwepheshe kunye noshishino.

Ukuba kwindalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabantu

Ngendlela yayo yoqobo igolide kwenzeka indalo ngohlobo etshe, isanti okanye inclusions emaweni. Ibhola ndawonye nobambe ibhola igolide - indawo inyama yabo engumntu kakade. Xa ngomxube wesanti, udongwe kunye nezinye iinxalenye ishenxiswe, uze emva koko ndilibalule ngendlela esulungekileyo.

Kwakhona, igolide uqulathwe ku:

• izityalo;
• izilwanyana;
• umzimba womntu;
• amanzi komhlaba;
• iilwandle kunye neelwandle;
• lithosfere.

Kuzo zonke ezi ndawo, abantu bafunda ukuba esomba nensimbi ukuze zisetyenziswe iimfuno zabo. Kutheni kufuneka oko?

1. Isebe eziphambili - Kakade ke, izacholo. Beautiful umhombiso eyenziwe aluminium ezahlukeneyo negolide iphambili kubutyebi zemali phantse yonke umfazi. Banikwa abantu esibathandayo, ukuba imali, ukuba kuyanconywa kwaye lilulutho.
2. Imishini. Iqondo lobushushu ehonjisiweyo enyibilikisa igolide kunye platinum, kunye palladium, nickel, yaye ezinye iintsimbi eyenza ibaluleke kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwizicelo zobugcisa. A impahla yegolide kube kwiqondo eliphezulu malleability, kunye plasticity, uhamba kunye umchiza inertness ye ucingo ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwale metal iinkcukacha incinane, neetshiphusi. Umzekelo, phones, iTV, iikhalityhuleyitha kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki.
3. Gold - lwemali nzima ehlabathini lonke, nto leyo ixabiso ngonaphakade. Yena wayengoyiki kwamaxabiso kunye olungagqibekanga, ngoko abaninzi ukugcina imali babo etshe ngentsimbi.
4. Awards for impumelelo kwezemidlalo ezahlukeneyo, kwiitumente nemidlalo ziqhutywa igolide, nesilivere, nobhedu, nto leyo kwakhona igxininisa ukubaluleka zazo eziphakamileyo.

aluminiyamu zegolide

Ezi iimpawu metal kwifomu yalo ecocekileyo yenza eyodwa kuphela kwaye ethandwa, kodwa kuchaphazela umgangatho weemveliso. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa ukuthamba eliphezulu izivatho zegolide esulungekileyo kulula ukuba ukugqabhuza, umvumbo kunye nokuphanga. Ngoko ke, lo aluminiyamu yesinyithi lisetyenziswe ngokufuthi kunye namanye amalungu nkqubo ngamaxesha athile.

1. 585 igolide. Le ingxubevange yeyona ethengiswa kakhulu kwaye ixhaphakileyo lizwe lethu nakwamanye amazwe. Yintoni na? 58,5% - ngegolide ecocekileyo, 34% zibe zezobhedu, 7.5% - zesilivere. Ingongoma ukunyibilika zegolide 585 - malunga 840 ^{° C,} nto leyo ngaphantsi kakhulu kunalowo sample ecocekileyo. Noko ke, ngokubanzi yezinto zobumnini ingxubevange zingcono kakhulu, njengoko ubumdaka abuyekeze ezingeloncedo metal elula. Ubhedu imfutshane ukuphucula amandla kunye nobulukhuni imveliso. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba kakhulu, ngoko ke imveliso kwingunqu umhlwa ngokukhawuleza. ifuthe Silver umbala. Ngenxa it ingxubevange tyheli ngakumbi, umthunzi eluhlaza okuqaqambileyo ngaphandle ukungcola. Isibakala sokuba le ngongoma ephuphumayo yokunyibilikisa igolide 585 ezantsi ukuze wafanisa ukhetho umnatha, uthi adibane nabanye iimveliso kufuneka silumke kakhulu kwaye ngenyameko, yaye ukuba ushiye endhawini ya emlilweni.
2. Gold 999. Le ingxubevange - ngokusekelwe metal akuguquki Ndoqaqamba na inani elincinane zezobhedu. Ngenxa yoku, igolide indawo yokunyibilika 999 ukunyuka xa kuthelekiswa Isalathisi yangaphambili. Kuyinto 1063 ^{° C,} oko kukuthi, ixabiso ngokufanayo into elula. Products owenziwe le intsila athambe, ekwaziyo deformation, ke ngoko, kufuna ukuphathwa ngenyameko inkathalelo eyodwa.

zegolide 375

Iqondo lobushushu ehonjisiweyo enyibilikisa igolide 585 yi-avareji. Eneneni, kukho ingxubevange, apho metal amanene akhawunti ye% 37,5 kuphela (375 isampuli). Loo eyongeziweyo lobeko lwe isalathiso anyibilike ekusuhi jikelele 770 ^{° C,} nto leyo ixabiso elincinane.

Ukuba sithethe malunga isiseko ingxubevange yegolide nesilivere, ezi iinketho azisetyenziswa. Le mveliso iya kuba ithambe kakhulu. Ngoko ke, copper ekhoyo kuyimfuneko. Ingongoma isilivere inyibilikiswa kunye negolide malunga enye, a kuhlwayelwe encinane. I metal white ngayo 961,8 ° ^C. Ngenxa yoko, abaqinisekanga lwentsebenziswano kakhulu ingxubevange lihlisa jikelele kwimveliso.

Yintoni egqibayo umbala izacholo eyenziwe ngegolide?

Yintoni umbala iphoswe umhombiso kwi ukukhanya kuxhomekeke kuhlobo additive kwi umxube, yaye yintoni ipesenti kubo. ithinti Red uya kuba imveliso apho 50/50 zegolide-nangesilivere nangobhedu.

White - xa ufaka umxube palladium, nickel, isilivere ngaphezulu. Green - nangesilivere nangobhedu, ezipinki - zesilivere, palladium nangobhedu.