Yintoni noshicilelo eziphilayo? Esi sigaba protein yokuqaphela

Lungiselelo Biology - inkqubo multi-inyathelo ukufunda ulwazi ukusuka DNA, nto leyo usemthethweni protein biosynthesis kwiseli. Nucleic ke yenethiwekhi lolwazi yemfuza emzimbeni, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba ukuwuqonda kwaye ukudlulisela nezinye izakhiwo cellular kuba ngakumbi Wabutha peptides.

Igama elithi "umbhalo eziphilayo"

Iprothini yokuqaphela le yinkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu kuyo nayiphi iseli lomzimba. Ngaphandle ekudalweni iimolekyuli peptide ayikwazi ukugcina ubomi obuqhelekileyo, t. Ukuze ezi zihlanganisi organic bayabandakanyeka zonke iinkqubo pathways, amacandelo noshowo izicwili ezininzi kunye namaziko, kwaye idlale uphawu olawula kunye nendima olukhuselayo emzimbeni.

Le nkqubo, oqala ngayo biosynthesis protein, nguye noshicilelo. Biology ngokufutshane iyahlula libe kwizigaba ezintathu:

1. Yokuvula.
2. Zobude (ukwandisa RNA chain).
3. Ukuphelisa.

Lungiselelo Biology - yinto reactions ukuxubana stepwise leyo nesiphumo template DNA iimolekyuli RNA kuhlelwe. Ngaloo ukusekwa ulwazi kuphela asidi ribonucleic, kodwa ezothutho, ribosomal, nuclear encinane kunye nabanye.

Njengayo nayiphi na inkqubo kwemichiza, ukhutshelo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Okokuqala, kukho enzayim ezahlukeneyo xa prokaryotes kunye eukaryotes. Ezi proteni ezizodwa ukunceda ukuqalisa kwaye enze reactions ukhutshelo ngokuchanekileyo, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ekufumaneni protein output ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

Ukuloba prokaryotes

Ekubeni trankriptsiya biology - ke Yindibanisela RNA kwi template DNA, kule nkqubo ikakhulu enzyme a DNA-oxhomekeke RNA polymerase. Ntsholongwane, kukho uhlobo olunye kuphela polymerases kuzo zonke molecule ribonucleic acid.

RNA polymerase ngokutsho siseko complementarity ugqibe RNA umcu usebenzisa DNA template chain. Xa ukwakhiwa kwale enzyme iye β-subunits ezimbini, enye α-enganeno omnye σ-enganeno. Awona macandelo ezimbini zokuqala ukusebenza ukubunjwa umzimba njengoko transcriptase, kwaye bobabini aseleyo inoxanduva ukugcinwa enzyme ukuya kwemolekyuli DNA kunye ukuqatshelwa ekukhuthazeni inxalenye deoxyribonucleic acid, ngokulandelelana.

Phela, kelly into enye imihlaba ingqalelo isakhi ethile. Umzekelo, isalathiso Latin ileta σ N kuthetha ukuba polymerase RNA bayaliqonda zofuzo ezifakwe kukungabi nitrogen kokusingqongileyo.

Traskriptsiya e eukaryotes

Ngokungafaniyo iintsholongwane, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo nokubhalwa kwenzeka nzima ngakumbi. Okokuqala, xa kwiseli nganye akukho namnye kodwa ezintathu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo polymerases RNA. Phakathi kwabo:

1. RNA polymerase I. linoxanduva noshicilelo yemfuza RNA ribosomal (ngaphandle 5 ribosomal RNA subedinitsv).
2. RNA polymerase II. Injongo yabo kukuba nokulungelelanisa kweyesiqhelo ulwazi (matrix) asidi ribonucleic, ezithi ke ngoko inxaxheba zosasazo.
3. RNA polymerase III. Umsebenzi weli hlobo polymerases kukuba nokulungelelanisa izithuthi asidi ribonucleic, kunye RNA 5-ribosomal.

Okwesibini, ngokuba ukuqaphela ndikhuthaze xa iiseli eukaryotic nedostachno kuba polymerase kuphela. Xa nokuqaliswa ukhutshelo nazo peptides ezikhethekileyo ababandakanyekayo, ekuthiwa TF-iiprothini. nabo Kuphela ngokusebenzisa polymerase RNA angayithatha isiqalo DNA amagama kunye iimolekyuli RNA.

Intsingiselo Ukuloba

Kwemolekyuli RNA ezikhandelwa kwi template DNA, kamva iqhotyoshelwe ribosomes apho ufunda kunye ulwazi kunye neprothini kuhlelwe. Inkqubo lokusekwa peptide kubalulekile ukuba iiseli, njengoko ngaphandle kwezi-oganikhi khompawundi akanakuba ubomi obuqhelekileyo, ukuba ngokuyintloko isiseko enzayim ezibalulekileyo basabele nemvelo.

Ukhutshelo eziphilayo - kukwayinto entle ngumthombo rRNA, eziyinxalenye yale ribosome kunye tRNA, aqukiweyo ukuthutha acid ngexesha translation ezi zakhiwo non-ndizayo. Kwakhona kuhlanganiswa snRNA (enyukliya amancinci), ogama umsebenzi sikuko usifake neemolekyuli RNA.

isiphelo

Translation kunye nokubhalwa eziphilayo zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kudibaniso zeprotheyini neemolekyuli. Ezi nkqubo icandelo uphambili mfundiso iphambili ezinto eziphilayo, ocacisa ukuba isizalo DNA kuhlelwe yi RNA, kunye RNA, nayo, sisiseko ekuqaleni ukuyilwa iimolekyuli protein.

Ngaphandle Ukuloba bekuya kuba nzima ukufunda ulwazi kwekhowudi ezintathu ze deoxyribonucleic acid. Oku kungqina kwakhona ukubaluleka kwenkqubo kwinqanaba eziphilayo. Nawuphi na iseli, nokuba prokaryotic okanye eukaryotic, kufuneka siqhubeke nokulungelelanisa molekyuli ezintsha kunye neprothini entsha, leyo eyimfuneko okwangoku ukuxhasa ubomi. Ngoko ke, umbhalo eziphilayo - linqanam iphambili kumsebenzi iseli ngamnye emzimbeni.