Zemvelo Great owenza emhlabeni lokuvula

zemvelo Great baba oosonzululwazi abadumileyo owayendifundisa uhlobo lokunxibelelana ngqo nayo. Lo gama unako ziqala, ukuba alabe libe zizabelo ezimbini: i "indalo" - kodwa ke uhlobo kunye "test" - hlola.

zemvelo Great: uluhlu

Zenzululwazi zendalo ixesha xa kuyimfuneko ukuchaza uhlobo bafunde lonke, okt. E. Ukusebenzisa ulwazi ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi ezifana Botany, ngeenkwenkwezi, ngezilwanyana, mineralogy, le zemvelo yokuqala evela ehlabathini lonke. Kufuneka badwelise izazinzulu bathethe ezinye iinkcukacha nako ukwenza izinto ezifunyaniswe umdla xa kwakukho mbalwa amathuba nolwazi:

• Stiv Irvin (Australia).
• Icherri Irwin (Australia).
• Alice Menfild (Australia).
• Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva (saseBrazil).
• IBartolomeu de Gusmão (saseBrazil).
• Erik Pontoppidan (Denmark).
• Frederick Faber (Denmark).

zemvelo Great baba eFransi, eJamani, Great Britain, Poland, iCroatia, Switzerland naseRashiya, phakathi ezaziwa Vyacheslav Pavlovich Kovrigo, uAleksandr Fedorovich Kots kunye Mihail Vasilevich Lomonosov.

Sisazinzulu sokuqala

Inzala yobume kwakho indoda abayibona kumaxesha amandulo, xa waqalisa ukuba bacinge ngokuba injani na isityalo edliwayo yaye yintoni na ke, ukuba lizingela izilwanyana kunye nendlela okumdambisa kubo.

E Greece yamandulo, kwakukho zemvelo lokuqala elikhulu, kuquka uAristotle. Yena waba ngowokuqala ukuba bafunde kwaye bagcine nohlobo wenza iinzame nokumisa ulwazi. Ngelo xesha abakuqapheleyo Scientist wazibhokoxa imizobo eyayinceda kuphando. Yaba yinzuzo lwenzululwazi yokuqala, apho ixesha elide esetyenziswa kwi sifundo.

Ngexesha ubomi Aristotle wadala zoo elikhulu, kwaye amncede ukuba eziliqela amawaka, kuquka abalobi, abalusi, abazingeli, apho wonke umntu wayesaziwa ngokuba inkosi entsimini yakhe banikwa.

Ngokwesiseko ulwazi Isazinzulu eziqokelelweyo wabhala iincwadi ezingaphezu kwama-50, apho izinto eziphilayo bohlulwa babe elula, wema kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi zophuhliso, kwakunye njengoko zichongiwe zezinye izinto eziphilayo nzima ngakumbi. Uthe ngaphandle iqela lezilwanyana ukuba namhlanje baziwa ngokuba Arthropoda, ezi ziquka izinambuzane ezineqokobhe.

Le semvelo omkhulu Carl Linnaeus

Ngcembe efunde ulwazi, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kwafuneka ukunika amagama, kodwa kumazwekazi ezahlukeneyo, abantu ngamagama abo, ebangela ukudideka. Kwaba nzima ngakumbi izazinzulu ukwabelana ngolwazi kunye namava, kuba kwakunzima ukuba baqonde into okanye ngubani na. inkqubo Aristotle kaThixo, eyayisetyenziselwa ixesha elide, yaba lixesha yaye kwakungasekho ezifanelekileyo, xa kwavuleka umhlaba omtsha.

Owokuqala ndaqonda ukuba lifikile ixesha lokuba kubuyiselwe umyalelo, wayengusosayensi Swedish Karl Linney, owenze umsebenzi omhle kakhulu ngenkulungwane ye-17.

Wayinika igama iintlobo nganye, kwaye Latin, ukuze wonke umntu aqonde kumazwe ezahlukeneyo ehlabathini jikelele. Kwakhona, eziphilayo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela baze ngokuhlelwa wafumana igama kabini (ohlobo). Umzekelo, ezinde unalo igama nelo ploskolistnaya kunye ezincinanana nebhere brown namhlophe.

inkqubo Linnaeus 'lisetyenziswa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nangona ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, oko iguqulwe eya kuthi yongezwe, kodwa undoqo le nkqubo iya kuhlala injalo.

uCharles Darwin

Ngenkulungwane ye-19 eNgilani, ikhaya nesazi-nzulu esidumileyo Charles Darwin, owaba negalelo kuphuhliso inzululwazi elisekwe imfundiso yakhe ngemvelaphi ehlabathini, nto leyo kumntu wonke umfundi.

Uninzi zemvelo enkulu zabanjwa iinguqulelo ze Darwin, olu sapho lwaluquka kwinto yokuba izinto eziphilayo zingatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, wamkela kwiimeko ezithile zokuphila. Kodwa asinguye wonke umntu enokumelana, kunye ixoxo nexoxo liyazigxumela, nayo ukwazi ukudlulisela inzala iimpawu zazo ezigqwesileyo njengelifa.

zesayensi Russian

Ekuhambeni kweminyaka, lo zemvelo olukhulu eRashiya, kunye nabantu abaninzi bayazi malunga ngokwemeko yazo kunye ezifunyaniswe.

Sezakhi zofuzo UNikolai Vavilov wenza igalelo elikhulu nasekufundweni izityalo ezilinyiweyo. Wabutha ingqokelela inkulu iimbewu, elinganayo 250.000 iisampuli, ukuze ubone indawo yabo imvelaphi, kunye nayo yaphuhliswa ngobhalo izityalo nezifo.

igalelo elikhulu endle Zizifo wenze iikulya Ilyich Mechnikov, ukufunda umzimba womntu nendlela ukulwa iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo. Umsebenzi kwanikezelwa nasekufundweni ikholera, icesina, isifo sephepha, kunye negcushuwa, lizama ukuqonda imvelaphi kwaye sifumane iindlela ukuba alwe. Yena okwenziwe wabangela negcushuwa e iinkawu wayichaza kwiincwadi zakhe. Kuphela ezi mpumelelo kunganxulunyaniswa kudidi "izazinzulu ezininzi zendalo." Eziphilayo kuye kwaba nenzululwazi enkulu; wadala ingcamango ngemvelaphi eziphilayo multicellular, apho ezizalayo iye wachitha ixesha elininzi isifundo wokwaluphala, yaye babevakalelwa kukuba ukwaluphala iza ekuseni kakhulu ngenxa self-ubuthi ephilayo iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo kunye ityhefu.