Isitayela saseByzantine ekwakhiweni kweRashiya

Ukubaluleka kwembali kunye nenkcubeko yeByzantium ayikwazi ukugqithiswa. E-Russia, ilifa le-Byzantine lingafumaneka kwizinto zokomoya kunye nezinto eziphathekayo zobomi. Ukusebenzisana kweenkcubeko kuye kwagqithwa amanqanaba amaninzi, kwaye nakwiinkcubeko zanamhlanje kunye nezakhiwo zakhiwo zinezibonakaliso zalo mpe mbelelo. Ngomhlaba wonke, inkcubeko yaseRashiya ibe yindlalifa eyintloko kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwezithethe kunye neengxowa zomoya zaseByzantium.

Imvelaphi yesitayela saseByzantium

Ukuwa kweBukumkani baseRoma ngo-395 kwakhokelela ekuveleni kolawulo olutsha, olubizwa ngokuba yiByzantium. Kuqwalaselwe ngokufanelekileyo umlandeli wezithethe zamandulo, inkcubeko nobulumko. Isitayela saseByzantium siphumela njengesiphumo soxinzelelo lwezakhiwo zobugcisa ezikhoyo. Abakhi bezakhiwo zombuso omtsha bazikhawuleza bazibeka umsebenzi ogqithiseleyo kwimpumelelo yamaRoma. Ngoko ke, ukuxhamla yonke into eyakhiwe ngamaRoma kunye namaGrike, ukudala i-masterpieces entsha, yamkela umngeni wexesha kwaye ufumane izicwangciso ezintsha ezakhayo nezicwangciso.

Ukubunjwa kwetyambo yaseByzantine akuzange kwenzeke kuphela ekuveliseni nasekuphuculeni amava aseGrisi namaRoma amandulo, kodwa nangenxa yempembelelo enamandla yasempuma, eyayibonakaliswa ekuphandeleni i-luxury, scale and decorum.

Ngokumalunga nenyaniso yokuba isebe lasempuma lobuKristu liseKonstantinople, ilizwe lifuna iitempile ezintsha. Ngomxholo omtsha, ufuna kwakhona intetho yakho. Le mi sebenzi igqitywe ngabaculi bezona zinto zihamba phambili kwiConstantinople kwaye zenze imisebenzi eyingqungquthela eya kuba yintsholongwane yenkolo, yenkcubeko, yelizwe kunye neyakhelwe.

Iimpawu zesitayela saseByzantine

Abacwangcisi baseConstantinople babefanele bazisombulule imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo eyakhayo, eyabonakala ngokuyinhloko kwizakhiwo zethempeli. I-cathedral e-Orthodoxy kwakufuneka ibe nombono ongenakulinganiswa kumbukeli kunye nobukhulu bayo nobuqaqawuli, itempile yayidibaniswa noBukumkani bukaThixo kwaye ngoko abacwangcisi babefuna iindlela ezintsha zokuchaza, ukukhangela kwabo benzayo. Njengesizathu sokucwangciswa kwecawa yaseByzantine, kwakungeyona i-cathedral yamaGrike, kodwa i-basilica yamaRoma. Iindonga zamathredrals zakhiwe kwizitena kunye nabaninzi abadityanisiweyo. Oku kwakhokelela ekwakheni indawo ehlukile yezakhiwo zaseByzantium - ukujongana kwezakhiwo ngezitena okanye ngamatye ombala omnyama nombala. Ekubeni i-facade idla ngokufakwa kwiimitha zamakholomu ezinomxholo osikiweyo.

Isitayela saseByzantium sidibaniswa nohlobo oluphambene nesithintelo sontoni. Umcwangcisi wakwazi ukufumana isisombululo esilula ukujoyina i-dome ejikelezileyo kunye nesiseko sesikwere, ngoko kwakukho "iinqanawa" ezidale umqondo wokuba bubele. Iifestile ezingenanto kunye neentonga ezijikelezileyo, ezibekwe ezimbini okanye ezintathu kwicala ngapha nangapha, ziyimpawu ebalulekileyo yezakhiwo zaseByzantine.

Ukuqhutyelwa kwezakhiwo zangaphandle kwakuhlala kuthobekile kunokwenziwa komhlobiso wangaphakathi - le yinto enye yezakhiwo zaseByzantine. Imigaqo yoyilo lwangaphakathi yayiyilungiso, ubutyebi kunye nobuhle, basebenzise izinto ezixabisa kakhulu, eziyimpumelelo ezenza abantu babe nefuthe eliqinileyo.

Impembelelo yaseByzantium kwizakhiwo zobugcisa

NgeMinyaka Ephakathi, impembelelo yaseByzantium yasasazeka kumazwe onke aseYurophu, yayiyizopolitiko, ezoqoqosho nezomoya. Isitayela saseByzantine kwizakhiwo zama-Middle Ages kuboniswe ukuba luncedo olukhulu lokuvuselela. I-Italy yathatha umlinganiselo omkhulu wezinto ezintsha zokwakha izakhiwo zaseByzantium: uhlobo olutsha lweetempile kunye nobugcisa. Ngaloo ndlela, itempile ephakathi e-Ravenna, kwisiqithi saseTorcello, ePalermo yaba yiimpawu zalo moya waseByzantine.

Kamva, iindwendwe zisasazeka kwamanye amazwe. Ngaloo ndlela, i-cathedral e-Aachen eJamani ngumzekelo wempembelelo yaseByzantine kwi-prism yama-Italy. Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo enamandla kakhulu yaseByzantium yayilawo mazwe amkela iOthodoxi: iBulgaria, iSerbia, iArmenia kunye neRashi yaseMandulo. Nantsi kukho intetho yencoko yenkcubeko kunye nokutshintshisana, okukhokelela ekuphuculweni kwezinto ezikhoyo zokwakha izakhiwo.

Iimpembelelo zaseByzantium kwizakhiwo zaseMandulo zakuRussia

Wonke umntu uyayazi ibali indlela umongameli waseRussia, owatyelela iRoma kunye neConstantinople efuna unqulo olufanelekileyo, wamangaliswa ubuhle bukaHagia Sophia, kwaye le nto yanquma umphumo walo mba. Ukususela ngeli xesha, ukudluliselwa ngamandla kwezithethe, izicatshulwa, izithethe kwilizwe laseRussia liqala. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo yakhiwo yokwakhiwa kwetempile, eyakha ngokukhawuleza kwifom entsha. Isitayela saseByzantine ekwakhiweni kwetempile kubonakala ngenxa yokuba onke amaqela eengcweti eza kwi-Old Rus ukwakha amathredari, izakhono zokudlulisa kunye nokwenza ubuso obutsha belizwe. Kwakhona, abaninzi abakhi bezakhiwo ba tyelela uConstantinople, befunda ubulumko nobuqili bokwakha.

Abaphathi baseRashiya, ukuqala ngekhulu le-10, abavumelanga kuphela izithethe zaseByzantine, kodwa bacebisa, ukuxhaswa kunye neenkcukacha eziyimfuneko kwiicawa zendawo. Icawa yaseByzantine eyayinqamle kwiRyzantine inkulu i-naves ezongezelelweyo kunye neefriji zokufumana amandla amakhulu. Ukwakha izakhiwo kwisita esitsha, uhamba kunye nezikhombisi-ndlela ezihamba ngezandla: ukuzenza izitena, ukubethelwa kwebell, uphawu lwe-icon, - konke oku kunentsingiselo ye-Byzantine, kodwa iqhutywe ngabaphathi baseRashiya ngomoya wobugcisa bobuzwe. Umzekelo oqaqambileyo wokusebenza okunjalo yi-Sophia Cathedral yoBulumko bukaThixo eKiev, apho ifom ye-Byzantine ye-neve ibe yintlanu ye-nave kwaye isakhiwa yi-galleries, kwaye izahlulo ezihlanu zixhaswa ngama-glaze amancinane angama-12.

Imodeli yaseByzantine yetempile

Isitayela saseByzantine ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, iimpawu esicinga ngazo, zisekelwe kwisakhiwo esitsha setempile. Iimpawu zayo zazalwa ngokusuka kwiimfuno ze-utilitarian: ukwanda kwendawo yetempile, ukuxhamla okulula kwidome kunye nesiseko, ukukhanya okwaneleyo. Konke oku kwakhokelela ekubeni kwakhiwe uhlobo oluthile lwesakhiwo, olwatshintsha utshintsho lwetempile lonke lehlabathi. Itempile yendabuko yaseByzantium yayinekwere okanye isakhiwo esingaphantsi komxholwana, isakhiwo esiphambanweni. Kwinqanaba eliphambili lisebenza kunye neefriji. Ukwanda kwomsindo kubangele ukubonakala kweentsika ezongezelelweyo ngendlela yamakholomu, bahlula i-cathedral ibe ngama-naves amathathu. Ngokuqhelekileyo itempile yeklastiki yayineqendu enye, kaninzi kangako 5. Iifenisi kunye nokuvulwa kwintsimbi zahlanganiswa ngu-2-3 ngaphantsi kwesiqhelo esivamile.

Iimpawu zendlela yaseByzantine kwizakhiwo zetempile zaseRussia

Ukwakhiwa kokuqala kwamabandla ecawa entsha kwakukho ngokwemveli yaseRussia, amaGrike ayengakwazi ukuwachaphazela, njengoko awakhile amasonto abo kwizitena kunye namatye. Ngako oko, intsha yokuqala intsha yinkalo ehlukeneyo, eyayisungulwe ngokuthe ngqo kwiisombululo zokwakha. Icawa yokuqala yamatye eRussia ibonakala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-9 kwaye inesakhiwo esiphezulu. Kule mini, itempile ayizange iphile, ngoko akunakwenzeka ukuthetha malunga nayo. Kwietempile e-Russia, umthamo wawubaluleke kakhulu, ngoko ke abaqulunqi bokuqala babephoqelelwe ukuba basombulule ingxaki yokwandisa indawo yangaphakathi yetempileni, bezalise ii-naves ezongezelelweyo kunye neegalari.

Namhlanje isitayela saseByzantium eRashiya, umfanekiso onokubonwa kwiincwadi ezininzi zezikhokelo, imelwa yimimandla emininzi. Ezi zakhiwo eKiev naseChernigov, kwingingqi yaseNovgorod, iPechery, iVladimir, i-Pskov. Kukho iicawa ezininzi ezigcinwe apha ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo zaseByzantine, kodwa zizakhiwo ezizimeleyo ezinezakhelo ezizodwa zokwakha. Izona zidumileyo yiSt. Sophia Cathedral e-Novgorod, iTransfiguration Cathedral eChernigov, iBandla loMsindisi wethu kwiNereditsa, iSonto leZiqu-zintathu e-Monasteri yasePechersky.

Isitayela saseByzantine kwizakhiwo zaseYurophu

Umbuso waseByzantium, owawukho ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezili-10, awukwazi ukushiya uphawu lwakhe kwimbali yehlabathi. Kwizakhiwo zaseYurophu kwaye namhlanje ungabona izinto ezibonakalayo zelifa leByzantine. Ixesha leMigangatho Ephakathi ligosa kakhulu ekubolekeni nasekuqhubekeni, xa abakhi bezakhiwo bakha iingcamango ezintsha zabo kunye nokwakha iitempile, ngokomzekelo, e-Italy, eyona nto yayingenako ukuthonya i-Byzantine. Iimpembelelo ezinamandla kwiRiphabhliki yaseVenice zanikezwa ngabaculi abavela eByzantium, kunye nenani elikhulu lezinto ezenziwe apha emva kokubanjwa kweConstantinople. Kwaye iCathhedral yaseSan Marco eVenice iquka izinto ezininzi zeByzantium nezinto.

Indima ebaluleke kakhulu edlalwa yintlanzi yaseByzantium ngexesha loKuvuselela. Uhlobo oluphambili lwentsika yelo lwakhiwo oluvela kweli lizwe, luye lwasasazeka. Iimpawu zamaqumrhu aseByzantium azifumaneki kuphela kwizakhiwo zonqulo, kodwa nakwizakhiwo zelizwe. Abacwangcisi, ukusuka eBrunelleschi ukuya eBrante naseAlladio. Iimpawu kunye nesisombululo esakhayo se-Byzantines kwizakhiwo ezidumileyo njengeCathhedrals yaseSt. Peter eRoma, iSt. Paul eLondon, kunye nePanheon eParis ibonakala ngokucacileyo.

Isitayela saseByzantine kwizakhiwo zaseYurophu njengenjalo ayizange iphuhlise, ukuba awuyikuqwalasela amazwe ase-Orthodox, kodwa izinto ezikhoyo kule nkqubo yobugcisa ziyabonakala ngoku, zihlaziywa, zenziwe zanamhlanje, kodwa ziyi siseko esakhiwa ngayo iYurophu. I-Byzantium yaba yindawo yokulondolozwa kwezithethe zamandulo, zaza zabuyela eYurophu kwaye zaqala ukubonwa nguye njengeengcambu zembali.

Ukuqulunqwa kwesitayela saseRussia-Byzantine

Isitayela saseByzantine kwisakhiwo saseRussia sakhiwe ngenxa yezigidi zokuphinda ucinge kwakhona kunye nokuvuselela imbono yabakhi beConstantinople. Le ndlela isungulwa, apho imibono yaseMpumalanga neyaseRashiya ihlala khona ngokulinganayo, phakathi kwekhulu le-19. Ngaloo ndlela i-flowering of architecture iqala, apho uphumelelo lwezakhiwo zaseByzantium zibuyiselwe ngokutsha, zongezwa kwaye zenziwa kwakhona. Ngenxa yoko, isitayela saseByzantium eRussia ngekhulu le-19 asiyikukopisha iimpumelelo zikaConstantinople, kodwa ukudala izakhiwo "ngeenjongo", ngokubandakanywa okukhulu kweengcamango zaseRussia.

I-Periodization yesitayela saseByzantine kwizakhiwo zaseRashiya

Yintoni ekubhekiswe kuyo kwimfundiso yezakhiwo njengoko "isitayela saseByzantium" senziwa phakathi kwekhulu le-19. I-ideologist yakhe kunye nepropagandist yayingumakhi KA Ton. Abaqulunqo besitayela bavela kwii-1920 zangekhulu le-19, zibonakala kwizakhiwo ezifana neCawa yeZishumi e-Kiev, iBandla lika-Alexander Nevsky ePotsdam.

Kodwa ixesha lokuqala lokuloba kwimilo liwela kuma-40s no-50s, kubonakala ngakumbi kwizakhiwo ze-AV Gornostaev no-D. Grimm. Ixesha lesibini ngowama-1960, ngelixa lomoya we-eclecticism ephezulu, udidi oludibanisa ukuxuba i-Byzantine kunye neRashiya. Ngeli xesha, isitala sibonakala ngokukodwa kwizakhiwo zikaGG Gagarin, VA Kosyakov kunye no-EA Borisov.

I-70-90 yithuba lobunzima besitayela, abakhi bezobuncwane balwela ukuhlobisa, ukuzisa iingxenye ezahlukeneyo kwizakhiwo zabo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-19 neye-20 kunye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, isitayela saseByzantium eRussia saqala ukuphathwa ngokukhululeka ngakumbi, ukudibanisa ngomoya wexesha elizayo elizayo kunye nezinye izitayela. Kwiminyaka engama-90 yekhulu lama-20 i-pseudo-Byzantine isitayela ibonakala, apho kubonakala khona iziqendu ezisezantsi, kodwa izinto zokuqala ziqatshelwe.

Ukucamngca kwesitayela saseByzantium ngaphakathi

Isitala saseConstantinople yayibonakala ngokucacileyo kwimboleko yeendawo zangaphakathi. Ngaphakathi kwindlela yaseByzantine ibonakaliswe ngemihlobiso ecebileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezixabisekileyo: igolide, ithusi, isilivere, ilitye elixabisekileyo, imithi eyigugu. Isici esichukumisayo sezithuba zangaphakathi kule ndlela zibonakaliswa ngodonga kwiindonga kunye nasemzantsi.

Ukubonakalisa isitayela saseByzantine kwizakhiwo zaseRashiya zangekhulu le-19

Ixesha eliqaqambileyo ekwakhiweni, ngokusekelwe kwizithethe zaseConstantinople, liwela phakathi kwekhulu le-19. Ngaloo ndlela isitayela saseByzantine ekwakhiweni kweSt. Petersburg saba yikhokelo. Icawa yeNkcazo ebusisiweyo yoMama kaThixo kwi-harbor yaseGalernaya (iKosyakova nePrussak), iCawa yamaGrike yaseDmitry Solunsky (uRI Kuzmin), indlu yokuThengisa iStol noSchmitt (V. Schreter) yimizekelo ecacileyo yokwakha kule ndlela. EMoscow kuyakuthi, isakhiwo seTone: iCathhedral kaKristu uMsindisi, iNtloko enkulu yeKremlin.

Iimpawu zeByzantine ekwakhiweni kwekhulu lama-20

Ixesha elisemva kweSoviet kunye nokubuyiselwa kwayo kweOrthodoxi kwakhokelela ekubeni indlela yaseByzantine ekwakhiweni kweRashiya iphinde iphendule. Kukho izakhiwo kwisitayela saseRussia-Byzantine kwizixeko ezininzi zaseRashiya. Umzekelo ocacileyo yiCawa ngeGazi egameni laBangcwele bonke kwiLizwe labantu baseRussia abaye bakhanya eYekaterinburg kwiprojekthi yeK. Efremov.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 neye-21, oko kuthiwa "isibini isiRashiya-Byzantine isitayela" ikhulayo, ebonakala kwizakhiwo ezintsha zetempile. Ingabandakanya abaphathi bamaKhedrini njengetempile yasePeleneimonovsky eIzhevsk, iBandla loKuzalwa kukaKristu e-Omsk, iBandla loKuzalwa kukaKristu eMoscow kunye nezakhiwo ezininzi kwiindawo zonke zelizwe. Oku kubonisa ukuba iingcamango zaseByzantium zingena kwiinkcubeko zaseRussia kwaye namhlanje ziyakwazi ukwahlukana.

Izakhiwo zanamhlanje kwi style Byzantine

Abakhi bezakhiwo zanamhlanje, ngokukodwa kwizakhiwo zetempile, ngokuphindaphindiweyo babuyela kwizithethe zaseConstantinople njengesiqhamo sesisombululo sesintu. Ngokuqinisekileyo, bayaziphendulela, basombulule ngokuqwalasela ubuchwepheshe obutsha, kodwa umoya weByzantium uvakalelwa kuwo. Omnye unokuthi ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba namhlanje isitayela saseByzantium siphila kwizakhiwo zaseRashiya. Imizekelo yale nto inokufumaneka kwiidolophu ezininzi zeli lizwe: iBandla le-Myrrh-Abathwali baseSt. Petersburg, iSonto laseSt. Nicholas eNadym, iSonto leSeraphim eMurom, nabanye.