Ivan Peresvetov kunye neengcinga zakhe bulumko

Ukususela ngenkulungwane XVI beza kuthi imibhalo journalistic ibhalwe Ivan Peresvetov - enye ezingqondweni inkulu xesha Ivana Groznogo. Ngelo xesha xa ephikisayo ukuba bacinezelwa unya obukhulu, waba nesibindi ukuvakalisa izimvo ezichasene kwiimbono esemthethweni karhulumente. Ulwazi malunga ubomi bakhe umda kakhulu, umthombo kuphela zathathwa kuyo, baba ezaqanjwa yakhe, waligcina igama lakhe kwimemori izizukulwana ezizayo.

Inkonzo kwi amabutho baqesha

Peresvetov Ivan Semenovich yaba inzalelwane kumazwe Lithuanian, ndisolulela mdala, waba isosha professional. Of izicelo ezimbini, ebhalwe nguye egameni Ivan labangcangcazelisi, kwakusazeka ukuba kwi eko ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVI, yena neqela iingangamsha Polish abalungiselelayo umkhosi Hungarian kaKumkani Jan ugcwalise. Kuyabonakala ukuba, sithetha kwinkonzo yaqeshwa, exhaphakileyo ngaloo mihla.

Provoevav phantsi amalaphu anomyalezo ugcwalise kwiminyaka embalwa, uIvan waya inkonzo welinye icala lakhe - Yibone Czech uFerdinand I Habsburg. Le isizathu utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo we-Polish uKumkani eyathatha I, umbandela kwawo Ivan Peresvetov. Emva elinye ixesha elifutshane isiphelo sele zambeka yomkhosi inkosi Moldavian Peter IV, kunye nabo bathatha inxaxheba kumaphulo eziliqela.

Xa amandla Boyar sama

Ngaphezu koko, xa isicelo sakhe, wathi ukuba banesifo kade, weza ikomkhulu eMoscow. khona endaphathiswa ukunikeza umkhosi kumisa ukuveliswa alwayo amakhaka, kodwa le projekthi yaba kuzaliseka ngenxa asilotyala izinduna kumbumbi ngelixa isigwebo elite kweli lizwe. Nokuba bathi exabiseke kakhulu zabo bureaucracy iintliziyo, okanye imali ibiwe nje, kodwa wahlala kuphela Ivan Peresvetov ongathembelanga misebenzini yakhe, koko umkhosi anobukroti - ngaphandle namakhaka.

Kanye eMoscow kwaoko sijongene kunganobungozi ezibonisa imo amandla olungalawulwayo Boyar, yena kungcatsha ukuqonda enzulu zonke enizibonileyo uzama ukufumana iindlela zokusombulula iingxaki. zibona yakhe ubeka phandle ephepheni ngohlobo izicelo ethumela abo owayelawula ilizwe egameni ngoko usana Tsar Ivan IV. Kodwa ngubani ngamandla ngelo xesha ixesha abancedisi akazange abe nanto yakwenza iingcinga zakhe, kwaye amaphepha ithunyelwe kubo ayiphendulwanga.

Ukugxekwa izinduna eMoscow

Ivan Peresvetova izicelo kuloo minyaka asifikeleli thina, kunye nento yokuba ngokoqobo, kudala imibuzo. Kuphela uphando izazinzulu kwinkulungwane XX baye baqinisekisa ukuba iqiniso kwazo. Namhlanje, xa nokutshitshiswa kwee-mbali imisebenzi Peresvetova, zibhalwe kwi ixesha kamva, xa Ivan IV oselula ifikelele ubudala, akwazi ukuba silawule ilizwe ngokwabo. Ibhekisela ekupheleni novalo kwenkulungwane XVI. ukufunda nokubhala Umbhali siquka iingqokelela ezimbini - epheleleyo kwaye azigqibeleli hlelo.

Umxholo engundoqo imisebenzi Ivan Peresvetova ngandlel wayicola ukugxeka ungunyana wabanumzana ephakamileyo, ukuyilahla ngokungabi imigaqo kunye nokubola kwezimilo, isiphumo ezo ezenziwa mthetho ngokubanzi. Yena ubachasile kubo "voinnikov amahlwempu kodwa ngamaqhawe". Loo nto abantu ukukhonza, kwenza inkxaso yokwenene karhulumente. iingcamango Social nefilosofi ye Ivan Peresvetova kakhulu ziimvakalelo esezantsi maleko efanayo izinduna - izikhulu. Kubo, alubonisayo ezifanisa ideologue of Muscovite lobuzwilakhe. A ngentambo ebomvu kuyo yonke imibhalo kwakhe umxholo imfuneko "igunya ukuloyisa waseRoma."

Utshaba ebukhobokeni kunye ingqongqo

Noko ke, imisebenzi Ivan Peresvetova wayedla wavakalisa iingcinga awahambisani kunye nemigaqo esisiseko kukarhulumente yaloo xesha. indawo ebalulekileyo kuzo ukulahlwa zonke iintlobo ukucinezelwa kunye ekukhotyokisweni le Ingxenye oluntu. Ibhalwe njenge mpikiswano ephambili unika amagama yezibhalo ukuba bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi okanye ubuzwe - yi "abantwana Adam", yaye ke ngoko sifanele ukuba ulime omeleleyo buthathaka. Ngokutsho kwakhe, yonke kubukhoboka kwenzeka kukhuthazwa ezimbi.

Ideas zazikho kwiincwadi zakhe, sikuye ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye ayikwazanga kodwa kuvusa ubushushu yabadlali. Ngokomzekelo, uIvan Peresvetov bathi nyaniso yehlabathi nobulungisa ngaphezu lenkolo. Loo uthelekiso ngaye inxalenye enkulu abefundisi. Ukanti ooyeha Moscow State, wabachazela ukuba ukungabikho inyaniso, nto leyo ke ngesibindi elikuphakameleyo onke amaxabiso zokomoya.

Tips Mbusi

Xa izicelo zabo, wathumela Ivanu Groznomu kwixesha xa wathabatha sele ngokuqinileyo amandla ezandleni Peresvetov othatha inkululeko ukunika iingcebiso nokumkani xa elawula lizwe. Mawoo ukumkani ingqalelo kuyimfuneko ukukhokelwa kubo, kuye lo ingxoxo yenzululwazi kwinkulungwane XIX. Ingakumbi, le mbali odumileyo Karamzin arhola ingqalelo kwinto yokuba kakhulu oko wabhala Peresvetov, wamkela ukubonisa eyiyo ngo-nkqubo lokumkani, kodwa ingaba ibikho ngengozi okanye umlawuli akuthethi eya iingcinga ngummi, oko igcina ingaziwa.

Oku kuboniswa umzekelo kokoyiswa lobukumkani Kazan, kwasetyenziswa ngo-1552. Inyaniso yokuba Peresvetov kwiincwadi zakhe, wabonakala njengoko mxhasi wangumququzeleli ekulweni nangezinto ngokwenene wabhala ngemfuneko kukaZwilakhe ikomkhulu labo. Ke ukuba bathi Ivan Grozny wenza eli phulo isigqibo baphenjelelwa izibheno yakhe, wayeza kuba sisemi angawokubhuda. Kumlo ubukumkani Kazan yaqhutywa ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XV, yaye mhlawumbi yaba sisiphumo ngeziphumo ezi zinto.

Kwakhona indima kakhulu impikiswano ekuqulunqweni Peresvetova ngo-1550 Sudebnik - iseti yemithetho karhulumente eRashiya. Ingcamango imfuneko indalo yayo isoloko ifumaneka ezikhalazo, kodwa eziqulathwe kubomi kumkani oko kwaba kancane eyahlukileyo.

Iimbono zeentanda-Ivan Peresvetova ukulingana kwabantu bonke phambi koThixo, yaye inadmissibility of kubukhoboka waya kulwa nkqubo yokumkani, kwaye iboniswa Sudebnik ogama imithetho akazange ayikhabe kukwenziwa amakhoboka indoda ngendoda, kodwa ukulawula kuphela le nkqubo.

Boyarsky, unyana - ngowelinye iqela yobukhoboka

Ngendlela, xa iingxelo zazo malunga inadmissibility na enye isibheno amakhoboka Peresvetov wayengeyedwa. Kwimbali Russia wangena igama elinye iqela ubukhoboka - Matveya Bashkina. Lo nyana Boyarsky wathi imbuka eyingozi eshumayela ubulungiseleli akusosinyanzelo, yaye ekwenzeni imisebenzi ethile ngokuzithandela. Xa domain yakhe, maze zakhe zonke ngamakhoboka, batshabalalisa amaxwebhu usimisele kunye ikhoboka ubume ekuhlaleni namandla.

A iintlobo yoncwadi imisebenzi Peresvetova

ezikhumbuzo zoncwadi ukubayinxalenye lulusiba Ivan Peresvetova zahlukahlukene kakhulu kwindalo. Xa sithetha ngalo izicelo Njengomncinane kwaye Greater ikhankanywe ngasentla, ngowokuqala kubo ngokwenene lwezikhalazo - isicelo kukumkani ukuze kuphunyezwe iziphumo elifutshane-term ethile. Kulo mzekelo, kwaba isicelo uncedo ekuvelisweni panels umkhosi. Xa sibhenela kwisikhalazo Big, akukho nzima ukuqaphela ukuba olu xwebhu komyalelo ezahlukeneyo. Phambi kwethu kubonakala imbali unwrapped yezopolitiko, iye kude-ekuphumezeni iinjongo zeqhinga.

ezahlukeneyo kakhulu ngendlela yayo boncwadi kulo imisebenzi ezifana "The Legend of Magmet-Saltan" yaye "I Tale of Tsar Constantine". Ekuqaleni, it has zonke iimpawu amabali abhalwe isimbo uyindumasi, kodwa usondela kuye kucace ukuba imisebenzi abukhali journalistic ukuphelisa ezimbi kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo kuluntu, utshaba leyo Ivan Peresvetov. izimvo zakhe ifumaneka kwezi iinoveli yoqobo kunye nezobugcisa kakhulu ethi. Ngeendlela ezininzi ukuba ngaphambi kwexesha labo.

Umxholo engundoqo imisebenzi Ivan Peresvetova kukuba ukubonisa ubunyani uze uchonge iziphene zayo. Ngale ndlela, umbhali ugxeka Byzantine uMlawuli uConstantine, owaba onoxanduva isibakala sokuba eli lizwe kanye enamandla, babe lixhoba ngamagosa babawayo yokunganyaniseki, badiniwe yaye umfana Magmet-Saltan. Kuyacaca wayecinga Sultan Muhammed II, ekoyiswa eConstantinople ngowe-1453. Yaba uhlobo walumkisa iziphumo lizwe nalwazelelelo kwamalweyile ngendlela abalawuli balo.

End of ubomi, bamfihla eminyaka

Akwaziwa nini yaye phantsi kwaziphi iimeko, wasweleka Ivan Peresvetov. ngobomi bakhe iqulethe phantse akukho lwazi eziphathekayo. Umntu kuthathwa kuphela ukuba ngenkankulu wayigqiba uhambo bakhe basemhlabeni ngoxolo nenzolo - bebebaninzi kakhulu bembonisa iingcinga umbuso. Oku ngokungangqalanga kuqinisekiswa yi kukuba kwiminyaka elandelayo igama Peresvetova zicinezelwa ngamandla ixesha elide kwaba zisabonakala. Injalo iqashiso bonke abo wayengoyiki ukuxelela inyaniso ubuso elinawo.