Ivan Viskovaty: i-biography efutshane kunye neefoto

Izazi-mlando azizi kakuhle xa i-Ivan Viskovaty yazalwa. Ukuqala kokukhankanywa kwayo kwafika ngowe-1542, xa le ngqungquthela yabhala incwadi yokudibanisa kunye nombuso wasePoland. I-viscous yayinomdla kakhulu, yayingowomncinci owaziwayo. Umsebenzi wakhe, wakha ukubonga ngokunyamekela kwakhe, iitalente zendalo kunye nabaphathiswa beemvume. Abahlalutyi bamchazela njengomntu obalaseleyo. Ubuchule besithethi kubaluleke kakhulu kwidiplomate, ngoko akumangalisi ukuba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi u-Ivan Viskovaty uhamba nomyalelo we-Ambassador (umboniso weSebe loMphathiswa wezeMaphandle).

Vuka

Kuze kube ngephakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo yonke inkqubo yezopolitiko yombuso waseRashiya yakhiwe malunga ne-Grand Duke. Unako ukunikezela ngamagunya ngamanye, kodwa akukho maziko karhulumente akhona.

Umbandela wezopolitiko zakwaMoscow zalo xesha unokugwetywa kwiirekhodi kwiincwadi zee-ambassadorial. Bathi, ukususela ngowe-1549, u-Ivan oyiNtshonkotha wayala i-Viskovaty ukuba amkele idiploma ezisemthethweni ezilethwe ngamanye amazwe. Emva koko iindwendwe zokuqala zangaphandle zegosa liqale. Ngomnyaka ofanayo no-1549 waya kuNogai kunye nomlawuli wase-Astrakhan Derbysh.

Kwintloko yentlawulo yePosolsky

Xa kuthelekiswa kunye noogxa bakhe, u-Ivan Viskovaty wayekwahluke kwizinga eliphantsi. Wayeyindoda engenazo. U-Ivan u-Terrible, ekwazisa ubuchule bukaViskovaty, wamlinganisa namanye amadiplomates aphakamileyo - iFedor Mishurin kunye neMenshik Putianin. Ngoko uzuko waba ngumdikoni. Konke okufanayo 1549 u-Ivan Viskovaty ngokukhawuleza waba ngumphathi weSebe lezopolitiko. Waba ngumphathi wokuqala lolo hlobo kwimbali yaseRussia.

Ukususela kuloo mzuzu uVevkovaty waqala umsebenzi osebenzayo, owona uninzi lwawo lubekelwe kwiintlanganiso kunye neendwendwe ezininzi zamanye amazwe. Ama-ambassadors ase- Nogai, i- Lithuania, i-Poland, iKazan, iDenmark, i-Jamani, i-Jamani, njl njl njl. Njl njlnobhala wenkundla.Imo ekhethekileyo yeVevkovaty yayigxininiswa kukuba wayefumene iindwendwe eziphezulu. Kuba iintlanganiso ezinjalo kwakukho ikarhulumente ekhethekileyo. U-Ivan u-Terrible wachaza ngeencwadi zakhe.

Imisebenzi yediplomat

Ukongezelela kwiintlanganiso kunye nabameli, u-Ivan Viskovaty wayephethe idilesi yabo kunye neTsar no- Boyar Duma. UDiac wayekho kuzo zonke iingxoxo zokuqala. Ukongezelela, wayebandakanyeka kwimibutho yaseRashiya ngaphandle.

Ngexesha leentlanganiso ze-tsar kunye neendwendwe zikaViskovaty u-Ivan Mikhailovich wagcina iirekhodi zeengxoxo, kwaye amanqaku akhe kamva afakwa kwii-annals ezisemthethweni. Ukongezelela, umbuso wamyala ukuba alawulwe yedwa. Le dizithi iqukethe amaxwebhu ahlukileyo: imimiselo eyahlukahlukeneyo yaseMoscow kunye nezinye iinkosana, izizukulwana, iincwadi zomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle, iimpahla zophando, ulawulo lwamarekhodi karhulumente.

Umgcini we-Archives kaRhulumente

Umntu owalandela i-archive yaseburhulumenteni kwakufuneka anembopheleleko enkulu. KwakuseVevkovatov ukuba eli gumbi lihlelwe kwakhona kwiziko elizimeleyo. Inhloko yomyalelo wePosolsky kwafuneka isebenze kakhulu kunye neziqinisekiso ezivela kwi-archive, kuba ngaphandle kwabo kwakungeke kwenzeke ukubuza imibuzo malunga nobudlelwane namanye amazwe kunye nokulungiselela iintlanganiso kunye nabathunywa bezinye izizwe.

Ngomnyaka we-1547, iMoscow yafumana umlilo onzima, ohlala kuthiwa "mkhulu." Umlilo wonakalise i-archive. Ukunyamekela kwakhe nokubuyiselwa kwamaphepha ayimfuneko kuye kwaba yinjongo ephambili yeViskovatoy ukususela ekuqaleni kokuqeshwa kwakhe njengenhloko yeSebe lezopolitiko.

Ngaphantsi kokukhuselwa kukaZakharyin

Isithuba esiyimpumelelo se-Ivan Viskovaty asiphumelelanga nje ngenxa yenzondelelo yakhe. Emva kwakhe babemi abanikeli abanamandla abancedisa kwaye bancedisa ukukhuselwa kwabo. BebeyiZakharyiny - izalamane zomfazi wokuqala ka-Ivan we-Terrible Anastasia. Ukudibanisa kwabo kwaququzelelwa yimpikiswano eyavela eKremlin ngo-1553. Inkosi eselula yagula kakhulu, kwaye intloko yakhe yayiyikwesaba kakhulu ubomi bomlawuli. I-viscous Ivan Mikhailovich icetywe ukwenza umntu onesithsaba ngumnqophiso wokomoya. Ngokwale xwebhu, igunya xa kwenzeka ukuba u-Ivan Vasilyevich afe ukuba aphumelele kwindodana yakhe eneminyaka engama-50 ubudala uDmitry.

Kwiimeko zokungaqiniseki ngekamva, izalamane zikaGrozny Staritsky (kubandakanye noVladimir Andreevich, umzala wakhe ebanga amandla), esaba ukwanda ngokuqinileyo kwenkwenkwe yenkwenkwe yintshaba, waqala ukuchukumisa amaZakharins. Ngenxa yoko, isiqingatha sentyala akazange afunge ukunyaniseka kumfana osemncinci uDmitri. Kuze kube sekudlulileyo, umcebisi osondeleyo weTsar Alexei Adashev. Kodwa uVevkovaty wahlala ecaleni likaDmitry (oko kukuthi, iZakharyin), apho babehlala bembulela kuye. Emva kwexesha, ukumkani waphinda. Kwiinkwenkwe zonke ezingafuni ukuxhasa ibango likaDmitry, kwakukho uphawu lomnyama.

Iliso leTsar

Ephakathi kwe-16 leminyaka, umgaqo-nkqubo ophezulu waseRashiya wasempuma. Ngowe-1552, uGrozny wathatha iKazan, kwaye ngo-1556 -Astrakhan. Enkundleni, umgqugquzeli oyintloko wentshukumo yeMpuma nguAlexei Adashev. Ukungaboni, nangona ehamba nekars kwiKapiya yakhe yaseKazan, wayenentshiseko enkulu kwimicimbi yakhe yasentshona. Nguye owayengumthombo wemvelaphi yoqhagamshelwano phakathi kweRashiya neNgilani. I-Muscovy (njengoko kwakunjalo ngelo xesha ebizwa eYurophu) yayingenawo ufikelelo kwiLwandle lwaseBaltic, ngoko ukuhweba ulwandle kunye ne-Old World yenziwa nge-Arkhangelsk ebusika. Ngo-1553, u-Richard Chansler ongumnxweme ongumNgesi wafika apho.

Kamva, umthengisi waya eRashiya amaninzi. Uhambo ngalunye luhamba kunye nentlanganiso yendabuko kunye no-Ivan Viskovaty. Inhloko ye-Posolsky order yabona iKhansela kwiinkampani zabarhwebi baseRashiya abanempembelelo kunye nabacebileyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwakungenxa yorhwebo. AmaBrithani ayefuna ukuba yi-monopolists kwimarike yaseRussia, ezele izinto ezikhethekileyo kwi-Yurophu. Iingxoxo ezibalulekileyo, apho ezi ngxoxo zixutyushwa khona, zenziwa ngu-Ivan Viskovaty. Kwimbali yobudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amabini, isivumelwano sabo sokuqala sorhwebo sidlala indima ebalulekileyo kunye nexesha elide.

Abangenatyala kunye neNgilani

Abathengisi beFoggy Albion bafumana iincwadi ezikhethiweyo, zizele zonke iintlobo zamalungelo. Bavula iiofisi zabo ezimele kwiidolophu ezininzi zaseRashiya. Abathengisi baseMoscow bafumana ilungelo elikhethekileyo lokuthengisa eBrithani ngaphandle kwemali.

Ukungena mahala kwiRashiya kwavuleleke kubaphathi baseBrithani, abaculi, abaculi kunye noogqirha. Igalelo elikhulu ekuzalweni kobudlelwane obuncedo phakathi kwamagunya amabili lwenziwa ngu-Ivan Viskovaty. Isiphumo sesivumelwano sakhe neBrithani sasinenhlanhla kakhulu: bahlala kude kubekho isiqingatha sesibini seXVII.

Umxhasi weMpi yaseLibonian

Ukungabikho kweevenkile zaseBaltic kunye nomnqweno wokungena kwiimarike zaseNtshona Yurophu kwashukumisa u-Ivan u-Terrible ekugqibeleni kwemfazwe ngokubhekiselele kuMyalelo we-Livonian, ophakathi kwintsimi yase-Estonia neLatvia. Ngaloo xesha, ixesha elihle kakhulu lee-knights lashiywa emva. Umbutho wabo wemikhosi wabona ukuhla kwehla, kwaye i-Russian tsar icinga ukuba kuya kuba lula ukuba anqobe izixeko ezibalulekileyo zaseBaltic: iRiga, iDorpat, iRevel, i-Yuryev, i-Pernav. Ukongeza, ii-knights zona zazingcolisa imbambano, ingavumeli abahwebi baseYurophu, abaphathi kunye neempahla eRashiya. Imfazwe eqhelekileyo yaqala ngo-1558 kwaye yaqhutyelwa iminyaka engama-25.

Umbuzo we-Livonian uhlukanisa i-tsar malunga namaqela amabini. Isangqa sokuqala sasihamba ngu-Adashev. Abaxhasayo bakhe bakholelwa ukuba bekuyimfuneko yokuqala kuqala ukunyusa uxinzelelo lwabo kuma-khanate aseTatar kunye noMbuso wase-Ottoman. U-Ivan Viskovaty kunye nezinye iinkwenkwezi zilandele umboniso. Bakhuthaza ukuqhutyelwa kwemfazwe eBaltics ukuya ekupheleni kokuphumelela.

I-Fiasco kwiBaltics

Kwinqanaba lokuqala lempikiswano kunye neenkwenkwezi, yonke into yakhula ngokufanayo njengoko u-Ivan Viskovaty wayefuna. I-biography yale diplomate ngumzekelo wepolitiki owenza izigqibo ezichanekileyo rhoqo. Apha ngoku kwaye intloko ye-Posolsky order iye yaqikelela. Umyalelo we-Livonian wanyiswa ngokukhawuleza. Iindwendwe zeenkohlakalo zinikelwa omnye emva komnye. Kwabonakala ngathi iMelika yaseBaltic yayisele ephakamileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, impumelelo yeengalo zaseRashiya yaxhalabisa ngamazwe aseNtshona asekuhlaleni. IPoland, iLithuania, iDenmark neSweden nayo yathi ifa leLibonian kwaye ayihlose ukunika lonke iBaltics eGrozny. Okokuqala, amagunya aseYurophu azama ukuyeka imfazwe engabonakaliyo kubo ngeendlela zokudibanisa. Ii-ambassade zatyelelwa eMoscow. Ndadibana nabo, njengoko kufanelekile, u-Ivan Viskovaty. Isithunzi sale diplomat hayi kuphila, kodwa nangaphandle kokwazi ukubonakala kwayo nemikhwa, umntu unokuphepha ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba wayezikhusela ngokufanelekileyo iminqweno yokulawula kwakhe. Intloko yomyalelo wePosolsky yahlala ingavumi ukudibanisa i-Western mediocre mediation in conflict with the Livonian Order. Ukunqoba kweMpi yaseRashiya eBaltic kwakhokelela ekubeni iPoland neLithuania eyoyikrokra yumbuso omnye - uRzeczpospolita. Umdlali omtsha kwibala lehlabathi lichasa ngokucacileyo iRashiya. Kungekudala, iSweden yavelisa imfazwe eGrozny. Imfazwe yaseVietonian yayidonsela phambili, kwaye yonke impumelelo yezixhobo zaseRashiya zachitheka. Ewe, isiqingatha sesibini semfazwe sele sidlulile ngaphandle kweVevkovaty. Ngelo xesha, wayesele exhoba lokunyanzeliswa kwakhe.

Opal

Ingxabano phakathi kwe-Ivan i-Terrible kunye neenkwenkwezi zaqala ngo-1560, xa umfazi wakhe wokuqala uAnastasia wafa ngokukhawuleza. Iilwimi ezimbi zazisasaza iindlebe malunga nobutyhefu. Kancinci ukumkani waba nekrokra, wabanjwa kunye ne-paranoia kunye noyiko lokungcatsha. Ezi phobias zomelele xa umcebisi osondeleyo kumlawuli, u-Andrei Kurbsky, wabaleka ngaphandle. Iintloko zokuqala zafika eMoscow.

Amakhwenkwe ayevalelwe okanye abulawe ngenxa yokunyaniseka nokunyundela. Kulo mgca, kwakukho umona wabancintiswano abaninzi u-Ivan Viskovaty. I-biografi emfutshane ye-diplomate, nangona kunjalo, ibonisa ukuba uye wakwazi ukuphepha ingqumbo yomlawuli wayo ixesha elide.

Ukufa

Ngomhla we-1570, phakathi kokutshatyalaliswa eLibonia, iGrozny kunye ne-oprichniks yakhe yanquma ukuhamba kwiphankaso e-Novgorod, abemi bayo abaye bakrokrela ukunyanzela kunye novelwano kwiintshaba zakwamanye amazwe. Emva kokuphuma kwegazi, isifo esibuhlungu sika-Ivan Viskovaty saye sazisombulula. Ngomfutshane, umatshini ohlaziyileyo awukwazi ukuyeka ngokwawo. Ukuqala ukwesabisa kwiinkwenkwe zakhe, uGrozny wayedinga bonke abatshabi nabathathi. Nangona kuze kube ngoku akukho zixwebhu eziza kuchaza ukuba isithathwe njani isigqibo malunga neViskovat, kunokucingelwa ukuba iintandokazi ezintsha zeTsar zanyeliswa nguye: i-oprichniks i-Malyuta Skuratov kunye noVasily Gryaznoi.

Kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba loo ndlunkulu isuswe ebukhokheli be-Posolsky order. Ukongezelela, xa u-Ivan Viskovaty ezama ukuvuleleka ngokucacileyo ukuba athethelele intshontsho. Ekuphenduleni izibongozo zediplomate, iGrozny yaqhuma ingqumbo. I-viscous yenziwa ngoJulayi 25, 1570. Wayemangalelwa ngokunyaniseka kunye neCrimean khan kunye nekosi yamaPolish.