Ixesha New: kwintanda-bulumko ngesizathu kunye namava

ifilosofi uphawu ixesha New nga ngamafuphi lowu. Eli xesha ingcamango yabantu ukuxhasa i-revolution yenzululwazi kunye yiEnlightenment zaveliswa. Kaninzi kule ncwadi idibana Kuluvo ukuba kweli xesha zenzelwe iindlela ulwazi lwenzululwazi, ezizezi empiricism, ngubani wayevakalisa ophambili amava, ngokusekelwe iimvakalelo kunye rationalism, waluthethelela ingcamango ingqondo njengoko owayephethe inyaniso. Noko ke, yena kunye nezinye indlela kuqwalaselwa ilungele nayiphi na inzululwazi izibalo kunye neendlela zayo. Iimpawu bulumko mihla kule nkalo singakwazi siqwalasele umzekelo ka- uFrancis Bacon kunye Rene Dekarta.

abaphikisi

IsiNgesi sobulumko wayekholelwa ukuba ingqondo yomntu ngokuthi "saa" kuhlobo "izithixo", nto leyo eyabangela ukuba siqonde into yokwenene esinyusiweyo ibe ngamava ngokupheleleyo kunye nesifundo ngqo endalo. Kuphela oku, ngokutsho Bacon, kunokukhokelela nokwanela nokuzimela labaphandi, kwakunye nezinto ezintsha. Ngoko ke, ngokusekelwe induction zovavanyo - ndlela kuphela enyanisweni. Emva kokuba lowo yokugqibela, kunye uluvo nzulu ngezinto awujonga ngayo, i intombi akukho gunya, kunye nobudala babo. Bacon wayengomnye nkolelo abadumileyo ukusuka apho ukuqala ixesha elitsha. Kwintanda-bulumko Descartes owayephila ngexesha lakhe lusekelwe kwimigaqo ezahlukeneyo. Waye lweli ebanjwayo kanye isizathu njengoko kwingongoma nganye inyaniso. Wavuma ukuba lo mbuzo uphela, Noko ke, cinga ukuba yokucinga kuphela kwendlela eya ukwahlula inyaniso kubuxoki. Kufuneka kuphela ukuba balandele ngqo umyalelo ngokucacileyo ubhalo kwaye ukuba ukusuka kokulula ukuya kwizinto ezimbaxa ngakumbi. Kodwa ngaphandle kwezi abacinga, eli xesha kwakhona amagama umdla eziliqela.

ixesha New: ifilosofi Dzhona Lokka

Le sazi, ecetywayo kwizibhambathiso phakathi neengcamango Descartes kunye Bacon. Wavuma ne ngabaya umthombo iingcamango kuba ngamava kuphela. Kodwa lo gama yena bengakuqondanga va kuphela, kodwa vangama lwangaphakathi. Oko kukuthi, indlela yokucinga, kakhulu. Ngenxa ngokwawo umntu luhlobo i "ekuqaleni" apho amava sisondela imifanekiso ezithile, ezi imifanekiso, okanye umgangatho, nako imithombo yolwazi. Kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba bathethe malunga ngcamango kubalulekile kuphela. amagama Okuninzi eliphezulu, ezifana "Thixo" okanye "elungileyo" yintlanganisela ezilula. Ukongeza, kokuqwalasela nzulu ngezinto, siya wamisela ukuba ezinye iimpawu ukuba siqonde, ukuba injongo kunye kunxibelelana leyinene, ngoxa abanye abonisa ingakumbi amanyathelo yezinto phezu izivamvo kwaye inokusikhohlisa.

ixesha New: ifilosofi Davida Yuma

Enye into echazwe lixesha imbonakalo akanakwaziwa nokugxekwa. Zombini ezi nkalo lu dityanisiwe Davidom Yumom, ngubani sasingafuni sisusela iinyaniso ephakamileyo kunye ingqondo. "Yintoni ingongoma ukuthetha ngayo kwiGenesis, - wayekholelwa -. Kubhetele ukuba ucinge into esebenzayo" Ngoko ke, yemathematika ulwazi kakhulu ethile, oko wayengqina ngokusengqiqweni. Le ngcamango ibonakala ingqalelo lonke ixesha elitsha. bulumko Hume leyo ikhokelela wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba bonke abanye ulwazi, nokuba avela amava - lo kuphela icebiso zethu, kwaye oko kusenokuba kuphela probabilistic. Isayensi isekelwe kwinto yokuba zonke senzo na unesizathu, kodwa kuyinto akusoloko kusenzeka ukuba baqonde. Asikwazi sazi ukuba ingaba yinyani, ulwazi lwethu iphela yaye umyalelo wayo. Kodwa ezinye iingcamango ziluncedo kakhulu kuba nga tirhisiwaka ha yona practice.