Herbert Spencer: biography kunye neengcinga ezisisiseko. sobulumko kwabantu, IsiNgesi kunye kwenkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha,

Herbert Spencer (iminyaka yobomi - 1820-1903) --sobulumko of England, ummeli yoqobo kabanzi kwisiqingatha ye2 evolutionism ngenkulungwane ye-19. Wayethetha ngefilosofi ngokupheleleyo, ulwazi efanayo ezisekelwe Sciences ezithile kwaye sele ifikelele kuphuhliso zayo kuluntu jikelele. Oko kukuthi, ngokwembono yakhe, iqondo eliphezulu ulwazi, nesigubungelo lonke ihlabathi komthetho. Ngokutsho Spencer, nguye evolutionism, oko kukuthi uphuhliso. imisebenzi emikhulu ngulo umbhali: "Psychology" (1855), "System of Philosophy Synthetic" (1862-1896), "Amanani Social" (1848).

impilo Early Spencer

Herbert Spencer wazalwa ngo-1820, ngo-Aprili 27, e Derby. Malume, uyise kunye notatomkhulu wakhe ootitshala. Ngoko impilo enkenenkene ukuba Herbert ukuba abazali bakhe wada walahlekelwa izihlandlo ezimbalwa ngethemba lokuba le nkwenkwe iya kusinda. Esengumntwana, akazange abonise naziphi na iziphiwo kuyamangalisa, ndafunda ukufunda kwiminyaka-8 kuphela, Noko ke, le ncwadi akanamdla kakhulu kuyo. Herbert Spencer esikolweni Magwalandini kwaye saa ukuba nenkani efanayo akathobela. eyakhuliswa wayenza endlwini kayise, ababefuna unyana wakhe wazuza ukucinga engaqhelekanga kunye ezizimeleyo. Herbert umthambo ukuphucula impilo yabo.

Education Herbert Spencer

Lowo wathunyelwa kweminyaka eli-13, ngokwesiko IsiNgesi, kuyisekazi eyabo. Thomas, uyisekazi Spencer yakhe, yaba umbingeleli Bath. A ku ri "umntu eyunivesithi." Herbert e ekufuna, baqhubeka imfundo kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. Noko ke, emva kweminyaka emithathu-course yamalungiselelo ndaya ekhaya. Wagqiba ukuba baqhubeke nezifundo zabo ngokwabo.

Ungaze bazisola Herbert Spencer ukuba imfundo kwizifundo nto ifunyenwe. Waye kwisikolo elungileyo lobomi, leyo kamva banceda ukuba boyise ezininzi kobunzima ekusombululeni iingxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Spencer - engineer

uyise Spencer afuna unyana wakhe ukuba abe ngumfundisi, kufuneka silandele emkhondweni wakhe. Ukufumana imfundo aphakamileyo, oko kwandinceda iinyanga ezimbalwa esikolweni, apho wayefunda kwaba kanye, ngutitshala omnye. E Spencer wabonisa italente njengomfundisi. Kodwa yena waba nomdla ngakumbi kwisayensi nemathematika ngaphezu philology kunye nembali. Ngoko xa kusakhiwa zikaloliwe Wahlahla yinjineli, wavuma ukuqhutyelwa ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, uHerbert Spencer. ngobomi bakhe ngeli xesha kuphawulwa yinyaniso ke ukuba umsebenzi wakhe, yena eboniswe izicwangciso, wasondela iimaphu. Thina banomdla njengomntwana onengqondo wada wenza isixhobo ekhethekileyo ( "velocimeter"), eyenzelwe ukulinganisa isantya koololiwe.

Features Spencer njenge sobulumko

Uninzi ukhokho isithandi Herbert Spencer, ogama engobomi ichazwe kweli nqaku, ezahlukeneyo practical ekutshintsheni engqondweni. Oku kuzisa waya Comte, umseki positivism, kunye Renouvier, Neo-oko, kakhulu, zange ukugqiba ikhosi ye kwicala lezingluntu eyunivesithi. Olu phawu iye yaba negalelo zokusekwa kwe-original sengqondo yentanda Spencer. Kodwa kwakukho kuyo kunye kuneengxaki zako. Ngokomzekelo, yena, njengo Comte, wayengazi igama ulwimi waseJamani, ngoko imisebenzi zobulumko abaye babhala phezu kwayo, azaba nako ukuwulesa kule yokuqala. Ukongeza, ngexesha kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19 eNgilani wahlala iinkcuba German ayaziwa (Schelling, Fichte, Kant, kunye nabanye.). Kuphela ukusukela 1820s emva kwexesha, amaNgesi aqalile aqhelane ngababhali eJamani. Le nguqulelo zokuqala ngexesha yagqabhuka kumgangatho ophantsi.

-Imfundo Self, imibhalo yokuqala bulumko

Xa ezandleni Spencer ngo-1839 zeyele "Principles of Geology" Lyell. Adibana kule ukwakhiwa kunye ingcamango nasekusungulweni yobomi. Ngoku Spencer kusekho iiprojekthi zobunjineli abukhali, kodwa kwacaca ukuba lo msebenzi i ngamandla yezimali oko akusosiqinisekiso. Herbert ngo 1841, ubuyela ekhaya kwaye sele iminyaka emibini kwimfundo-self. Yena kokuba wayeqhelene imisebenzi yakudala wefilosofi yapapashwa ngaxeshanye imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala - amanqaku ezibhaliweyo "non-conformists", enikelwe nemiba kwemida bokwenyaniso komsebenzi karhulumente.

Herbert kwakhona kwiminyaka 1843-1846 ukusebenza njengononjineli, ukhokela ofisi. Unomdla kwimiba ngaphezulu yezopolitiko. nempembelelo enkulu bafakela endle uTomas, umbingeleli ithotyelwe, ngokwahlukileyo kwamanye amalungu entsapho Spencer, iimbono elondoloza, bathatha inxaxheba intshukumo wedemokhrasi, le Chartists, kwakunye ikhankasela ukuba ukupheliswa i Corn kweMithetho uyisekazi.

"Statistics Social"

Spencer ngo-1846 waba ngumhleli oncedisayo of "The Economist" (qho ngeveki). Lowo wamkela okulungileyo, nikela ngexesha abangenzi nto umsebenzi wakhe. Herbert ubhala athi, "manani zentlalo", apho uphuhliso ubomi kuthathwa obonisa ingcamango ngokuthe kaThixo. Kamva wafumana ingqiqo teologichnym kakhulu. Noko ke, lo msebenzi, Spencer isicelo ubomi boluntu imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela.

Ayizange emoyeni oku iingcali sincoko. Ubotshwe ngothando Spencer ELLISTE, Lewis, Huxley. Kwakhona, lo msebenzi amenza abawathandayo kunye nabahlobo ezifana ihuka, Georg Groth, uStuart Mill. ne ubudlelwane Carlyle kuphela yayingekabikho. Efundisayo kunye cool Spencer nako ukuthatha okubi yakhe nenyongo.

"Psychology"

Sobulumko waphefumlela impumelelo yomsebenzi wakhe wokuqala. Yena epapasha kwisithuba ukususela 1848 ukuya 1858 iqela kwezinye iimeko kwaye kuqwalaselwa isicwangciso, ukuphunyezwa leyo angathanda ukuba achithe ubomi. Spencer azisebenzisayo "Psychology" (iphepha yesibini, eyapapashwa ngowe-1855) ngokunxulumene psychology of hypothesis lemvelaphi yendalo kweentlobo kwaye ibonisa ukuba amava generic kunganxulunyaniswa umntu kunzima ukuyichaza. Ngoko ke, Darwin wayekholelwa ukuba sobulumko njengenye neyezingaphambili.

"Ifilosofi Wokwenziwa"

Ngokuthe ngcembe, Spencer uqala ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yayo. Kuye baphenjelelwa empiricism ngaphambili zakhe, ubukhulu becala Mill kunye Hume, ukugxekwa Kant kaThixo, refracted ngalo bemilo Hamilton (ummeli yesikolo ebizwa ngokuba "ingqondo"), kwakunye positivism ka Comte nentanda-bulumko yendalo Schelling. Nangona kunjalo, uluvo oluphambili sale nkqubo bulumko yaba mbono wophuhliso.

"Philosophy Synthetic", umsebenzi wakhe iphambili, Herbert iye phantsi kwiminyaka engama-36 yobomi bakhe. Lo msebenzi, bamdumisa Spencer eyayisazisa sobulumko kakhulu okhanyayo kuphila ngelo xesha.

Herbert Spencer ngo-1858, bagqiba ekubeni ukunazisa kokupapashwa imisebenzi wokubhaliswa. Umba wokuqala wapapasha ngo 1860. Xa ixesha ukususela 1860 ukuya 1863 kwafika "siseko". Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba iingxaki zemali uhlelo ngenkankulu inkqubela.

ubunzima

Spencer wabandezeleka ubunzima kunye nelahleko, phezu kwala kancane ubuhlwempu. Sifanele kongeza lo msebenzi ezithintele waphelelwa luvo. Ngowe-1865, i-sobulumko uthi ngokukrakra abafundi ukuba kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuxhoma imveliso komdyarho. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, emva kokufa kukayise Herbert kaThixo, yokuba ifumene ilifa encinane, nto leyo into kuphuculwe imeko yayo yemali.

Nolwazi Youmans, epapashwe kwi-US

Herbert Spencer ngexesha idibene Youmans, waseMelika, ubani imisebenzi yakhe eUnited States. Kweli lizwe, ethandwa kakhulu Herbert uba ngaphambili kwe eNgilani. inkxaso Material naye Youmans kunye nabalandeli American, ovumela bulumko ukuba aqalise nokupapasha iincwadi zakhe. kweminyaka 27 ubuhlobo iyaqhubeka Youmans kunye Spencer, ukuba kufe kuqala. Igama Herbert ngcembe buyaziwa. Imfuneko iincwadi zakhe. Iquka ngo-1875, iilahleko zemali, inzuzo.

Spencer yenza kule minyaka-2 ukuya emzantsi Yurophu kwaye eMelika, abahlala kakhulu eLondon. Ngowe-1886, sobulumko ngenxa yempilo enkenenkene kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuphazamisa iminyaka yakhe 4 yomsebenzi. Umqulu wokugqibela yapapashwa ngo-1896, ekwindla.

Herbert Spencer: Ideas Basic

Umsebenzi omkhulu ( "Philosophy Synthetic") yakhe iquka imiqulu-10. Oku kuquka i "siseko", "Iziseko psychology", "Isisekelo Biology", "Isisekelo Sociology". -Sobulumko ukholelwa ukuba isiseko kuphuhliso ihlabathi liphela, kananjalo kuquka imibutho eyahlukeneyo, yinto mthetho yokuzivelela. Umba we "ukufana hoywa" engena "ukungafani inonamathelwano", oko kukuthi umohluko. Lo mthetho sikhona yonke, utsho uHerbert Spencer. INKCAZO ESIFUTSHANE ngayo indiva konke bokuqonda, kodwa umhlobo lokuqala kunye kwintanda-bulumko oku ngokwaneleyo. Spencer womgaqo isenzo wayo xa izinto ezithile kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka imbali yoluntu. Yena uyala iinkcazo zemfundiso ngakaHerbert Spencer. Kwabantu oko akanalo ngokunxulumene yaphezulu. ukuqonda kwakhe ukusebenza kuluntu esiphilayo ungamalungu ezalanayo usinika uluhlu ukufunda imbali kwaye icebisa sobulumko ukufunda kuyo. Ngokutsho Herbert Spencer, umthetho lizama sisiseko zazivelela. Uhlobo nakuphi na ukwaphulwa yeenjongo zayo rhoqo ukubuyela kurhulumente wangaphambili. Nguwo lowo organicism ngakaHerbert Spencer. Ekubeni ixabiso esisiseko bubobabo yokukhulisa abalinganiswa kwemvelo kade. Ngokunxulumene elizayo ayikho nethemba njengoko Mill kunye Comte, uHerbert Spencer. Iimbono eziphambili yakhe thina ngokufutshane ngazo.

Sobulumko wafa ngo-1903, December 8, ku Brighton. Wayehlala, nangona impilo yakhe enkenenkene, kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-83.

theory Herbert Spencer zaba yaziwe ngabantu abafundileyo. Namhlanje, asibi saba sicinga okanye ulibale ngokuba ngubani endiyityala Ekufunyanisweni kwalo okanye loo mbono. Herbert Spencer, isosioloji nefilosofi leyo idlale indima enkulu kuphuhliso yokucinga yehlabathi, yenye iingqondo inkulu ezimbalini.