Izilwanyana Amathambo: iimpawu jikelele kunye iifoto

Amathambo ezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo kwahluka enye kwenye. isakhiwo yabo ixhomekeke yokuhlala kunye nendlela yokuphila omzimba ethile. Yintoni eziqhelekileyo skeleton imfuyo? Yintoni umahluko? Yintoni eyenza skeleton ngabantu ubume nezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo?

Amathambo - wandixhasa umzimba

isakhiwo Solid ngeemeko amathambo, intlala kunye nemisipha emzimbeni womntu kunye nezilwanyana kuthiwa amathambo. Ndawonye izihlunu kunye nemisipha lenza inkqubo musculoskeletal ngayo izidalwa eziphilayo Ungasa esithubeni.

Isikakhulu oku kuquka ithambo kunye intlala. Xa becala ukuba udityanisiwe kwi amalungu ezinokususwa kwaye imisipha ukuba zibe yinto enye. Solid "isakhelo" umzimba ayisoloko kuqulatha ngethambo kunye intlala izihlunu, maxa wambi yenza ngechitin, zenziwe ngekeratini, okanye lekalika.

yinxalenye emangalisayo yomzimba ke amathambo. Bona ixesha elide kakhulu yaye ezinzima, nako ukumelana imithwalo emikhulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kuhlala ukukhanya. Kwindawo amathambo umzimba oselula ixesha elastic phezu sibe buthathaka kakhulu kwaye aphuke.

izilwanyana Amathambo luhlobo of "indawo yokugcina" izimbiwa. Ukuba umzimba uvakalelwa kukunqongophala kubo, intsalela izinto ezifunekayo bezele zizinto amathambo. Amathambo iqanjwa amanzi, nenqatha, izinto zendalo (polysaccharides, collagen), kunye neetyuwa calcium, isodiyam, phosphorus, wemagniziyam. I ngqo imichiza Ukwakhiwa kuxhomekeke amandla omzimba ethile.

skeleton intsingiselo

Iqumrhu abantu kunye nezilwanyana - yinto iqokobhe, ngaphakathi apho indawo nezibilini. Imilo ye eliqokobe unika amathambo. Kwizihlunu nemisipha zincamathele ngqo kuyo, ukusika, ukuba lukwazi amalungu, obonisa intshukumo. Ngenxa yoko, nathi phakamisa umlenze, vula intloko yakho, uhlale phezulu okanye ubambe nantoni ngesandla.

Ukongeza, amathambo ezilwanyana kunye nabantu ukhuselwe yi kwizihlunu ezithambileyo kunye namaziko. Umzekelo, iimbambo zona phantsi imiphunga kunye nentliziyo, ukuvala nabo nemivumbo (kakade, ukuba izithonga anamandla kakhulu). Skull kuthintela umonakalo ingqondo kunokuba ethe-ethe.

Ezinye amathambo ziqulathe omnye amalungu ibalulekileyo - lomongo wethambo. Xa abantu, oko inxaxheba kwinkqubo hematopoiesis, ukwakha iiseli ezibomvu. Kwakhona Ulobumba iiseli ezimhlophe - iiseli ezimhlophe ukuba zinoxanduva okukwazi yomzimba.

Njani yaye nini owasungula asemzimbeni?

izilwanyana skeleton kanye yonke inkqubo musculoskeletal yavela ngenxa zazivelela. Ngokutsho version standard, eziphilayo yokuqala ukuvela eMhlabeni, akabanga izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo. Ukuze ixesha elide kulo mhlaba wabakho izidalwa amebic soft-eyomeleleyo.

Emva koko, emoyeni, yaye kwehayidrosfere le iplanethi izihlandlo ezilishumi mpilo. Xa ixesha elithile, isabelo igesi laqalisa ukwanda, ukubaleka njengokuba oososayensi bathi, kukho chain reaction iinguqu. Ngokomzekelo, xa izimbiwa Ukwakhiwa yolwandle liye landa ubungakanani calcite kunye aragonite. Nabo ke, yande eziphilayo, wakha izakhiwo owomeleleyo elastic.

Eziphilayo bokuqala lowo amathambo yafunyanwa elime yamatye lekalika eNamibia, eSiberia, eSpeyin nakwezinye iindawo. Baya kuhlala ulwandle malunga 560 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Eziphilayo kubume lwabo yayifana iziponji umzimba cylinder-like. Ngaba lweMedia radially ukusuka imiqadi elide (40 cm) ngecalcium carbonate, nto leyo wadlala indima amathambo.

zezinto amathambo

Kwihlabathi isilwanyana, kukho iintlobo ezintathu amathambo: engaphandle, ngaphakathi ulwelo. Yangaphandle okanye exoskeleton akukho ifihlakeleyo phantsi cover kwesikhumba okanye ezinye tissue, kwaye ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye Azigubungele ngaphandle komzimba isilwanyana. Kwezinye izilwanyana exoskeleton? Bakuzuze ezinamaqokobhe, izinambuzane, intlanzi, yaye ezinye lomqolo.

Ezifana nezixhobo, lenza ikakhulu umsebenzi yokhuselo, kodwa maxa wambi ukukhonza njengendawo umzimba ephilileyo (ufudo iqokobhe okanye nkumba). Esi sakhelo samathambo has ethile ebalulekileyo. Yena engakhuli kunye nomnini, ngeso silwanyana onyanzelwayo ukuba ngokutsha ngayo ngamathuba athile kwaye ukhule kuligquma entsha. Ngelo xesha abanye umzimba, ndayihluthwa ukhuselo yesiqhelo kwaye iba sengozini.

Endoskeleton - yinto izilwanyana skeleton lwangaphakathi. Yena wayifulela inyama nesikhumba. It has a uyilo nobunzima kakhulu, imisebenzi ezininzi kwaye lukhula ngaxeshanye lonke eziphilayo. Endoskeleton wohlulwe inxenye umngxuma (yomqolo, yaba lukakayi, iimbambo) kunye ezongezelelweyo okanye neuropathy (imilenze kunye namathambo bhanti).

skeleton Ulwelo okanye hydrostatic kujikeleziswe ubuncinane. Bawathimbe jellyfish, iintshulube, anemones ulwandle kunye t. D. Kuyinto ludonga dystrophy, ezele ulwelo. uxinzelelo fluid igcine imilo umzimba. Xa uxinzelelo kwemisipha ucutheko yahluka, kukhokelela intshukumo yomzimba.

Kwezinye izilwanyana abanayo amathambo?

Ngengqiqo eliqhelekileyo asemzimbeni - yinto isakhelo zangaphakathi, iseti amathambo kunye intlala eyenza lukakayi, imilenze, umqolo. Nakuba kunjalo, kukho iqela eziphilayo ukuba awunazo ezi iindawo, ezinye zazo musani kwagama imilo ethile. Kodwa ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba akukho yethutyana konke?

Zhan Batist Lamark babeke zimanyene kwiqela elikhulu ezingenamqolo, kodwa ngaphandle ukungabikho emqolo, ezi zilwanyana nto okunye esifana. Ngoku Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba eziphilayo nokuba ezineseli enye babe ngamathambo.

Umzekelo, radiolarians nto ibandakanya ngechitin, dust okanye kwiteksti sulfate yaye igcinwe ngaphakathi kwiseli. Xa coral skeleton kunokuba hydrostatic, yangaphakathi okanye yangaphandle protein lekalika. Xa ziimpethu, jellyfish yaye ezinye saselwandle esineqokobhe yena hydrostatic.

A Inani kweembaza skeleton kunye iqokobhe engaphandle unohlobo. iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto yayo eyahlukileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iquka ngeengcamba ezintathu ubunjwe protein conchiolin kunye calcium carbonate. Olubi na bivalves (iimbaza, iimbatyisi) kunye mqulu aveza neenaliti amaxesha carbonate nameva.

arthropoda

arthropods uchwetheze kwakhona libhekisela ezingenamqolo. Le yeyona ezininzi iqela kwezilwanyana, yona ethi inxulumanise ezineqokobhe, ezinamaqokobhe, izinambuzane, amasongololo. umzimba yabo macala, kukho isibini imilenze kwaye yahlulwe komsindo.

Ngokutsho isakhiwo amathambo izilwanyana - phandle. Iquka umzimba wonke njenge Ulobuza equlethe ngechitin. Le Ulobuza iqokobhe nzima, elikhusela isilwanyana kwilungu ngalinye. ezindaweni zayo kwintsunguzi sclerites inwebu oqhagamshelwano phakathi ngakumbi ezinokususwa kunye neemeko ngeemeko.

Xa Ulobuza sinambuzane yi aqinile kwaye shinyi, lenziwa ngeengcamba ezintathu. Phezu lenza kwaneenwele (Heta), iimpahla zakhe zokutyhomfa, ezifumaneka kunye protuberances ezahlukeneyo. Xa izilwanyana ezinamaqokobhe Ulobuza ibhityile kwaye iqulathe umaleko ulusu kunye inwebu Uhlobo Lokuqala. Ukongeza kukhuseleko, ukhusela izilwanyana ekulahlekelweni nokufuma.

Xa oononkala komhlaba kunye woodlice akukho maleko ashinyeneyo lwangaphandle oluya igcina ukufuma emzimbeni. Ukusuka omiswe awasindise kuphela indlela yobomi - izilwanyana rhoqo ezama ukuba iindawo nokufuma eziphakamileyo.

amathambo chordates

Isingqi - an yezihlunu ukwakheka skeletal yangaphakathi, ithambo longitudinal isakhelo umzimba intambo. Akhoyo chordates, Leliphi inani iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-40 000. Ezi ziquka ezingenamqolo kunye Isingqi sakhe umnikelo ixesha elithile izigaba zophuhliso.

Xa amalungu asezantsi qela (Amphioxus, cyclostomes neentlobo ezithile zeentlanzi) notochord isaqhubeka ubomi. In Amphioxus ngayo phakathi amathumbu kunye uvaleke. Luquka ezi amacwecwe izihlunu ezinqamlezayo, ezo siphahlwe kwiqokobhe kunye idityaniswe nezinye izinto ezihlobene ngamnye. Yokosulelwa kwaye ukhululeke, ukuba usebenza ngathi amathambo hydrostatic.

Xa cyclostomes ngentambo liqinile kwaye nasekuthwaseni amathambo. Baye nesithandwa imilenze, imihlathi. Amathambo ukhandwa kuphela kwizicwili kunye intlala. Kwabo, ukakayi kuyilwa, reyi fin kunye iigilizi openwork emkhusaneni isilwanyana. cyclostomes Ulwimi unalo amathambo phezu somzimba izinyo, leyo perforate zemveliso yezilwanyana.

ekuyo

Xa abameli aphezulu Isingqi yezihlunu umcu iba emqolo - ethwele elementi amathambo lwangaphakathi. It is a kwipali bhetyebhetye, kuqulethe ithambo (omqolo), abaqhagamshelwe kwi diski kunye cartilages. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko yahlulwe ngokwamacandelo.

lwamathambo Ulwakhiwo ekuyo kakhulu nzima xa kuthelekiswa namanye Isingqi yaye, ngaphezu koko, ezingenamqolo. Ngokuba onke amalungu eqela luphawulwa phambi yesakhelo sangaphakathi. Nophuhliso e-nervous system kwaye nobuchopho ziye kwasekwa skull esisodwa. Kwaye ke imbonakalo umnqonqo ukunika ukhuselo ilungileyo umnqonqo kunye luvo.

Mkani emqolo ngezibini kunye yesiqephu unpaired. Unpaired amele imisila kunye amaphiko, i ezidityanisiwe yahlulwe yaba ibhanti (phezulu nasezantsi) kunye amathambo kwamalungu mahala (amaphiko okanye imilenze fingered ezintlanu-).

fish

Ezi amathambo ezinomqolo iqulathe amacandelo amabini: buti nomsila. , Ookrebe imitha kunye chimeras azinazo amathambo. skeleton yabo yenziwe intlala bhetyebhetye, nto leyo ekugqibeleni ukufumba lekalika babe kumcacele.

Esiseleyo amathambo bone iintlanzi. Intlala interlayer ephakathi omqolo. Phambi kwabo kumkiwe amasebe ecaleni, adlulele iimbambo. Fish ukhakhayi, ngokungafaniyo nezilwanyana, izinto anazo ezinokususwa ngaphezulu kwamashumi amane.

Umqala isicheme ezingqongileyo 3 7 nakwiingqameko zalo, kumculo, ezithi zibekwe phakathi slits dj. Ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza iigilizi. Baye bonke intlanzi, omnye uhlobo kuphela intlala izihlunu, ngoxa abanye - amathambo.

Mkani emqolo ye kwirediyasi le amaphiko eziqhagamshelene ndizayo. amaphiko ezidityanisiwe - pectoral kunye zangasese, unpaired - ezimpundu, amanakani, caudal. Inani labo kunye nohlobo ziyahluka.

Emanzini nasemhlabeni

Lwane ivela imimandla wesibeleko kunye sacral, esisusela ekwandisweni-7 ukuya 200 amathambo. Inxalenye emanzini unalo kummandla caudal, ezinye nomsila apho, kodwa nesithandwa imilenze. Zihamba kuzuba, ngoko ngemilenze kwandiswa.

Kwiintlobo tailless akukho ezimbanjeni. Nokushukumisa intloko inika vertebra wesibeleko, encamathele ngasemva entloko. Xa umnqonqo thoracic kubonakala blade, collarbone, amagxa, kunene kunye nezandla. Isebe a iliac zangasese, zikawonke wonke kunye ithambo ischial. Kwaye ke imilenze nemazi yexhama ni ligqudu, ethangeni, unyawo.

Amathambo ezirhubuluzayo, kakhulu, ezi iindawo, nzima umnqonqo sesihlanu - empontshwa. Baye phakathi kwe-50 ne 435 amathambo. YoKakayi kakhulu ossified. icandelo Caudal ethile langoku, omqolo walo bancipha esiphelweni.

Ufudo babe silubiza ngokohlobo kwiqokobhe elide eyenziwe ngekeratini kunye umaleko engaphakathi ithambo. Emihlathini turtles akanalo amazinyo. Snakes abanayo kwentamo, umlenze, nakumbhinqo zangasese, kwaye ezinemiphetho oxhulumene ngaphesheya ubude yomqolo, ngaphandle kummandla caudal. oxhulumene emihlathini yabo mobile kakhulu, ukuba isisulu enkulu.

iintaka

Ingakumbi skeleton ezintakeni kungenxa yokuba ubuchule babo ukubhabha kwezinye iintlobo kufuneka baziqhelanise ukubaleka, ukuntywila, enjengokugwencela namasebe kunye nomphezulu nkqo. Xa iintaka, ezintlanu yomqolo. Inxalenye lomqolo wesibeleko oxhulumene eguquguqukayo, kwezinye iindawo umnqonqo ngokufuthi ezinyibilikiswe.

amathambo abo ukukhanya kwaye ezinye zizaliswe ngokuyinxenye nomoya. Intamo side iintaka (10-15 omqolo). ukhakhayi yabo epheleleyo, ngaphandle beentanda, phambi umlomo. Imilo kunye nobude kumlomo zahlukile kakhulu kwaye ezinxulumene inkqubo isondlo sezilwanyana.

Isixhobo esingundoqo flight le isiqu. Olu izalelwe bony emazantsi kwentamo, encamathele esihlunwini pectoral. Kiel ziphuhliswe iintaka kunye penguins eziphaphazelayo. Le samathambo le ezinomqolo ezinxulumene moya okanye umba (abamenzelayo namalulwane), ukuba ukhona. Yena sisikhwenene owl leenciniba.

Imilenze phambi iintaka - amaphiko. Ziqulethe ihumerus eshinyeneyo kwaye womelele, izakhi ngengqiniba kunye nomqadi obhityileyo. Brush ezinye amathambo ezinyibilikiswe kunye. Onke ngaphandle Iinciniba, amathambo zangasese zikawonke bangabi ihlanganiswa omnye nomnye. Ekubeni iintaka unako ukubeka amaqanda ezinkulu.

ezanyisayo

Ngoku kukho malunga 5500 iintlobo ezanyisayo, eziquka abantu. Onke amalungu odidi skeleton lwangaphakathi yahlulwe yangamacandelo amahlanu yaye iquka lukakayi, emqolo, esifubeni, esinqeni ephezulu yesiqephu asezantsi. Xa armadillos babe silubiza ngokuba njengoko Iqokobhe iibhodi eziliqela.

YoKakayi ezanyisayo, kukho cheekbone, ezinqinileyo lesibini inkalakahla kunye ithambo igubu umphunga, apho kungekho kwezinye izilwanyana. ibhanti Upper kukhethwa iquka emanzini, clavicle, igxalaba, kwisihlahla kunye ngesa- (ukusuka kwisihlahla, metacarpal, phalanges neminwe nge). Ummandla esezantsi ibandakanya ethangeni, bembande, unyawo kunye tarsal, amadeo neenzwane. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi iklasi obonakalayo nakumbhinqo.

Izinja kunye namahashe akukho ngamaphiko kunye collarbones. Thina uphawu isebe femoral kwaye humeral zifihlwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni, kwaye imilenze-fingered ezintlanu idityaniswe inwebu kunye emaphikweni ezifana. Nasemalulwaneni ukubhabha njengeentaka. iminwe zabo (ngaphandle enye) eside kakhulu yaye enxulumene ukusuka inwebu eluswini, bakha iphiko.

Yintoni ezahlukeneyo umntu?

skeleton oluNtu amaqela efanayo kwezinye izilwanyana. Ngokutsho isakhiwo ifana kakhulu naleyo zemfene. Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo kubo, imilenze yabantu iingalo elide kakhulu. Umzimba uphela ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi, intloko iphumela phambili, izilwanyana.

Isabelo kwi isakhiwo yokakayi inkulu kakhulu ngaphezu koko monkeys. izixhobo umhlathi, icala, amazinyo zibencinane kwaye elifutshane kuyehla, amazinyo zambethe kunye lwawo olukhuselayo. Indoda kusesilevini, ukakayi elirhangqiweyo, akukho bobalulweyo oluqhubekayo.

Thina asinawo ngumsila. inguqulo yakhe sekukubi thaca 4-5 coccyx omqolo. Ngokungafaniyo ezanyisayo, isifuba ayifakwanga atshabalalisa macala omabini, yaye yandiswa. Nasesithupheni eliphikisa abanye ibrashi slidably uqhagamshele kunene.