Izinto ezibangela ukonakala. mthetho nenkohlakalo Russian

ERashiya, umgaqo-nkqubo anti-urhwaphilizo esebenzayo sele uphunyeziwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Zeziphi iindlela ngempumelelo kwalo? Zeziphi imithombo zomthetho zokuphelisa Russian Federation ngenjongo ekulweni urhwaphilizo? Njengoko Abaphandi banamhlanje ukuqonda, enyanisweni, uhlobo lo mmangaliso?

Yintoni ukonakala?

Urhwaphilizo, ngokutsho inkcazelo eqhelekileyo, into zentlalo, ebonisa kumanyathelo amagosa kunye nabanye abantu banelungelo kwi-sikhokelo imifuziselo yinto eqhelekileyo kwinqanaba kwemithetho, imigangatho yomzi-mveliso kunye iziseko zoluntu, njengoko umthetho, ebangela umonakalo izinto kurhulumente, iinkampani kunye noluntu. Ngoko Ingcamango urhwaphilizo, abe uhlobo ubukhulu becala kwezoqoqosho. Umntu owenza izenzo uhlobo emibuzo banomdla ngokubanzi inzuzo eziphathekayo.

incazelo jikelele

Ngokutsho nkcazo eyamkelwe ngumbutho Transparency International, ogama imisebenzi swi ekufundeni nesenzeko urhwaphilizo, ingqalelo umsebenzi iqondwa njenge kakubi njengesibonelelo omthembileyo - ngokuqhelekileyo enamandla, izinto zabucala. An ekuqulunqeni umdla iqulethe i-Federal uMthetho Russian "Kwi Ukulwa Corruption". Ithi isenzeko ekuthethwa - kukusebenzisa kakubi isikhundla negunya, ukunyoba, ukunyoba zorhwebo kunye nezinye ezahlukeneyo ze ukusetyenziswa okungekho mthethweni ngummi isikhundla sakhe esemthethweni ngokuchaseneyo oluntu kunye nabasemagunyeni ukuze singenelwe. UMthetho inkohlakalo, ngoko into ayanda utoliko gama uguqulelo TI kaThixo, ukuncedisana ngayo nesibakala sokuba uhlobo efanelekileyo isenzo mthethweni enokwenziwa akanagunya kuphela, kodwa ishishini.

Looks definition ezahlukeneyo zorhwaphilizo eyamkelwe UN, kuba ingxelo noko jikelele. Ngokutsho amaxwebhu UN, urhwaphilizo iqondwe into yokuba unalo indalo entsonkothileyo zentlalo, zenkcubeko kunye nezoqoqosho, ekhona onke amazwe. Ezinye iingcali zithi nkqu okuqulethwe UN Convention nxamnye noRhwaphilizo, ingcaciso ethile isenzeko ayikho. Nakuba, ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, kukho ingqiqo ethile - ubunjani kunye noonobangela urhwaphilizo ubhetyebhetye kangangokuba kwinqanaba omnye wemibutho ngobukhulu international Akayi kukuhlumisa ingqondo ungajonga khona inkcazelo oqhelekileyo isenzeko. Kuzo zonke ilizwe ehlabathini kusenokubakho ngeendibano ezikuvumela ukutolika kuyo ngokomgaqo-sikhokelo iikhonsepthi ukusetyenziswa kumxholo wawakhoakulula, ayaba kwabo yamkelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngoko ke, ezinye iingcali zikholelwa, baziqonda ngokufanayo iingxaki zoluntu ihlabathi, ukubonakala ebangela urhwaphilizo ngamazwe ukuze zingabi lula. Kwaye bonke ngenxa yokuba akukho izikhokelo ekufumaneni indlela eqhelekileyo ukuba unyango kule meko.

ukonakala Nature

Ekubeni ingqalelo isigama urhwaphilizo, sihlolisisa oonobangela umbono lo mhlola, lexi kumekaka kwindawo zophando. Kukho, umzekelo, uhlobo theory kwezoqoqosho. Phakathi kwabo - le ithisisi malunga unxulumano ngengeniso kunye neendleko ngenxa izinto ezithile. Kulo mzekelo - urhwaphilizo. Umntu ngumthombo ethile, yolawulo, umzekelo, ugqiba ukuba benze izinto ezingekho mthethweni, esazi ukuba kukho ubungozi, kodwa kwangaxeshanye beqonda ukuba kuxhamle ebekumele kubo kusenokwenzeka ukuba sikhala. Ukuba, ke, lo ummi ongaliphumeziyo naziphi na izenzo zorhwaphilizo, kwaye ziya kuqhubeka kwimo yesiqhelo ukwenza loo msebenzi, nokukhethwa kunye nezinga lokwaneliseka imisebenzi yayo kuya kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu ngaphezu izohlwayo nkqu iindleko ifunyanwa phantsi le meko yokuqala.

Oonobangela zokonakala, abanye abaphandi ziye ezinxulumene ne kwithiyori ukuyilwa imodeli yokuziphatha, olusekelwe phezu ngumba lokufumana ukhetho kwi ngeendleko kwerente. Kuthetha ukuthini? Isibakala sokuba ngexesha ekwenziweni kwemisebenzi yayo umntu lowo, noko ethetha, kwi-ofisi yolawulo, azi ukuba ezandleni zakhe kukho ingxaki-free kwiimeko ezininzi, iinzuzo sixhobo kunye neenzuzo gesi ngenxa isikhundla sakhe esemthethweni. Lo mba, abahlalutyi bathi, ukuze akhawunti ngokuba ukonakala nokuba nzulu ngakumbi imeko yokuqala yemeko yoqoqosho yezenzo ezingekho mthethweni. Ekubeni ezininzi iingozi oluntu iinketho ehleli phezu "irente 'ukuthini iingozi ezincinane kakhulu. Umzekelo, izidumbu urhwaphilizo Interior, iingcali zikholelwa ukuba kakhulu kunokucaciswa impembelelo kule inkalo.

Kukho ithisisi ocacisa isenzeko phantsi ukufunda ngokwemiqathango ntlekele, amaziko kwezoqoqosho nakwezentlalo zikarhulumente. Oonobangela zorhwaphilizo kukhokelela umsebenzi kakuhle koogunyaziwe kunye noshishino. Oko kukuthi, umzekelo, abemi kuba lula ukuze ucombulule umba othile (kuvunyelwane uxwebhu, ukuyalela imveliso okanye inkonzo), ngokudlulisela indlela esekwe kumGaqo imithetho okanye izivumelwano kwamacandelo. Xa igosa elifanayo okanye umqeshwa ngokuqinileyo, onoxanduva iinkqubo uxwebhu imvume, ukukhululwa na imveliso okanye iinkonzo, kunqabile uyavuma ukuba kube lula idilesi sikweni umba simahla. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba, ngendlela enye okanye enye, iba violator imithetho nemimiselo, neziphumo ezibi urhulumente, amashishini kunye noluntu.

Isizathu enkohlakalo Russia

Ngokutsho uphando phindwe Transparency International, kwilizwe lethu inqanaba uluvo loluntu kule meko ihlala phezulu. izikhundla RF kwi rating eyahlukeneyo, oluqulunqwe ngumbutho ngezantsi iindawo wamakhulu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe - ngokuphathelele unxulumano na urhwaphilizo yamkelwe njani uluntu kunye nenqanaba yayo yokwenene eRashiya, iingcali ziye ngenkuthalo kwiingxoxo. Oko kukuthi, ukuze kulunge kangangokuba xa utshintsho kunokwenzeka kwindlela ekufundweni ratings Russian Federation uya kuba nethemba ngakumbi. Kodwa bambalwa uphikise into yokuba, njengokuba enjalo, urhwaphilizo kusekho eRashiya, njengoko naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini. Nkqu kwabo kukukhokela kwezi zixeliweyo, oluqulunqwe TI kunye neminye imibutho.

Zintoni izinto ezibangela urhwaphilizo eRashiya? Abanye abahlalutyi bathi ukuba kusebenza, bobathathu wavakalisa ngasentla ithisisi ukuze achaze uhlobo yale meko, kwaye kwilizwe lethu. Ukongezelela, iingcali zithi, kukho nezinye izinto ezibangela urhwaphilizo eRashiya - ubukhulu becala isimilo yesizwe. Makhe sihlole kubo.

Ngokutsho kwenye iinguqulelo zixhaphakileyo oonobangela urhwaphilizo kweli lizwe lethu ukuba Izithethe zokuphelisa kuluntu, kwakunye logic uphuhliso zopolitiko nezentlalo noqoqosho apha kweli lizwe.

Inyaniso yokuba, ngokwembali, Russia - ilizwe apho iziko umthetho kwifomu apho yayamkela kumazwe Western ixesha elide into alubonwanga ngabemi. abantu Russian zithanda ukuhlala ubulungisa, kungekhona nemithetho ebhaliweyo. Kwityala kakhulu - inkundla ivumile. Kodwa hayi iphepha ezimile nencwadi imithetho. Kumaxesha Soviet, abaphengululi bathi, le ufakelo zikarhulumente ezininzi mutated. kungenelelo lukarhulumente ebalulekileyo kubomi ekuhlaleni kunye noqoqosho kukhokelele kokupapashwa inani elikhulu lwemithetho zolawulo, imimiselo, zandiswa isikhokelo esemthethweni. Ngenxa yoko, abantu Soviet ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi sakuqhela ubomi zonke efanayo phantsi komthetho. ngenxa igunya iqela, zixhaswa yi ukusebenza eliphezulu yezoqoqosho, ngamandla kwibala ngamazwe, abemi eSoviet akhetha ukuba akathathi nemigaqo emiselwe ngurhulumente. Ngenxa yokuba izinga lorhwaphilizo eSoviet Union, ngokutsho kubaphandi abaninzi, waba phantsi. Olu hlobo nesenzeko, Kakade, kwakukho (ubuncinane kwinqanaba kuqoqosho isithunzi), xa izibonelelo izinto ezithile ezabelwe ngaphandle amajelo karhulumente, kuphela eyamkelekileyo ngokusemthethweni. Kodwa nohlobo lwenkqubo yemfundo ingxaki yorhwaphilizo eSoviet Union, babheka zophengululo emininzi ingekabinazo. Noko ke, kukho inguqulelo ukuba kumaxesha eSoviet abasemagunyeni nangoku ngokupheleleyo ukulawula kwezoqoqosho. lweshishini Private, iingcali zithi, kufuneka uvumele - nkqu ngendlela elula. Oku bekuya kwenza lithathelwe elula kakhulu iindidi ezininzi abemi izinto ezintsha, owenzeka kule minyaka perestroika.

Xa eSoviet Union singene kwisigaba nengxaki yophuhliso, leyo yagqiba ukuchonga lolungelelwaniso, ngegunya karhulumente kunye zaqala zanqaba ngokuthe chu. Kwaye wadlala indima umba kwezoqoqosho - imilinganiselo yabantu yokuphila bawa. Umba Umgaqo - zasekhaya, ngamazwe - kakhulu ifakwe kwizikhundla zikarhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, abantu baqala ukubuyela kwimbono "zemveli" kwezopolitiko, iinkqubo zentlalo, ishishini - na imigangatho efanelekileyo - xa kufuneka senze kwi ephepheni.

Iimbangi ezingundoqo yorhwaphilizo Russia - ngoko ke elibukhali, sikhatshwe unpreparedness yoluntu kwaye ubukhulu becala le shift kwezopolitiko ngamandla avela model ukuya kwenye karhulumente, kwakunye amanye amasiko zembali. Le meko, iingcali zikholelwa, idla yokonyuka phantse kuwo onke amazwe apho kukho utshintsho ahambelanayo. Bypasses party ukonakala, abahlalutyi bathi, njengoko kumazwe aphuhlileyo, uninzi lwazo ngoku lufumana credit ingxaki kunye nohlobo zemali, ukuze ukucinga zokuhlaziywa kolwabiwo concepts ngoku yophuhliso loqoqosho, yaye ngaloo ndlela - nazo phantsi zento. Noko ke, eRashiya, njengoko siyazi, ukuba iye yatshintsha kungekuphela nje kwezoqoqosho kodwa inkqubo yezopolitiko. Isiphumo kukuba umahluko phakathi ulawulo kunye nophuhliso lwengqiqo ingaphezulu kunoko kumazwe Western, kwaye Dynamics ukukhula urhwaphilizo (njenge japan) - ngentla.

Iimeko inkanuko ukonakala

Iingcali ukuchonga izizathu, ukusa kumkhamo othile ukuphazamisa ngokuphumeza amanyathelo okulwa urhwaphilizo kwaye ngexesha elinye kuchaphazela ukuqhubela imiba efanelekileyo. Oku, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ukungalingani kweemfuno karhulumente namashishini ngokubhekiselele kumashishini non-extractive. iimeko ezinzima zokwenza ushishino: inqanaba eliphezulu yokungenelela karhulumente, ufikelelo nzima ukuba iikhredithi - negalelo ekubeni ushishino wayefuna kukhetho ezongezelelweyo ngenxa imisebenzi eyonakeleyo.

Enye ingxaki - ukungabikho a ecacileyo, ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, inzala ka kurhulumente ukuba i "isiko" efanayo ayinikiwe ukuya baseRashiya ngokwembali, liye lathatyathelw 'indawo inkcubeko eliphezulu ngokusemthethweni. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba uluntu angasoloko uyichole indlela yentsebenziswano kunye nabasemagunyeni, enye ukuba okufana kwiindawo ezininzi zophuhliso lwentlalo-lwezopolitiko noqoqosho lweli lizwe namhlanje.

Noko ke, ngo 2000, imeko yezentlalo-kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho eRashiya kuzinzile. Ngokwemiqathango umgangatho wobomi, inxaxheba kwezopolitiko eRashiya becala baphinde indawo afunyenwe kwi eSoviet Union. Noko ke, ingxaki urhwaphilizo eRashiya wahlala. Oku kubangelwa, abaphengululi bakholelwa, ukuya incompleteness le transit ngokupheleleyo kwezoqoqosho - inguqu eRashiya ukususela imodeli yali zophuhliso ligxile wongxowankulu. Isikakhulu, abahlalutyi bathi - kule inkalo umgangatho yomthetho kunye nokusebenza amaziko ezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo. imigaqo Soviet ulawulo lwezopolitiko kunye nokubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze ulwalamano lixesha. Umthetho kwicandelo loshishino konke yaphuhliswa phantse ukusuka ekuqaleni - lweshishini yabucala eSoviet Union wayengekho amashumi eminyaka. Ngenxa yoko - yoluntu, urhulumente, ushishino kwezinye iindawo baqala ukuphuhlisa ngokwenza amaphutha, nesiphumo ecaleni kwawo urhwaphilizo.

Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, njengokuba ezinye iingcali zikholelwa, isimo siqala ukuba ngcono. Kuye kwaphuculwa, ingakumbi-sikhokelo yowiso-mthetho, i-zokulungisa inani lamaziko karhulumente. Cinga inkalo esemthethweni iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu. Ingxaki urhwaphilizo, njengoko sele sibonile ngentla apha, eRashiya yanamhlanje-ubukhulu becala zibangelwa ngenxa yeentlekele elide amaziko ezingundoqo zolawulo.

umthetho anti-urhwaphilizo Russian

Yeyiphi imithombo ukuba umele ahlawule ingqalelo? Omnye wabo sele ikhankanywe apha ngasentla - nguMthetho Federal noRhwaphilizo. Kodwa yena na isenzo esemthethweni kuphela umthombo yokuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo imiyalelo efanelekileyo kule nkalo bombutho. Phambi kwakukho uMthetho epheleleyo RF urhwaphilizo, abasemagunyeni yaphuhlisa isicwangciso-qhinga kazwelonke yokuthintela isenzeko phantsi ingqalelo. Omnye umthombo ebalulekileyo - isicwangciso sikazwelonke ukuze 2014-2015 ukwanikezela umsebenzi amaziko karhulumente ngendlela echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Siza kufunda kuhlolisisa ngezenzo zomthetho olukhethiweyo.

Anti-Corruption kunye noMthetho

Ngokwembali, lo mthombo yokuqala - uMthetho noRhwaphilizo, esamkelwa 25.12.2008 Yena kuthathwa izenzo angundoqo emisiweyo ye-Russian Federation, lobeka imigaqo engundoqo ejoliswe ekulweni isenzeko phantsi ingqalelo, kwakunye njengesiseko ye- amanyathelo othintelo nxamnye nayo. Kwakhona lo umthetho urhwaphilizo iquka izibonelelo ezijoliswe ekupheliseni imiphumo uhlobo olufanelekileyo izono kunokwenzeka.

Ekulweni urhwaphilizo kwisicwangciso-qhinga sesizwe

Enye isenzo yomthetho ebalulekileyo - I-National Strategy Anti-Corruption. Ngokwemo, nantsi ingqibo le uMongameli Russian Federation. Usayinwe olu xwebhu 13.04.2010 igqwetha, yena kwachazwa ngokuthi ngokuya mthombo, ogama amagama ejolise bayeke miba ukuba lwenze isiseko sokuxhobisa ukuvela urhwaphilizo kweli lizwe program. Kulindeleke ukuba imiqathango Strategy yeSizwe iza kunatywa ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngokusekelwe izinto Injongo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho. Eli phepha-nkqubo ibonisa imiba ekulweni urhwaphilizo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente - federal, zommandla kamasipala.

Ekulweni urhwaphilizo sikhokelo yesicwangciso sikazwelonke

Ifezekisa umthetho urhwaphilizo, kwakunye kuxoxwe ngasentla uxwebhu lomgaqo-nkqubo lweSicwangciso seSizwe kwicala elingqinelanayo. Yena yafunyanwa 11.04.2014, Le - yenye yemithombo ezintsha yorhwaphilizo. IsiCwangciso seSizwe, kwakunye sicwangciso, iye ubume Ndiwise kaMongameli.

Amagqwetha ichaza ukuba njengomthombo, ebizwa ukuba ibe sisixhobo esiphumelelayo nokuphumeza isicwangciso kwegama elifanayo. Kulindeleke ukuba olu xwebhu luza kudibanisa uluhlu lweentshukumo ezijoliswe ekulweni urhwaphilizo, ukuba ukuchonga abantu abathile uxanduva lokwenza zabo, ngokunjalo iindlela ukusebenza nokusebenzisa imisebenzi eyenziwa ngaphandle kunye ekujoliswe efanelekileyo.

Umgaqo-Anti-urhwaphilizo eRashiya: nendlela eyiyo

kakuhle kangakanani na umgaqo-nkqubo okhoyo lokulwa urhwaphilizo ezilandelwe ngabasemagunyeni Russian? izimvo Iingcali 'kulo mba ncam. Kukho abo bakholelwa ukuba imiba nje yomthetho yomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente akwanelanga. Nokuba umyalelo uhlobo inqaku ngenkohlakalo yaye ngomlinganiselo uxanduva - enyanisweni, iingcali zikholelwa, ngokungathanga ngqo kakhulu kuchaphazela oonobangela zenkqubo ye isenzeko.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba isebenze kuphela kuwiso-mthetho, kodwa ukunikela ingqalelo imfundo lwamaxabiso amatsha eluntwini, kwaye, akukho ngaphantsi kubalulekileyo, uqeqesho ulawulo, apho izenzo zorhwaphilizo akayi uyazukiswa. Ngoko ke, umlinganiselo ukunyinwa izenzo ezingekho mthethweni kufuneka nje ukuba kubonelelwe kwimithetho urhwaphilizo, kodwa ke uluntu ukuba sikhuthaze abantu ukuba basebenzisane kunye bakhaya, amagunya kunye noosomashishini kwi-sikhokelo yomthetho.

A yonge umsebenzi, abahlalutyi bathi, nayo kweli shishini. Iinkampani zabucala akhawunti ukuba ipesenti ethile abaqeshi Russian, ke ngoko, ubukhulu becala nefuthe kuluntu ngokusebenzisa iindlela yenkampani lwangaphakathi. ukonakala Economic iifom ukuba engqalene amashishini ukuba kakhulu lincitshiswe ukuba inkampani iya kuqalisa ku hlakulela phakathi izimvo zabo ngayo abasebenzi, igalelo isisombululo imiba yokusebenzisana kwicandelo labucala, kwakunye nee-arhente zikarhulumente ngendlela esemthethweni. A-nkqubo zoshishino ngempumelelo kweli cala, ngokutsho iingcali, kube nefuthe elihle iintsingiselo ezibonisa imbono yoluntu orhwaphilizo ngokubanzi.