Iziqhushumbisi yeYugoslavia (1999): oonobangela, iziphumo

ukusebenza NATO e yiYugoslavia 1999, kwaba neziphumo imfazwe yamakhaya yamashumi kwi enkulu Balkan Peninsula. Lwakuba nje wawa bengatshatanga wenkqubo yobuSoshali, kuloo mmandla imfazwe phambi zibambene zobuzwe. Enye mithombo iphambili uxinzelelo kwaba eKosovo. Lo mmandla wahlala phantsi kolawulo Serbia, nangona babehlala apha ikakhulu balapha.

ngumba

nenzondo Mutual phakathi kwabantu ababini sahlanganisa chaos kunye isiphithiphithi oselumelwaneni Bosnia and iCroatia, kwakunye nenkolo azoba ezahlukeneyo. Nama - Orthodox, baseAlbania - Muslims. Iziqhushumbisi yeYugoslavia yaqala ngo-1999 ngenxa kohlanga, elungiselelwa iinkonzo imfihlelo lizwe. Baba impendulo intetho la isiAlbania, owayefuna ukwenza eKosovo elizimeleyo ukususela Belgrade, waza kuyo waqhoboshela Albania.

Lo mbutho waye wasekwa ngo-1996. La ndadala loMkhosi waseKosovo. namabutho yayo ngokuhlaselwa eququzelelweyo kwi amapolisa yesiYugoslav kunye nabanye abameli urhulumente kazwelonke kweli phondo. Uluntu jikelele wawuvuselela xa umkhosi njengempendulo kuhlaselo ehlasela kwiilali eziliqela isiAlbania. Yaza yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-80.

Ungquzulwano Albania nama

Nangona indlela ezimbi ngamazwe, yesiYugoslav uMongameli Slobodan Milosevic Waqhubeka ebakhokela nemithetho yakhe nzima nxamnye separatists. NgoSeptemba 1998, isigqibo eyaye yamkelwa weZizwe eziManyeneyo, babelinqula onke amaqela ukuba impi ukuba babeke phantsi izixhobo zabo. Ngelo xesha, NATO ngokuqaqadeka abalungiselela kuqhunyiswe yiYugoslavia. Phantsi ezinjalo enoxinzelelo Miloshevich double lweMedia. La majoni ingakhutshwa kuphela kwiilali zoxolo. Babuyela neziseko zazo. Ngokusemthethweni, lo ukuxolelana satyikitywa-Oktobha 15, 1998

Noko ke, kungekudala kwacaca ukuba uvulele linzulu kakhulu kwaye womelele ukuba singabanqanda abantu izibhengezo kunye namaxwebhu. Kuthula amane ukuphazamiseka zombini Albania yiYugoslavia. NgoJanuwari 1999, kwakukho kubulawa kwilali yase Racak. amapolisa baseYugoslavia babulawe abantu abangaphezu kwama-40. Kamva, abasemagunyeni bathi abo Albania babulawa edabini. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa esi siganeko isizathu sokugqibela yokulungiselela msebenzi, nto leyo ekhokelele iziqhushumbisi eYugoslavia kunyaka 1999.

Yintoni eyabangela ukuba urhulumente US ukuqalisa le ukuhlaselwa? Ngokusemthethweni, NATO abakuwo eYugoslavia ukunyanzela zobunkokeli lizwe ukunqanda le nkqubo yokohlwaya nxamnye Albania. Kodwa kwakhona kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngoxa kwihlazo kwezopolitiko lwasekhaya kwaqhambuka eUnited States, ngenxa apho kuthathelwe uMongameli Bill Clinton waza wamsongela ukuhluthwa ofisi. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, "impi noloyiso amancinci" wayeza kuba kushenxa egqibeleleyo ukuphambukisa uluvo loluntu iingxaki yangaphandle.

ngaphambi kokuba enziwe utyando

Iintetho uxolo lokugqibela isiqaqa ngoMatshi. Emva kokugqitywa zabo, iziqhushumbisi eYugoslavia kunyaka 1999. Kwezi thethwano athatha inxaxheba, naseRashiya, ogama ubunkokeli inkxaso Milosevic. IBritani kunye US ziye ecetywayo iprojekthi ngenxa ekudalweni ukuzimela banzi eKosovo. Kulo mzekelo, ubume elizayo ekuMmandla kufuneka ichazwe ngokungqinelana neziphumo okuthandwayo kule iminyaka embalwa. Bekucingelwa ukuba kude kube mzuzu e Kosovo iya kuba NATO uxolo amandla, kwaye iingalo Interior Ministry yesiYugoslav kunye nomkhosi washiya loo mmandla ukuze kuphetshwe uxinzelelo olungeyomfuneko. Albania wathabatha le projekthi.

Yaba ithuba lokugqibela ukuba iziqhushumbisi of Yugoslavia, 1999 kunjalo kwakungayi kuba kwenzeke. Noko ke, abameli Belgrade kwi-thethwano bala ukwamkela imiqathango abeke phambili. Inkoliso yabo awuyithandi i ingcamango yimbonakalo imikhosi NATO eKosovo. Ngelo xesha, i baseYugoslavia ekuvunyelwene nayo yonke le projekthi. Le ntetho kwavuka phantsi. NgoMatshi 23, NATO wagqiba kwaqalisa ixesha lokuhla- iziqhushumbisi eYugoslavia (1999). Umhla lokugqitywa yokusebenza (kuthathwa kwi-North Atlantic iSivumelwano Organization) ukuba kwenzeka kuphela xa Belgrade uya kuyamkela iprojekthi yonke.

-Thethwano ngokusondeleyo emayilandelwe weZizwe eziManyeneyo. UMbutho akazange ukunika go-phambili ngenxa iziqhushumbisi. Ngaphezu koko, kungekudala emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko wathabatha ivoti apho kucetywa ukuba ukubona US umhlaseli. Le isigqibo kwaxhaswa kuphela Russia, North Korea kunye Namibia. Bobabini ke ngoku nokungabikho isigunyaziso UN ukuba NATO iziqhushumbisi eYugoslavia (1999), abanye abaphandi kunye elula igqalwa ubungqina bokuba urhulumente US sone waphula imimiselo yomthetho ngamazwe.

amabutho NATO

Obukhulu NATO kuqhuma yiYugoslavia 1999 yaba yinxalenye engundoqo usebenze kanzima "Allied Force". Phantsi airstrikes yawa kokujoliswe iliso kwaye emkhosini, baba phezu intsimi Serbian. Maxa wambi ubunzima iindawo zokuhlala, kuquka kwikomkhulu - Belgrade.

Ekubeni iziqhushumbisi eYugoslavia (1999), iziphumo photo, lwavakala kulo lonke ihlabathi, zaye abazayamanisa inyathelo kubo, ngaphandle eUnited States, abangama-13 amanye amazwe. Kukho zazisetyenziswa moya ethile 1,200. Ngaphandle eyama NATO imikhosi inxaxheba kwaye aselwandle - abathwali moya, lweenqanawa ezintywilayo ukuhlasela, cruisers, abonakalisi, frigates kunye neenqanawa ezinkulu emanzini. Lo msebenzi abangama-60,000 amajoni NATO.

iintsuku 78 aseMelika okuqhubekayo yeYugoslavia (1999). Amafoto zamaxhoba izixeko Serbian ezisasazwa beluphindwe kumaphephandaba. Xa iyonke le lizwe abanamava nokuhlasela 35,000, moya NATO, yaye malunga 23 lamawaka imijukujelwa kunye iziqhushumbisi wona kumhlaba wakhe.

Qala of operation

March 24, 1999, inqwelo-moya NATO waqalisa kwisigaba sokuqala iziqhushumbisi eYugoslavia (1999). umhla ukusebenza sele kuvunyelwene ngazo namahlakani kwangaphambili. Xa urhulumente Milosevic iye walile ukurhoxisa amajoni ayo Kosovo, moya NATO bafakwa qwa. Kwakhe kuqala yaba inkqubo air wokhuselo waseYugoslavia. Kangangeentsuku ezintathu yena elele elukhukweni enedumbe ngokupheleleyo. Nale ufumene moya Allied noludumileyo olungenamiqathango emoyeni. iinqwelomoya Serbian phantse zange ashiye hangars zabo, kuphela nokuhlasela ezimbalwa ziye zenziwa ngenxa kwixesha ungquzulwano.

Ngomhla we -27 Matshi uqale ukuhlaselwa kwayo kwizibonelelo umphakathi emkhosini, kuquka amaziko amakhulu abantu. EPriština, Belgrade, Uzice, Kragujevac, Podgorica - apha uluhlu izixeko ezichaphazelekayo iziqhushumbisi yokuqala eYugoslavia. 1999 wabona enye ngeenxa gazi kwiiBalkans. Ekuqaleni ngokusebenza, Russian uMongameli Boris Yeltsin kwingxelo kawonke wabongoza Bill Clinton ukuyeka eli phulo. Kodwa ababephila enamandla kakhulu kukhunjulwa omnye episode. Ngosuku xa waqalisa iinqwelomoya aseMelika yiYugoslavia, umphathiswa Russian yinkulumbuso UYevgeny Primakov uziphose ukutyelela ngokusemthethweni eUnited States. Emva kokufunda ngokwenzekileyo KwiiBalkans, yena ngokuqaqadeka wajika nebhodi yakhe phezu Atlantic waza wabuyela eMoscow.

iphulo

Ekupheleni kweyoKwindla, Bill Clinton yabamba intlanganiso kunye namahlakani akhe NATO - iinkokeli eJamani, France, Great Britain ne Italy. Emva kwale ntlanganiso, ugwayimbo zomkhosi ziye zanda. Isixeko esitsha laqhushumbiswa Cacak. Ngelo xesha linye imikhosi ezikhethekileyo baseYugoslavia kuthinjwa amajoni ezintathu NATO (bona bonke abantu baseMelika). Baye bakhululwa kamva.

April 12 moya NATO F-15E kwafuneka ukuba kuqhunyiswe ibhulorho (ngokusebenzisa zikaloliwe wadlula). Nangona kunjalo, phantsi uyadana yaba uloliwe ukuba kufutshane kwaye ephethe mkhosini (kule mini e Serbia ukuba babhiyozele Ista kunye nabahlali abaninzi baye kuhlala nezalamane kwezinye izixeko). Ngenxa amaqokobhe ukuwa wababulala abantu 14. Kwaba nje omnye ugqaliselo ngqiqweni ngokubulawa kwale phulo.

Iziqhushumbisi yeYugoslavia (1999), ngamafutshane, uyalelwe ukuba naziphi na izinto ezibalulekileyo ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi. Ukususela Aprili 22, oko lagutyungelwa kwikomkhulu olawulayo yelizwe Socialist Party of Serbia. Allied moya ATM nokuhlala Milosevic kaThixo, yona, ke, ngelo xesha kwakukho nto. April 23 yatshatyalaliswa kwisikhululo umabonwakude Belgrade. Sandibulala abantu-16.

iminikelo yoxolo wabonakala kwakhona ngenxa yokusetyenziswa naweebhombu ezisebenzisanayo. Xa iziqhushumbisi lwaqala ngoMeyi 7, NIS, kwacetywa ukuba injongo siza Airfield, leyo yayimi phezu ngaphandle kwesixeko. Ngenxa yezizathu ayicacanga, isikhongozeli iziqhushumbisi wavula phezulu emoyeni, ngenxa yoko kweqokobhe Yaphaphazela kwiindawo zokuhlala, kubandakanywa izibhedlele kunye neemarike. Abafa abantu 15. kwavela elinye ihlazo ngamazwe emva kweso sehlo.

On ekuhlaseleni mini ngempazamo wabetha Chinese Embassy yaseBelgrade. Ixhoba yale zokuhlaselwa abantu abathathu. E China waqalisa intetho anti-American. yozakuzo e Beijing, ubunzima umonakalo omkhulu. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi ezi ziganeko kwi ikomkhulu China ngokungxamisekileyo ndawonye iindwendwe omabini la mazwe ukuba kulungiswe kwihlazo. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente US ivumile ukuhlawula ngaphezu $ 30 yezigidi ukubuyekeza.

Tywakraza lase kwenziwa ngempazamo. NATO wayecebe ukuba kuqhunyiswe isakhiwo eselumelwaneni, nto leyo kolawulo laseYugoslavia iingalo kwamanye amazwe. Emva kweso siganeko, inxaxheba ngazo inguqulo baseMerika Ndohlukana ngenxa yokuba baye basebenzisa imaphu ye eBelgrade. NATO wakhanyela ezi ezilufuniso. Kungekudala emva kokugqitywa imisebenzi kwiiBalkans CIA sikhulu ophethe imibuzo malunga emhlabeni-moya encedisayo, wawuyeka ngokwesicelo sakhe. iimpazamo kunye ntlungu wayezele iziqhushumbisi eYugoslavia (1999). Ubangelwa ezafa kamva kuqwalaselwa kwi-Hague enkundleni, apho amaxhoba kunye nezalamane zabo baye bafaka amatyala amaninzi ngokuchasene eUnited States.

umngcelele Russian ku ePriština

Njengenxalenye UN uxolo amandla kwiiBalkans-1990 yaye iqela Russian. Wathabatha inxaxheba kwiziganeko eYugoslavia kwinqanaba lokugqibela operation NATO. Xa Juni 10, 1999, Slobodan Milosevic wavuma ukurhoxisa amajoni ayo Kosovo, ngempumelelo ingafundwa boyisiwe, indawo zomkhosi Serbian kulo mmandla kuye kwafuneka ukuba ukuyilwa iNorth Atlantic Alliance.

Nje ngosuku kamva, ngobusuku we-11 ukuya kumhla we-12, lo nomkhosi odityanisiweyo Russian eentloko ezaxhobela emoyeni waqhuba utyando ukuba ulawulo Airport International ePriština - elikomkhulu mmandla. Phambi kokuba paratroopers wabeka usukelo ukuthatha hub zothutho phambi kokuba baya emkhosini NATO kaThixo. yagqitywa ngempumelelo lo msebenzi. Njengenxalenye yale abajongene yaba Major uYunus-bek Yevkurov - ngumongameli elizayo Ingushetia.

ukulahlekelwa

Emva kokuqhuba ukusebenza e Belgrade Ukuseta ukubala iilahleko kuqulathe bombardment yiYugoslavia (1999). ilahleko lizwe baba ebonakalayo kuqoqosho. izibalo Serbian bayathetha ngayo billion $ 20. iziseko ezibalulekileyo empini ziye zonakaliswa. Phantsi kweqokobhe hit iibhulorho, izicokisi ioli, amaziko amakhulu orhwebo, iiyunithi amandla. Emva koko, ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle omsebenzi 500 amawaka abantu eSerbia.

Sele kwimihla yokuqala yokusebenza waba bazazi iingxwelerha ezingenakugwemeka umphakathi. Ngokutsho izibalo yeziphathamandla yiYugoslavia lizwe zabulala abangaphezu kwama-1,700 abangalwiyo. amawaka 10 kwalimala abantu kakhulu, amawaka ngakumbi baphulukana namakhaya abo, nesigidi nama eshiywe ngaphandle kwamanzi. Xa inani le imikhosi yesiYugoslav exhobileyo yabulala amajoni ngaphezulu kwama-500. Ngokubanzi, baya kuwa phantsi izithonga enomfutho separatists isiAlbania.

ofe amandla womoya Serbian. NATO kulo utyando yabamba iyonke air ungcono. Uninzi moya baseYugoslavia yatshatyalaliswa ayikenziwa bayisile (iimoto 70). I NATO ngexesha leli phulo, abantu ababini babulawa. Yaba abasebenzi le ntaka ukuba ingqubekile ngexesha uvavanyo yokubhabha phezu Albania. umoya yesiYugoslav ukuziphendulela wadubula phantsi moya ezimbini utshaba, ngoxa nabaqhubi zabo betekisi kamva bakhethwa yi abahlanguli. Kuseyinto moya intlitheke namhlanje zigcinwe kule myuziyam. Xa e Belgrade wavuma ukuba enze umnyinyiva, baye bavuma boyisiwe, kwaye kwacaca ngoku ukuba imfazwe ungayinqoba xa sisebenzisa kuphela moya kunye nesicwangciso zokuqhushumbisa.

yongcoliseko olusingqongileyo

intlekele eziphilayo neendawo - yenye neziphumo kakhulu, nto leyo ekhokelele iziqhushumbisi eYugoslavia (1999). Amaxhoba ngokusebenza - akukho nje oonokrwece ufile, kodwa abantu abaye wahlaselwa ukonakalisa emoyeni. Aircraft ATM kubaluleke ngenyameko ukusuka kwindawo kwezoqoqosho lwembono, izityalo petrochemical. Emva onjalo ukuhlasela emoyeni kwakukho Panchevo iyingozi. Lanikwa compound chlorine, zehydrochloric acid, kwealkali kunye like. D.

Oyile kwiitanki ezonakeleyo bangena iDanube, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ubuthi mmandla Serbia nje kuphela kodwa onke amazwe ezibe ngezantsi emfuleni. Omnye umzekelo yaba ukusetyenziswa semkhosini NATO iimbumbulu kunye uranium .Ngaphezu. Kamva, xa iindawo isicelo sabo kwabhalwa Ukuqhambuka kwezifo zofuzo kunye nomhlaza.

iimpembelelo zezopolitiko

Suku ngalunye imeko eYugoslavia wawusondela mandundu. Kwezi meko, Slobodan Miloshevich wavuma ukuba amkele isicwangciso ukusombulula impixano, leyo yaphakanyiswa yi NATO phambi iziqhushumbisi. Lembombo kwezi zivumelwano yaba ukurhoxiswa eentloko ezaxhobela yesiYugoslav ezivela eKosovo. Lonke eli xesha, kwicala US waphikelela. Abameli Alliance lathi kuphela emva concessions ofuna ukuyeka aseMelika yiYugoslavia (1999).

UN Sigqibo # 1244, esamkelwa ngoJuni 10, ekugqibeleni yadityaniswa umyalelo omtsha kule ngingqi. Uluntu lwehlabathi sele wagxininisa ukuba obona ulongamo lwaseYugoslavia. Kosovo luhlala inxalenye karhulumente, ifumene Inkululeko ngokubanzi. umkhosi isiAlbania kwaba izixhobo. E Kosovo, bekukho amandla uxolo yamazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo esweni isibonelelo ucwangco loluntu kunye nokhuseleko.

Ngokwesivumelwano, umkhosi baseYugoslavia bayishiya Kosovo nge-20 Juni. Edge, ukufumana urhulumente wokwenene, ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa kwakhona emva impi yombango. NATO wavuma ukusebenza ngokuyimpumelelo - le njongo, yaye baqalisa iziqhushumbisi eYugoslavia (1999). ekususweni wayeka, nangona ukungathandi efanayo phakathi kwabantu ababini igcinwe. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, namaSerb baqalisa ukuhamba en endle eKosovo. NgoFebruwari 2008, inkokheli udini wavakalisa yazahlula Serbia (yiYugoslavia anayo iminyaka eliqela ngaphambi kokuba ekugqibeleni yanyamalala map of Europe). Namhlanje, ulongamo baseKosovo ingqalelo amazwe 108. Russia, ngokwesiko njengokujonga kwindawo pro-Serbian, wathi edge inxalenye Serbia.