Ubukhoboka - it ... imbali, iintlobo yobukhoboka

Kukholelwa ukuba isitampu ngaphandle phantse ngokupheleleyo zobukhoboka emhlabeni wethu. Oku akuthethi ukuba akukho nje wazuza ezinye iindlela, ngokufuthi ezichuliweyo kakhulu. Endaweni oyilwayo wokuthengiswa ke ukungeniswa ngokuzithandela abantu omnye komnye, kunye kumakhamandela kuba ongabonakaliyo, yaye musa kuqulatha iiyunithi zentsimbi kunye nemikhwa ezingaphathekiyo sobuvila kunye nentuthuzelo. ubukhoboka Modern akukho ulunge ngaphezu eyayingekaphuhli okanye amandulo, kunye nenkululeko usahleli oluninzi ezimbalwa. Noko ke, ukuze siqonde uhlobo le meko, kubalulekile ukuba sijonge iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zaso, ibali imvelaphi kunye unobangela.

version ngamadoda

Umnqweno ukubenza abanye ezendeleyo emntwini wenyama negazi. Yembali yobukhoboka enemvelaphi yayo kwisithuba imvelaphi nobudlelwane kwezentlalo, xa, ukongezelela kwizakhiwo zesizwe, ezinye iintlobo ukuphilisana ungekabikho. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi ukwahlulelana umsebenzi ngokwasemzimbeni nasengqondweni iqalile kakade, ezilukhuni, njengokuba ngoku, kwakukho abambalwa abazingeli. Ngoko ke, ukwakheka yokuqala zentlalo kuthathwa slaveholding, apho lo msebenzi lwaqhutywa yi kwiiklasi alawulayo phantsi nokoyikiswa ubundlobongela ngokwasemzimbeni nxamnye kwabangevayo. Labour kwemveliso wakhula, wabonakala imveliso surplus, yaye ngenxa yoko, kwabakho ingqiqo ipropati, sisebenza kuphela ukuba izixhobo zemveliso kunye nemveliso, kodwa ebantwini. Ifomu yokuqala yezi ubudlelwane ekuthiwa-ubukhoboka solusapho. Oku kwakuthetha Sangena kwintsapho namalungu aliqela abatsha abangazange Nakuba kunjalo, amalungelo eziphakamileyo-grade, kwaye yenza inxalenye yomsebenzi lulonke ebezabelwe banikwa ukutya kunye nekhusi.

version ngezinto zakudala

Mandulo lwamaGrike namaRoma ubukhoboka ithi ifikelele enkulu kakhulu. Kulapha ukuba kukho inkqubo yenguqu ukusuka uhlobo amadoda zakudala, apho umntu uba into efanelekileyo - kuxhomekeke ixabiso layo - zithengiswa okanye ukuthenga. Ukulungelelanise oku imicimbi, kunye neminye imiba yomthetho, umthetho waseRoma. Ubukhoboka wavunyelwa ngokomthetho malunga BC ngenkulungwane yesibini phantse yonke Apennine Peninsula , kunye nakwiindawo eziphakathi ezingamathanga zamaGrike esasiseSisili. Okunye okunika umdla yindlela yedemokhrasi Bahlala nale meko eloyikekayo. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho uPlato, Nobunqobo mkhulu ntle nedemokhrasi singayenza ukuba ummi ngamnye uya kuba likhoboka abathathu ubuncinane.

Umthombo engundoqo yabantu bokusebenza ukulwa ngelo xesha amaphulo ngxwaba kwamabutho aseRoma. Ukuba imfazwe kwi V-IV eminyaka. BC. e. Kwalo mmandla, ngoko kamva ithumba II-I kwiinkulungwane sele beka njengoko injongo bamba ezininzi abaqeshwa ezinokubakho.

kwango

Njengoko uhlobo ezaziwa yobukhoboka eyayikho kwiimeko yemveliso yorhwebo (ngokuchaseneyo bamadoda), injongo ephambili zokuxhaphaza belisenza inzuzo. Oku kukhokelela ukunyanzelisa ukwandisa kunye ukubonakala kunazo zonke iindlela zakhe. Ukongeza iindlela olumandla ukunciphisa iindleko zolondolozo nokwandisa zenkohlakalo, benze omkhulu, kukomeleza ukungeniswa kwamakhoboka. Oku kwakhokelela ekugqibeleni yokuba inani elipheleleyo amakhoboka lifikelele kwinqanaba kakhulu, yaye emva koko waqalisa ukuba idanyaze mvukelo, elaziwa ezo zaziphuma 74 BC. e. NguSpartacus.

Ubukhoboka e East

E India, China kunye namanye amazwe ukuba ngokwendawo nangempucuko ezinxulumene kwelaseAsiya, ubukhoboka khona ixesha elide kakhulu. Ubukhoboka usinike indlela feudalism, ngoko kobungxowankulu ehlabathini, eMpuma ithi nangoku kwatyatyamba, Noko ke, ngokufuthi ngokunxuseneyo kunye nobudlelwane kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho abanazo kunye nokuphuhlisa ezintsha. Lo mthombo uphambili ziphembelela kwiimalike khoboka, yaba imeko iyivume abaye bangena ebukhobokeni ematyaleni, ngubani wayengenayo enye indlela yokucombulula kunye amatyala, ngaphandle okusebenza kwabo, nto leyo maxa wambi Uswele nkqu ebomini yomsebenzi free. Kule meko, abantwana eyayibulindile neengozi zofuzo ebukhobokeni. Oku, ngokubanzi, echasene imithetho Islam (ngaphandle mthetho zikarhulumente), kodwa nangoku yonke. Ngokusemthethweni ubunini namabanjwa athinjwe iimfazwe behlasela ingqalelo.

Inguquko

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, phantse kulo lonke ihlabathi kwakukho abo okanye ezinye iintlobo zobukhoboka, kodwa kumazwe amaninzi ngokuthe ngcembe waxabana kunye nemveliso lemarike ekuphuhliseni (ingakumbi ezolimo), befuna ukusebenza ngaphezulu. Ukungabikho iindlela yashukunyiswa neziphumo ukuqhuba kakubi. Amakhoboka amaninzi babaleka enkosini yabo, wada wabingelela ngazo, neziphithiphithi, yaye ngakumbi kubo baba, yingozi enkulu iza kuba imiphumo gwenxa ezi ulawulo ezithile lwemicimbi yabasebenzi. Ngokuthe ngcembe kumazwe aseYurophu ezinxulumene amakhoboka baba ngakumbi amanqaku ephisa ngawo, leyo, Kakade ke, akazange ngaphandle yokuxhatshazwa oyingqwangangqwili, kodwa wabakhuthaza ukuba balumke ngakumbi. Kwaye ngoko kwinkulungwane XVI, Yehlabathi Elitsha yafunyanwa.

Ukuqala yobukhoboka American

babeziindleko ezinkulu of America, ngokuphuphuma kwimimandla echumayo kunye resource-rich gqa ziye negalelo ekuvuselelweni ezithile slaveholding ubudlelwane, kwabonakala ngokuthe shwaka. AmaNdiya yanika bamathanga (kwinqanaba lokuqala kakhulu Spanish kwaye IsiPhuthukezi) ukumelana lithemba, nto leyo eye yakhokelela ekubeni uvalwe royal pay kwabantu bomthonyama amakhoboka. Oku kuhlanganisiwe ukunqongophala yabasebenzi, loo nto yabangela ukuba abalimi ukuba baqhubekeke besenza imisebenzi kumhlaba American, ukungenisa amakhoboka asuka eAfrika. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Yehlabathi Elitsha waya kwindawo abantu bokuqala ezintsha, hayi ndinyanzelwe ezithile imigaqo yokuziphatha. Umnqweno ukuba izityebi edityaniswe namnqweno asebenze ngempumelelo. EMelika ngexeshana ngokwembali elifutshane (malunga ezimbini kwiinkulungwane) kuye esingeniswe ku amakhoboka Afrika yezigidi ezilishumi. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, kwamanye amazwe eWest Indies, baye accounted for kuninzi yobuhlanga.

; Kusenjalo eRussia

Ubukhoboka eRashiya ekuthiwa serfdom. Kwakhona bakhuthaza ukuba uhlobo nobudlelwane kwezentlalo apho abantu yorhwebo kwaye kuxhomekeke yentengo, sentengiso okanye sotshintshiso okwafikelelwa. Uninzi lwabanini, ekugqibeleni yabizwa ngokuba abanini ngayo nabalimi zabo, bazizo malunga efanayo njengoko abalimi zesiqhelo ukuze kuyilwe izilwanyana, ukuba ayikho ngaphandle isabelo ethile unakekelo zemibutho ulondolozo. Ezi nketho kwakukho amatyala ingakumbi ezibalaseleyo uyangcungcuthekiswa, umzekelo incwadi leyo yaba Boyarynya tvoix, Babesoblwaya ngenxa ukuba banenzondelelo yempambano imithetho yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Noko ke, serfdom ukuya phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX, iye yakuqhwalelisa ukukhula kobungxowankulu, kwaye ngo-1861 abalimi baye banikwa inkululeko, kwakukho ukupheliswa ngokusemthethweni ubukhoboka. inkqubo enkululekweni kancane, ngaphandle kweziphazamiso ukuxhathisa zombini abanini abanomdla ekulondolozeni kwizikhundla zabo, ze amakhoboka zangaphambili ngokwabo, kwizizukulwana izilumle bangaphili ezizimeleyo "isonka free". Kunzima ngokulinganayo ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane Ushintsho Stolypin, ezenzelwe ukudala iimeko utshintsho ukusuka kubahlali yezolimo komyalelo ngamnye.

Kwi-US,

Xa Ekuveleni XVIII kunye XIX iinkulungwane, kwakukho yachuma mveliso e North America. Imfuno zemveliso zolimo (umqhaphu, nelinen, njl) Ezibhalwe landa, ukuba ndlela ngamazwi atshata capitalism kunye ebukhobokeni, nto leyo eyaba embindini ithi esemazantsi. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo ayiphikisani kwiziseko ezimbini ezifana ezahlukeneyo zentlalo yabangela ngezikhondo zamehlo ngamandla angaphakathi ezakhokelela ekuqaleni War Civil phakathi North-mveliso kunye kwamadoda South. Le ungquzulwano bamagazi fratricidal yenzeka phantsi kwesigwagwiso imbali yomzabalazo wenkululeko kunye bakwinkonzo, kwelinye icala, kunye nokukhuselwa lwamaxabiso angundoqo - kwelinye icala. Emva uloyiso ngayo northerners baseUnited States ngokomthetho leminyaka emva kokuyekiswa kobukhoboka, kodwa Yeengwevu Ukuqinisekiswa States ezininzi, esi sibhengezo yalibaziseka de ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX. Zomthetho utshitshiso yocalulo kwenzeka kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane. Inzala amakhoboka abamnyama ayengavunyelwa ukuba ahlale phezu kwesitulo ngenxa omhlophe, yiya kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo (ezifana wayengekho), bade baye enye indawo yoluntu. Ubukhoboka wabhangiswa eRashiya unyaka omnye ophambi kwalowo kwi-US. yamakhoboka akhululekileyo rhoqo uphila ngendlela efanayo njengoko abalimi Russian abafumana umyolelo. Kufuneka wenze ntoni inkululeko, abaninzi kubo nje asazi.

Imbali yakutshanje yobukhoboka

Umbuzo xa kokuyekiswa kobukhoboka kwilizwe elinye okanye omnye, nangona elula okubonakala (kubonakala kwanele ukubhekisela uxwebhu okanye umgaqo-siseko), ngokufuthi ufuna impendulo eneenkcukacha. Amagunya "bakhanyiselwa" European, belilelakhe ukuya amathanga ngenkulungwane ye-omabini, evakalisa kumazwi kwanemigqalisela yedemokhrasi, kunjalo wabeka up beswele kwabo amalungelo ezisisiseko kwaye ubukho yobukhoboka. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iJamani yamaNazi waba ukusetyenziswa kakhulu amabanjwa ngebhaxa kunye namabanjwa emfazwe. amabanjwa Soviet ngexesha ngoloyiko kaStalin kunye nobunzima ababandakanyekayo ukusombulula iingxaki zesizwe kwezoqoqosho, kunye nendawo amafama anqunyulwe zokundwendwela zabo, kwanokuba, kwaye mhlawumbi kunokufaniswa ubume ngamakhoboka, i sibala kuphela izinto zalo. abahlaseli Japanese wajika abemi ezinabantu kula makhoboka. umbuso Antihuman of Pol Pot e Cambodia ikwazile ukuba amakhoboka phantse yonke abemi ngaphandle kokukhetha. Imizekelo, ngelishwa, a lot of ...

iintlobo Modern

Kanti ke, umbuzo wokuba, xa ubukhoboka wabhangiswa kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe, uye impendulo ethile. Oku kusekelwe phezu semthethweni kolu xwebhu. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1926 ngexesha wokutyikitywa i-Convention on yobukhoboka. Isivumelwano, isayinwe ngabameli uninzi amazwe, kukho inkcazelo ingqiqo ka "amalungelo obunini, ukhatshwa isisongelo ..." kunye N. Noko ke, namhlanje ezininzi ifomu efihlakeleyo, oko iikhrayitheriya ngayo amagama, qhubeka lubekhona umhlaba njalo.. Awukwazi bathi ukuba bayanda - phezu koko, sizinikiwe uvavanyo kakhulu ezimbi, kodwa ubukhoboka namhlanje ukho, mhlawumbi, akayi kungekudala shwaka. Ezinye iintlobo zawo kuhle ukuba siziphonononge ngokweenkcukacha.

kabbalah

Ngoko wabiza ubukhoboka ityala rhoqo. Kuninzi imithetho karhulumente nokulungiselela uxanduva iphula ngokwemiqathango iintlawulo kwi-mboleko kunye neekhredithi, kubandakanywa abantu abucala, kodwa imiqathango yembuyekezo amaninzi ingalungile umboleki ombhabhamo obutsha. Uphakamisa ukusebenza phandle ityala yaye ngenxa yoko ebekwe kwindawo osebenza oxhomekeke, ukuba ubomi bakho ukuba benze umsebenzi emdaka enzima for "inkosi" yakhe. Ukuze zilwe na uxanduva umkhonzi phantse akunakwenzeka kulo mzekelo zithathwe ngokuzithandela.

ngokunyanzelwa ngenkani ukusebenza

afaka iimeko yobukhoboka yahluke kakhulu. Abanye abantu bawe ebukhobokeni ngexesha zokulwa, njengoko amajoni okanye zamajoni. Kule mimandla, kolawulo apho abameli bemibutho kwamalungelo oluntu kunzima okanye kungenzeki, yenzeka ngelishwa rhoqo. ILO (International Labour Organisation) abe nolwazi encinane ekwandiseni isabelo uviko kumazwe ahlukeneyo, akujongwa yi-ofisi manani kazwelonke kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ifihliweyo ngabom.

ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo Olunogonyamelo

Kuyinto oluthile kolawulo ngokupheleleyo umntu omnye phezu komnye, eyenziwe ngendlela yokudala imeko lithemba. ukucinezelwa okunjalo kwandile kubonelelo lweenkonzo zesini mthethweni xa ekubanjweni ikhutshwa phandle amaxwebhu zilunyulwe (ingakumbi kwilizwe lasemzini), ugrogriso ubundlobongela emzimbeni, sihlume mkhuba kunye nezinye iindlela nabuntu. Ingakumbi ezinkulu lo mthetho uthathwa ukuba abe kweli hlabathi, ukuba amaxhoba abo abantwana. A indima ebalulekileyo ukunyanzela (ingakumbi kumazwe exotic) abasaqhubayo udlala iindlela nangokwasengqondweni koxinzelelo, ezifana njenge "ngesibhambathiso cwaka" kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezithethe ezizodwa eyenzelwe ukucinezela ukuxhathisa.