Izixhobo. emanzini amakhulu. Ihlabathi kwamanzi lezixhobo

Ezilwandle ilifa uluntu, njengoko ubomi nje isininzi zonke ezaziwayo (kwaye ayaziwa) leentlobo nenzululwazi eziphilileyo. Ukongeza, kuphela ezinzulwini ongemhle amanzi olwandle maxa wambi ungabona umfanekiso onjalo, ubuhle leyo maxa wambi nako ukuba bahlule nje nkqu mntu diki. Jonga emanzini, yaye uya kubona ukuba indalo le amaxesha amaninzi mkhulu ekudalweni naliphi na igcisa abanetalente.

Yintoni na?

izixhobo okuthiwa amathanga eyenza imfundo ngamanye amaxesha ngokwenene omkhulu, efanayo ubungakanani ngamatye.

Qaphela ukuba ezi kuneekorale, nto leyo yenze awase ezi Scleractinia, endingowakhe iklasi Anthozoa, Cnidaria uhlobo. abantu abangatshatanga kuba lithanga ingxilimbela polyp kunye amathanga calcareous abantu abadala ukunika inkxaso kuphuhliso kunye nokukhula impahla esencinane. Ngokwahlukileyo inkolelo ethandwayo, polyp ifumaneka onke anzongonzongo, hayi kuphela kumanzi abanzi. Ngoko ke, zama ezintle emnyama uphila nobunzulu, engaquki ukungena akukho ray kwelanga.

Kodwa izixhobo lokwenene kuyilwa kuphela eziphilayo ezihlala elwandle kuyaphi emvula.

Ziziphi izixhobo akhona?

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili: fringing, umqobo ezabo. Njengoko unokuthekelela, kumda ezifumaneka kumanzi kuyaphi kufuphi nonxweme. Njengokuzibuza onomtsalane kakhulu awase isithintelo, ezo ezifana-maza. Bona ibekwe ecaleni unxweme yezwe okanye iziqithi ezinkulu. Njengomgaqo, ibalulekile kakhulu. Okokuqala, kukho izigidi kweentlobo ihlathi eziphilayo, yaye okwesibini, iinkcukacha zemfundo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni imozulu mmandla, nokuthintela yolwandle.

Enkulu kakhulu kwaye idumileyo ke Great Barrier Reef, nto leyo ibanga 2,000 km, kusekwe empumalanga yezwekazi Australian. Abanye ngakuba umkhulu kwaye ubalulekileyo 'izalamane' zakhe ibekwe ecaleni unxweme eBahamas, kwakunye entshonalanga Atlantic.

Akaphumelelanga - ezi kwesiqithana abusazinge. Umda wabo olukhuselwe emanzini, ekusekeni umqobo yendalo, nto leyo ethintela nabaqala ngamandla kunye nemisinga yolwandle uhlambe ongaphezulu ezweni komhlaba. Phofu iwuzuze phi awase, yintoni na indlela nokudaleka?

Livela lezixhobo

Ekubeni inkoliso polyp abadinga amanzi nzulu kakhulu, ezilungele kuba kubo ubukho lolwesiseko esincinci kwaye iflethi, ekukhethwa ukuba ibekwe kufuphi nonxweme. Noko ke, izazinzulu ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba iimeko apho ukuyilwa nwe polyp, kwatshintsha.

akaphumelelanga ezininzi kuzo zonke iimpawu kumelwe ukuba wavela kwi phezulu mlilo omdala, kodwa hayi yonke wafumana imizila kwingxelo mlilo ophezulu ngokwenene ukuba akwazi ukuqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo le ngcamango. Nesazi-nzulu esidumileyo Charles Darwin, kuphephetheka kungekho ngaphantsi kwe inqanawa odumileyo "Beagle", benza kuphela ekubunjweni nembono yendaleko ngayo kuphuhliso loluntu. Endleleni, wayekwazi ukwenza oluninzi olufunyanisiweyo, enye yazo ingcaciso ngendlela kwakukho kwihlabathi lezixhobo.

"Reef" imfundiso UCharles Darwin

Ucinge ukuba kuvele mlilo yamandulo kancane kancane ngenxa mlilo ukuba yeyela okusingqongileyo ngenxa kuqhume ezininzi. Kamsinya nje phezu kolwandle iya kuba malunga ne-20 eemitha, kuya kubakho iimeko elilelona zokusonjululwa ezincotsheni zazo izixhobo seamount. Baqalisa ukwakha ngokukhawuleza phezulu ithanga, ngokuthe ngcembe ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo isiqabu ephambili evela emva iqhuma.

Xa emanzini young ufikelela isambuku esinobunzima, lo mlilo, inxalenye engentla leyo sele phantse ziwile, iqalisa ngokuthe watshona emva olwandle. Njengoko ekufakeni neekorale ziqala ukukhula kakhulu ngakumbi, nangenxa ulwalwa kuyaqala ukuba omkhulu ngakumbi, lo gama ezishiyekileyo malunga inqanaba kuthelekiswa efanayo phezu kwamanzi.

theory Dynamic wesiseko

Kufuphi ulwalwa iqala ukuba nomzi isanti, uninzi lwazo - ke kwamathambo neekorale ngokwabo, ukhukuliseko ukusilwa kunye neentlobo ezithile zezidalwa yolwandle. Shoals iba ngakumbi nangakumbi, ekugqibeleni wakhupha ulwalwa luqala kumphezulu wolwandle kaThixo, kancane kancane xa kuthelekiswa nezinye. Umfuziselo enamandla icebisa ukuba koloni polyp ephakamileyo, ngaphezu kwamanzi kwenzeka ngenxa utshintsho rhoqo komgangatho wolwandle ehlabathini.

nangoko komhlaba abaninzi zejografi ixesha baba nomdla kulo mbono. Ukuba yinyaniso, ngoko yonke emanzini enkulu ithwale ezithile iintsalela ongundoqo mlilo.

Yinyani ukuba ingcamango mlilo ngemvelaphi izixhobo?

Ukuze uqinisekise oku, ngowe-1904, oseFunafuti kwisiqithi kwi the Pacific Ocean test kusombiwa kwahlelwa. Awu, ekhoyo ngelo xesha ubuchwepheshe avumele ukufikelela kubunzulu eziimitha-352 kuphela, emva koko umsebenzi wama kwaye phambi kokuba izazinzulu engundoqo kulindeleke ukuba ibe nako.

Ngowe-1952, amaMelika ngenjongo efanayo ukuqalisa yokomba kwi Marshall Islands. Kubunzulu malunga 1.5 khilomitha, oosonzululwazi baye bafumana umaleko abangelwe mlilo. Kuye singqiniwe ukuba ulwalwa kwasekwa iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-60 eyadlulayo, xa thanga polyp bahlala encotsheni mlilo extinct. Darwin waphinda wazibonakalisa ukuba kulungile.

Njani na izixhobo ngamaxesha iyehla kwinqanaba elwandle

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abantu awo of oscillation bolwandle ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo wafikelela ezilikhulu ubude. kwinqanaba Modern iye yazinza kunye iminyaka kuphela namawaka amathandathu eyadlulayo. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba kwiminyaka 15,000 eyadlulayo inqanaba ulwandle ubuncinane 100-150 leemitha ngaphantsi kwe namhlanje. Ngoko ke, zonke izixhobo ukuba kwasekwa ngelo xesha, ngoku kukho 200-250 yeemitha ngezantsi ngohlangothi mihla. Emva koko uphawu ukuyilwa nwe polyp akwenzeki.

Ukongezelela, abaninzi kubo sooqaqaqa zangaphambili (isithombe ephepheni), nto leyo kwasekwa kumaxesha amaninzi amandulo, kwaye abantu belizwe ngoku. Ke benziwa ngaloo mihla, xa inqanaba ulwandle phezulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kunye neminqwazi komkhenkce izibonda behlabathi yayingekabikho. Qaphela ukuba phakathi kweminyaka ice polyp musa okunene kwenza amathanga ezibaluleke ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi, njengoko inqanaba amanzi neziguquka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.

Ingakumbi ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele kulo mba, Egypt. sooqaqaqa kuLwandle Olubomvu rhoqo afumaneka kubunzulu ezinkulu, apho kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwakukho iilwandle yesiqhelo ngezantsi nzulu.

Eyona engundoqo amacandelo izixhobo izixhobo

Ukuze siqonde ngqo indlela thanga polyp amalungiselelo, umzekelo, cinga kunxweme Jamaica. Kuyo nayiphi na photos of iRose classic kuqala ebonakalayo ukuvuka unyuka kakhulu ukusuka ezinzulwini wamtshicela isanti. imivumbo Black ilahlwe iRose enxuseneyo - it womgaqo umonakalo emanzini ezenzeka ezahlukeneyo amaxesha zejoloji ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwinqanaba lolwandle.

Oomatiloshe le zone kuxhomekeke amaza: nokuba ebusuku ingxolo olwandle, nto leyo isasazwa kakuhle ngaphambi nje konxweme, ibonisa ubukho izixhobo. Emva kokuba indawo ekhuselweyo iqala lehewu apho neekorale zivulwe kwi tide eliphantsi. Isimanga, kodwa ukunyuka ubunzulu kakhulu emanzini ichibi, amathanga polyp kulo mmandla zange ziphuhliswe kunjalo, amanzi aphantsi, bahlala phantsi kwamanzi. Ngesakhiwo kufuphi nonxweme, leyo usoloko ivula amanzi aphantsi, ngokuba Littoral. Kukho coral encinane.

Le nekorale inkulu kwaye eyayizalwa ukukhula emancamini yokwaleka, ezijonge kolwandle. Ukufumaneka kakhulu ubomi saselwandle iqatshelwe kwindawo Littoral. Hi ndlela leyi, nabani konke ingafunyanwa ngokundwendwela i emanzini? Ihlabathi kwamanzi waseYiputa kunye nezinye iindawo abakhenkethi ezidumileyo abazizityebi kangangokuba amehlo aya diverge! Ewe, xa nokuqhama izilwanyana ezi iindawo ayinako angavumi.

Ihlabathi kwamanzi lezixhobo

Izazinzulu zithi kuphela omnye Great Barrier Reef (esele ikhona nesele kuxoxwe) ohlala phantse amawaka amabini iintlobo yeentlanzi! Cinga nje ukuba zingaphi apho ubomi ziimpethu, iziponji kunye nezinye lomqolo?

Abemi abaninzi enombala zezona iintlanzi ezimangalisayo lezixhobo - izikhwenene. Igama bafumene ngenxa uhlobo oluthile "umlomo", nto leyo umhlathi ipleyiti iguqulwe kancinane. Imihlathi le "izikhwenene" ziqine kangangokuba bakwazi lula ndiyaqwenga usile yonke iibhloko lezixhobo.

Ekubeni polyp azikho phezulu kakhulu kilojoules, ezi ntlanzi kufuneka atye rhoqo. Kulo nyaka, abemi omnye unako ukutshabalalisa iitoni eziliqela lezixhobo. Overcooked Izidumbu uphoswe kokusingqongileyo ngokohlobo kwentlabathi. Ewe, ewe, "izikhwenene" zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni elunxwemeni ngokumangalisayo ezintle esulungekileyo isanti izixhobo emhlophe.

abemi liyabonakala kunye ezimibalabala ezi iindawo kwakhona amakhulu iintlobo urchins yolwandle. iintshaba zabo yendalo - ezizinkwenkwezi - ngamanye amaxesha baba bobubi ngokwabo nokonakaliswa izixhobo. Ngenxa yoko, Nenkwenkwezi isithsaba sameva, wafika kunxweme Australian ukusuka kwenye ikhweyitha, sele batshatyalaliswe phantse-10% ye-Barrier Reef! Ngenxa yoku, Abafoti kunye zebhayoloji lokuloba ehlabathini lonke baye owakuxelayo oko imfazwe yokwenene: basa ukubanjwa nokonakala.

iziganeko ezidlulileyo zinikeza isiphumo ethile, kodwa ngenxa yokuba namhlanje ihlabathi Australian kwamanzi iqale kwakhona.