Kievan Rus kunye anayo: iingxaki yobudlelwane macala kunye

Phantse 250 iminyaka yobomi phantsi Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe zaba nempembelelo kakhulu kuphuhliso Russia. Ngenkulungwane weshumi, urhulumente lancipha izikumkani ezimbini: i Novgorod naseKiev. Njani na ukuba Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunye Rus ke ayemade ngangokuba sixhomekeke kakhulu omnye komnye?

Policy Foreign of Rus Ancient

Phambi ayehlasela Rus Mongols baphila ubomi babo iphuhliswe imodeli Koloni. Asikwazi ukuba oko kuye kwenziwa nawuphi na umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle: ukuseta iintlobo ezahlukeneyo lobudlelwane namazwe ezibe ngasentla, entshona kunye kumazantsi kwimida lizwe. Links baba neentlobano zenkcubeko, zorhwebo kunye nomkhosi weentlanga ezingabamelwane. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo wenziwe yesithoba kunye kwiinkulungwane elinesibini. Khazar Khanate, apho ingabekwa imida ilizwe osempuma, abalawuli Russian abazange baqaphele. Bayingenela isixeko ikomkhulu Itil Khaganate ngo-965 kwaye akukho kuphinda kubandakanywa nayo nayiphi zokubonisana, yintoni impazamo zabo inkulu. Kievan Rus kunye zolotaya Orda umi emnyango siganeko, eziya kubizwa ngokuba "Tatar-Mongol idyokhwe."

lajika Zonke amehlo Kievan Rus ukuya eNtshona, ukuba impucuko yamandulo ideology inkcubeko yakhe, umKristu baba nefuthe kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo. AkwiiBalkan, uBukhosi baseRoma, Germany kunye France - ilizwe apho ukomeleza ubudlelwane. Xa kufuneka senze Russia kunye anayo? Iingxaki ukungenela kula mazwe kamva waya ithuba elide kangaka.

Imeko kuMbindi Mpuma

Ngelo xesha xa eRashiya ukwakha ubuhlobo kunye eYurophu kunye nophuhliso yayo, Asia waphumelela amazwe Arab kunye noMbindi Mpuma. Bazama ukusasaza ukholo lwakhe Islamic phakathi kwezizwe. Kwi-20 kunye 30 kwinkulungwane weshumi ziimpembelelo abantu baseAsiya waqalisa lisanda amazwe kumzantsi Yurophu, zibe Hungary. Kodwa nxalenye uchaphazelekayo womGaqo-European East ingakumbi kummandla Russia.

Tatar-Mongols woyisa imeko yayo sangu yaye ngaloo ndlela lwanciphisa phantsi kuphuhliso lwabo. Rus kunye zolotaya Orda, imbali ulwalamano lwabo, eyathatha ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini, waba nefuthe kwi imeko neAfrika. Umdla nezikhulu bafuduka entshona ukuya empuma: kumazwe Asia. Ndatshintsha ubume Russia: lizwe uyekile ukuba uzimele. Laye ke imeko kwayo le psychology of Asia.

ubudlelwane Russian-mkhosi mkhulu kunene

Sagcina oku kuxhomekeka kubambiswano phantse-250 leminyaka ubudala. Ngeli xesha yezembali ixesha ungatshintsha okuninzi oko kwenzekayo, kunye ne-Russia, kunye Ordynsky karhulumente. Le yinkqubo yendalo yempembelelo kwelifa lithi ezimbini ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo. Zolotaya Orda naseRussia kwisithuba zembali lonke unxibelelwano ngokuzenzekelayo ngokwemigaqo utshintsho kwindaleko ukuba ziboniswe kwi imeko yezopolitiko yokuziphatha lwala mazwe mabini. Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe, eyathatha ukususela 1243 ukuya 1480 ngonyaka yaqala emva ngo-1237. Lapho ukuhlaselwa kwakhe Batu. UYayiro loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, iingxaki uphazamiseko, ezo nangoku ngayo kweli xesha base beqala nje unxulumano lwayo elide nembali kunye nophuhliso.

Ngexesha amaphulo Batu inxalenye kumntla-mpuma Russia wabandezeleka lo monakalo, ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nelahleko kubemi. Abanye babo babulawa, ezinye - uthinjiwe. Ukudelela imikhosi yamajoni kwakufuneka lulama, yaye kwakuthabatha ixesha elininzi. Ngenxa yemigudu Aleksandra Nevskogo ngomnyaka wamashumi omane kwenkulungwane weshumi cwaka nxamnye behlasela: wadlala indima amazwe, kwaye ngexesha lokusekwa amaninzi anayo. I Khans babexakekile besakha isakhiwo yayo yangaphakathi.

Baskachestvo kunye nasekuphangeni Russia

Umsebenzi we khans Mongol wayeza ukumbamba kumazwe ezintsha kunye urhafiso irhafu yazo. Abazange zitshintshile nantoni na kwezi ndawo yaye musa ukuzama yifake kuye. Kodwa ke inani abaya kukhutshwa zezizwe karhataka. Russia kwaye ubudlelwane anayo baba muncu: abachaphazelekayo iingxaki macala kwi izilawuli. Ngeminyaka yee-ngamahlanu kukho ungquzulwano zomkhosi Mongols. Ukucudiswa Golden mkhosi lowo ziyanyuswa nyaka ngamnye, yaye abantu akazange akwazi ukuhlawula irhafu, ngoko wamelana iifizi.

Abantu ngokutsha kwiminyaka emibini - kunye 1257 ngenxa 1259, waza wafuna irhafu kabini ukuya Khans: Orda kunye Mongolian. Yaye ukuba ithe yaqaliswa ze baskachestvo. amasekela Sent, ababelandela ukuqokelelwa lerhafu, ebizwa baskaks. Ngoncedo bawo zigcinwe bathobele. Ukongeza, luxanduva abahlali yayiquka emkhosini, nto leyo kumele agcwalise. Baskakov baye babonelelwa ibutho lamajoni kunye namagunya olawulo, apho ukugcina umyalelo kwi kummandla wayinikela kubo.

Abathetheli kwinkonzo loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene

amafama yerhafu eqokelelweyo inani labemi yaye badlale indima egciniswe: kwenkqubo yokulima berhafu iimeko ezinzima lokuhlawula. Ngoko abantu ebukhobokeni ubomi. iimfuno Ekusondeleni kwakhokelela ukunganeliseki ethandwayo, ubudlelwane kuxhotyiwe weRashiya kunye nabameli anayo waziva ngayo. Iliza yokuvukela eziye kutshayelwa izilawuli ezininzi, yaba kuvezwa. indawo Central, apho abantu beza kubasebenzi, iye Rostov. Emva kwakhe wavuka Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Suzdal. Kwizixeko ezininzi kwimvukelo kwenzeka ngo-1289. In yaseTver - ngo-1293 no 1327, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Emva kokuba wabulawa Cholhan, kukho isalamane Uzbek Khan, kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wabethwa ngamafama yerhafu, abasemagunyeni bagqiba ukunika i-Golden mkhosi ukuqokelelwa abathetheli lerhafu Russian. Bona ngokwabo babenze ukuphanga ahlawule anayo 'exit ".

"Iziphumo" yaye "izicelo '

Kukho uhlobo olunye ngokuqhatha - ". Isicelo" a Iimali ezongezelelekileyo eziye zaqokelelwa labantu xa Khans belungiselela amaphulo amatsha emkhosini. UYayiro loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, iingxaki zabo ezifanayo kunye nabanye ukwenza ubomi abantu, nodandatheko. Abalawuli hlokondiba ukuba kusilungele, ukuba eRashiya kukho ukungavisisani phakathi oozilawuli wobukhosi. Bona kuthathelwa ngqo abathetheli phakathi kwabo, lwahlwayela ingxabano phakathi kwabo.

Kwakukho kweli thuba, kwaye inkqubo iilebhile: oonobumba, ezibe linikwe abo ahlale etroneni. Ukuxhasa isikhulu sibe sinye, le khans iGolden mkhosi kumisa kuye omnye. Abo abanganelisekanga kolawulo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, wabizelwa i Khan, yaye sele kukho uchinyali impindezelo nxamnye naye. Loo ezimanyumnyezi eyehlela Mihaila Yaroslavicha Tverskogo kunye nonyana wakhe Fyodor. iinkosana ezininzi izinduna yawa bathinjwa ukuya Mongols.

Amagosa hlokondiba bekusoloko kwi Abathetheli lokhozi iimvakalelo zabo: ukuze bahlale benolwazi. Kule meko, ukuphuhlisa ulwalamano Russia kunye anayo.

Zolotaya Orda ngaphakathi

Xa Genghis Khan wamsukela nkqubo yalo emazweni, kucetyiswa ukuba sinyamezele kakhulu unqulo. Lo mgaqo ezithandwa umlawuli kunye nabalandeli bakhe. Ngenxa Khans bazama ukuba sihlale wahlobana ibandla: bakhululwe irhafu, banikwa iilebhile - iileta. impembelelo yakhe kwicawa wayenethemba ukoyisa khans anayo sixhathise abantu Russian. Ubudlelwane ezinjalo Russia kunye Golden anayo waqhubeka iminyaka emininzi. Kodwa izinto azizange ukuze nakwimo Mongolian: ibizwa kwakhona eqwengiweyo iingxabano bondage, kwaye buthathaka.

Kwaye Russia ngeli xesha, xa ngenkulungwane XIV, iintshukumo ethandwayo baye bazama ukuba ukudelela Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe. Ukuze ukuba kuphulukana nempembelelo abantu, ibandla kunye nabalawuli zatshintsha ukuma kwabo. Ngoku ukuxhasa inkululeko Russia ukusuka Mongols.

Ekuqaleni ekupheleni

I wokuqala wavakalisa inkxaso ingcamango yokuba yenkululeko Sergiy Radonezhsky kunye Metropolitan Alexei. Kulikov ekulweni, lwenzeka ngo-1380, bazisa ngokoyiswa abendlu ka Mamaia kwaye kakhulu buthathaka anayo. Ngowe-1408 - Yedigei ngo-1439 - Khan Ulu-Muhammed wenza i uhambo ezaphanzayo eRashiya: Isifo zabo kwawona. Kodwa eminye iminyaka eli-15 ukuhlawula irhafu kurhulumente Tatar-Mongol. Phantsi kwale mvelaphi, eRashiya kunye anayo (iingxaki ubuhlobo lalonyukile) watshintshela iindima: Russia olumanyeneyo Wazomeleza uSirayeli, yaye anayo - buthathaka.

abalawuli Mongol baye iingxaki iCrimea Khanate: imeko ngabo bavela kakhulu. Lo mzuzu kwimbali lokusetyenziswa Ivan Iii: ngo-1476 wala ukuhlawula irhafu kwi-mkhosi. Kodwa ke inkululeko lokugqibela Russia kwenzeka kuphela 1480, xa Han Ahmed wathabatha enye kumadabi. Le nkampani iye akuphumelelanga, wazisa esinye ngokoyiswa Mongols. Ngoko ke, ngokuthe ngcembe ndakwazi ukutshintsha ukuzalana Russia kunye anayo Golden inkululeko kwidyokhwe.

iingxaki yokuphazamiseka

Kunzima ukuba phantsi iinguqu ezithi zenzeke ebantwini noluntu ngexesha kwezi ziganeko elide zembali. Okubuhlungu kukuba, kwadlula phantse amakhulu emithathu, kubathetheli kunye sigqibo elite yonke uyayiqonda - ngamandla umanyano. Ngemva kokusinda Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe, abantu baseRashiya zaye bamanyene sikwimo kwindawo enye. Yaba plus kwelo xesha. Kodwa singenako ukuyiphika le yokuba umphumo kakhulu kuphuhliso mazwe omabini, leyo Russia kunye anayo. iingxaki ukuphazamiseka kwadala ulibaziseko yombuso Russian ukusuka kuphuhliso ngokubanzi European: elo lizwe lisekhona ixesha elide ukuze achache kuloo neziphumo ezibi idyokhwe. Egungxulweyo imizi ezichithakeleyo Duchy efunekayo ukululama elide. Kodwa walondoloza ubuKristu Orthodox, nto leyo eye yaba ikhonkco kubomi babantu kunye norhulumente.