Komzimba - siseko yaye eli ... ngesihloko bioethics. Ziphathwe e Russia

Zonke izigaba umsebenzi ngobuchule umntu kunxibelelana ukuba iifom zazo lokuziphatha. Kwangaxeshanye bonke iimpawu ezithile.

Yokuziphatha - eyagcina iqwalasela imiba yokuziphatha yokuziphatha kwabantu. isifundo yayo familiarizes ngokusinika iyantlukwano lwemithetho kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Zonke iintlobo lokuziphatha imithetho ethile. Baya kuqwalaselwa inkqubo, neesampula kumgaqo lwangaphakathi zabantu. Isiseko soku bayamkela zama sokuziphatha. Olunye uhlobo lo ingqeqesho ufikelwa kwicandelo lonyango.

ukuziphatha medical

Le mfundiso esazisa ngayo umlinganiswa iphezulu yokuziphatha, ekufuneka umntu ogama ezandleni ubomi izigulane bakhe. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zonke imithetho ezisisiseko yokuziphatha equlethwe kuxwebhu ngokuba "iKhowudi yeeNqobo eziseSikweni ugqirha Russian." It wavunywa ngo 1994. ukuziphatha zonyango zemveli kulindeleke ukuba kulungiswe iimpawu zobuqu kunye nobudlelwane ugqirha kunye nomonde.

ziphathwe

Ubomi akemi ngxi. Ngelo langoku inqanaba lophuhliso loluntu iyafuneka xa kwakudalwa ezinye uhlobo lokuziphatha zonyango zobungcali. Lo msebenzi yenzelwe kukucacisa imida, leyo ukuba ukusetyenziswa ubomi babantu kunye nokufa. Zonke ezi zenzo kufuneka nakanjani bagcine yokuziphatha kunye nempilo yesigulane. Nantso selisiza ukukhuselwa ubomi bomntu Komzimba.

History of uphuhliso

Ziphathwe ngayo - into entsonkothileyo oluye lwenzeka inkcubeko mihla. Oku kuvele kwi US kwi 60s-70s zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Igama elithi "bioethics" yaphakanyiswa yi-American somdlavuza Potter ngo-1970. Yaba nguye lowo wambiza oogqirha kunye zebhayoloji bahlanganisa imigudu yabo ukuqinisekisa iimeko ephucukileyo zobomi. Ngokutsho uMbumbi, bioethics - ayikho nje inzululwazi ukuphila. Le ubulumko entsha, edibanisa ulwazi kushishino yebhayoloji kwaye ezikhoyo amaxabiso zabantu.

Ke igama elithi "bioethics", gama, okanye mandithi umxholo wayo, emva kwexesha elithile itshintshe kakhulu. Indawo yokuqala baya ukufunda ahlukeneyo yokuziphatha, yabantu, ezomthetho kunye nemiba yezentlalo, ukuba isiganeko negalelo transplantologicheskie zobugcisa zakutsha yemfuza lokuzala biomedical.

Xa yoma zenkulungwane yokugqibela eMelika kumaziko lokuqala zemfundo kunye nophando, leyo wafunda bioethics zadalwa. It yabhekisela ingqeqesho wafunda iingxaki iinkokeli zonqulo, iintatheli, nabezopolitiko. Ithatyathwa eminye imiba kunye noluntu ngokubanzi.

Ukuphuhliswa bioethics kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo kusebenze ukuzuza kulwamkelo amazwe Western Europe. Ekupheleni koo-, isifundo le ingqeqesho lifumene ingqwalasela enkulu eMpuma Yurophu (kubandakanywa Russia), kwakunye eAsia (ingakumbi China kunye Japan).

umsebenzi enkulu

Komzimba - imfundiso eyilelwe ukubona umahluko lezithuba ngemiba enzima yokuziphatha evela ngokunxulumene inkqubela kwinkqubo yophuhliso yalowo inzululwazi biomedical kunye neenkqubo. Le ngqeqesho ijolise ukuphendula le mibuzo ilandelayo:

- Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba abandakanyeke yitherapeutic yabantu?
- Ngaba kuvumelekile ekudaleni iindlela yemfuza "ebangela" ezizodwa umntu iimpawu ezinkulu yengqondo neyomzimba?
- Ingaba unayo imvume lezalamane womfi ukuba ucingo icetyelwe ukuvelisa amalungu ukuba yotyando abantu ogula?
- Ingaba kufuneka ndithi isigulana ukuba ugulela ukufa? Njl

Injongo bioethics kukufumana imiba eyamkelekileyo ngokwentlalo ukuziphatha izigqibo ezinjalo. Kakade ke, kukho amathandabuzo osemthethweni malunga nokuba bioethics zonyango endiyidingayo? Ngapha koko, kukho isifungo Hippocratic. Kuye iinkulungwane ezininzi efundisa izifundo oogqirha yokuziphatha. Kulondolozwe ubomi kwi indima yethu esebenzayo iplanethi edlalwe yi zesayensi ezininzi phambili. Balungiselela intshukumo, ebiza sokuvala ukuvavanywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. isifundo ngokuziphatha ifundisa uluntu kunye zebhayoloji, ukulwa ukukhusela okusingqongileyo.
yokuziphatha kunjalo Hippocratic kunye bioethics ukungaboni ezithile. Eyokuqala kwezi mfundiso zimbini sicacisa uhlobo loshishino. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, oko uhlolisisa indima ugqirha kwisifundo yokuziphatha, siyilwe ukuzalisekisa umsebenzi wayo kumguli. Isigulane kucingwa ukuba ukubandezeleka evela kumntu. Yena akafuni kwaye akukho inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ebomini bakhe. Komzimba Subject - isigulana njengesifundo esebenzayo yokuziphatha. Ngelo xesha yena uyakwazi ukubandakanyeka incoko okanye ulwalamano nokhuphiswano kunye oosonzululwazi kunye kumagqirha.

iimpawu

A uqeqesho omtsha emuva amaxabiso zemveli, ezifana imfesane kunye nothando, uxanduva yokuziphatha oogqirha kunye nenaneseneniya umonakalo siseko kumguli. Kuphela kwimeko yanamhlanje zenkcubeko nezentlalo, onke la mathuba Kukho isandi esitsha kunye nentsingiselo.

Komzimba Subject - a ukohluka kunye ukohluka ubuntu zomntu ngamnye. Le ngqeqesho liyalivuma ilungelo lomntu ngamnye ngokwabo ukuba ukuthatha izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ubomi bakhe.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba zebhayoloji okanye oogqirha njengoko iingcali babe nolwazi malunga indlela yitherapeutic kwabantu. Noko ke, ukuba ukuthintela izenzo ezinjalo, akakwazi. Kuyinto phesheya yabo abafundele umsebenzi. Yiyo loo nto enye iimpawu bioethics uphuhliso wayo inxaxheba iingcali ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Kule luhlu kukho zebhayoloji kwengqondo, oogqirha, iingcali zefilosofi, abezopolitiko kunye namagqwetha, njl Ngoko ayimangalisi, ukususela iingxaki ezivelayo ngokunxulumene nophuhliso amayeza kunye eziphilayo, zahlukile Untsonkothe ukuba isisombululo yabo kunokwenzeka kuphela kunye imizamo yabantu banayo ulwazi kunye namava.

Komzimba yenye inkalo ebalulekileyo: ibali sele kudala singqiniwe ukuba ukunyanzelwa zikarhulumente zikazwelonke, yembono kunye nezinye izinto ezixabisekileyo - ziyingozi kakhulu. Yiloo nto bioethics akukho nje bafunda imiba yokuziphatha evela ekuphuhliseni uluntu. Kunye nenxaxheba yayo wadala kumaziko ahlukeneyo uphawu uluntu onezigxina ezininzi. Umzekelo woku ke iikomiti zokuziphatha, abasebenza ezibhedlela kunye namaziko ophando.

Yintoni ugxile bioethics?

Isimilo kunye nempilo - yiloo isiseko isebenza ukwenza izindululo ezifanelekileyo yinzululwazi yale mihla wobudlelwane yokuziphatha. Iqwalasela ngxaki iphambili ilandelayo:

- ukubulawa;
- ukuzibulala;
- abohlukeneyo;
- ukuzimisela into yokufa;
- eksperimenti abantu kunye nezilwanyana;
- ubudlelwane phakathi ugqirha kunye nomonde;
- Umbutho abantu abagulela ukufa;
- abongikazi abantu abagula ngengqondo;
- wokuzala (surrogacy, ubunjineli yemfuza, njalo njalo).

imiba bioethical zinxulumene kumanyathelo kwicala ezisesikweni ezifana nzala kunye nocwangciso, kunye isisu. Bonke iintlobo mihla zokuphazamisana nemithi yenzalo.

Cinga, umzekelo, ukuqhomfa. nokuba kuhlukumeza umgaqo ezisisiseko Isifungo Hippocratic, athi: "Ngaba akukho nto imbi"? Nokuba oko kwenziwa ngayo ngokusemthethweni ngayo? Ukuba kunjalo, lonke ixesha okanye kuphela kwiimeko ezithile? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo zixhomekeke kwimigaqo yokuziphatha kunye noqeqesho zonyango yobungcali.

bioethical iingxaki ukukhathalela kunye amadlozi ngesirinji. Kwelinye icala, ubugcisa obutsha okuzala ichaphazela uhlobo lomtshato, nto leyo ixabiso ibalulekileyo zabantu. Kwelinye - kuba ezinye wabalingane ndlela kuphela ukuba nomntwana. Bioethics kulo mzekelo, ikhwelo ngohlangothi intonga xa neqanda kunceda abafazi lithemba, hayi uyasijika manipulation ngohlobo eksperimenti ethile.

impikiswano aphathwa bioethics, kuba surrogacy. Kule ndlela, a iqanda ukusuka abazali bemvelo igalelo isibeleko wankazana yimbi ngokupheleleyo. Le ngokwesivumelwano efunekayo ukuthwala umntwana. Emva kokubeleka, umntwana yena unika abazali ukuzalwa. Kwelinye icala, kuba ukuphululwa izakwenziwa engokoqobo bomntwana, kwelinye - ithuba kuphela ukuba ezinye izibini ukudala intsapho epheleleyo.

impikiswano enkulu nangoku egxininisa kwimiba efana yitherapeutic yabantu kunokwenzeka kunye nokuqhubekayo zobunjineli yemfuza. Ekuxoxweni kwawo icala yokuziphatha umba kuyo zebhayoloji kunye noogqirha, abezopolitiko kunye zobulumko. Musa uzakufun aukugqithisa ngapha ngxaki kunye ngabefundisi. Okwangoku, kukho ezimbini malunga ngokupheleleyo umbono. Omnye wabo livela yokuba ngezakhi kakhulu okubi kwaye ukhuselekile umntu kunye noluntu. Abaxhasi le mbono kukholelwa ukuba ngezakhi yindlela ukuphelisa izifo kunye ukungafi. Kodwa kukho uluvo esahlukileyo. abalandeli bakhe bakholelwa ukuba loo entamo kakubi. Ukongeza, kuza ngengozi engaba, ngenxa yokuba inzululwazi kodwa ukubona kwangaphambili ukuba zonke iziphumo yomzamo kunokwenzeka.

nemiba yomthetho kunye nokuziphatha entsonkothileyo kakhulu sidala transplantology. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, intliziyo zilinywe, isibindi, wemiphunga bone ezinomongo, njl Iingxaki kule ndawo ndizixhalabise imisebenzi kunye namalungelo loo mbutho, kunye nabazalwana bakhe, abasebenzi bezempilo, ekusekeni isibakala lokufa vuhlayiseki.

Enye kakhulu ngokushushu kuphikiswana imiba ethical namhlanje izinto ezifuna. Le ukukhawulezisa ngabom ukufa yesigulane, egqalwa esinganyangekiyo. Ezifuna eyenzelwe ukunqanda ukubandezeleka umguli. Eli nyathelo kuchasene izimvo zonke iinkonzo, kwakunye Hippocratic Isifungo. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, ekugqibeleni isonjululwe ngayo umbandela othile kuqwalaselwa.

Imigaqo ezisisiseko kwingqeqesho

Xa bioethics kukho nezimaphambili ezingundoqo. Science uxhomekeke kubo ekusombululeni iingxaki ngokungxamisekileyo ixesha lethu. Imigaqo ezisisiseko ziphathwe:

- ukuhlonipha isidima somntu;
- ukwenza okubi, kunye nokudalwa okulungileyo;
- ukuzimela umntu;
- sikhumbuzo ubulungisa.

Science ithobela imithetho emine. Le mfihlelo ke yinyaniso, kwaziswa imvume kunye inviolability malunga ubomi zabucala. imigaqo bioethics kunye nemigaqo yokuziphatha yenze zilungelelanise ntlandlolo isenza ngokunxulumene isigulana njengomntu ngamnye.

Development of ziphathwe e Russia

Zinto zifuneka kuqala ze kwingqeqesho ingqalelo wabonakalaliswa kwilizwe lethu ekupheleni koo ekuqaleni. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba bioethics baseRashiya nje kwavela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uninzi ubugcisa GCP zaye kuqala wadala kwilizwe lethu. Umzekelo esi sixhobo ukukhonza ukuvumela kwegazi extracorporeal. It wadalwa SS Bryukhonenko emva ngo 1926 kulo nyaka wavula Institute yokuqala yehlabathi ka Igazi. Ukongeza, Yankee 1931 Raven ekuseteni bezonyango belo kidney allotransplantation lwenziwa. Langutana yaba 1937 ze emva koko egcinwe ukusebenza yokuqala yehlabathi ka yokufakelwa ngumntu intliziyo kwezihlunu. Kweliso le VP experiment Demihov, yaye on probation Christian Bernard.

Kuyinto e eRashiya okokuqala ehlabathini ngo-1920, zonke izithintelo lomthetho ngokuqhomfa asuswa. Xa eko zenkulungwane lokugqibela, izazinzulu Russian Alexander School Serebrovskii uthotho yophando esisiseko ngenxa apho kwenzeka ukungqina isakhiwo entsonkothileyo zofuzo.

Uluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa zonyango kwi-USSR lwenziwa ngokufanayo nangempumelelo kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, le izimiso yophando lwenzululwazi eRashiya ebudeni bolawulo urhulumente waseSoviet abunjwe yokuzithenga. Esinye isizathu soku kwiimbono karhulumente. Science kwi USSR yayigqalwa kungekuphela nje amandla nabasebenza nzima, kodwa ke ixabiso liphezulu chelovekoobrazuyuschey yenkcubeko.

Noko ke, nangona oku, Komzimba eRashiya ngcembe waqalisa ukuba bafumane indawo yayo. Ngoko ke, lo sobulumko eSoviet Frolov wabuza umbuzo kwexabiso kwempumelelo zenzululwazi ukuze kuxhamle kwindawo yoluntu ngayo. Ngowe-1995, i-ngqangi yokuqala ashicilelwe M.K.Perova. Le ndlela Russian emva kwi 60s uqulunqe ingcamango yokuba inzululwazi uyimfama zonke zabantu.

A nqanaba entsha kuphuhliso ziphathwe

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, iRashiya uye wathabatha indlela nokulawulwa ngokwentando yesininzi. Le ndawo ezisisiseko ngokunzima waqalisa ukuba Komzimba. Ingcamango olu qeqesho rhoqo ndakutywina nje kuphela uphando, kodwa sokushicilela, amazinga sethiyori emfundo noqeqesho.

Inkqubo lombutho ngamaziko ophando Russian ngoku kwiiyunithi zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa zesakhiwo. Ezi ziquka icandelo bioethics, esebenza kumaziko RAS babantu, iilebhu Institute of Philosophy "Axiology ulwazi elungileyo isayensi" kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Ngo-2000, umgangatho yemfundo karhulumente ekwavunyelwana eRashiya. Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, ingqeqesho "Komzimba" kwenziwa inyanzelekile ekulungiseleleni abaziingcali kwizikolo zonyango kweli lizwe. Loo ndlela yamkelwa kwinkomfa zemfundo ngo-1995, nto leyo wathetha imiba yemfundo lobugcisa kumaziko ephakamileyo zonyango zoxubo mayeza nakwezemfundo Russian Federation. Intshayelelo Komzimba ke kucetyiswa ikhosi eyahlukileyo ekulungiseleleni abafundi kule minyaka eziphezulu.

Ngowe-1995 wabona ukukhanya kwenkqubo ekhethekileyo. Kuye obuyiyile Institute of ngokutsha kunye noqeqesho oluphezulu ootitshala beeSayensi zezeNtlalo ezoluntu e MSU. Lomonosov. Le program ilungiselelwe ootitshala, befundisa abafundi elithile "Biomedical Ethics".

Okwangoku, ukuze aqhelane iingxaki zezonyango namhlanje kunokuba imiba ethical kule ncwadi. ithandwa kakhulu kule ndawo ezi iimagazini "Umntu" (umhleli - BG Yudin) kunye "Umthetho Yonyango and Ethics" (umhleli - Myl'nikov IS). Kuba abafundi zonyango kunye neencwadi ezishicilelwe, ojongene bioethics. Yudin and Tishchenko, Ignatiev, Ivanyushkin, Siluyanova, amafutshane ababhali yamaphepha ezininzi kule sihloko.

izinto zefilosofi

Okwangoku, ingqeqesho lifunda nomba yokuziphatha ngolwalamano zezonyango namhlanje yaye umntu, wazigquma imiba emininzi. Ngenxa bioethics kwaye nzulu kakhulu sandisa ukuqondwa ngamnye kwimiba yakhe yokuziphatha kunye bendalo eziphilayo. Le mibuzo ingqalelo yile mfundiso, zisemngciphekweni of Sciences ezimbini. Le kwamathambo kunye eziphilayo. Njengoko ingongoma ephambili yale nobunzululwazi zezona zihlandlo yophendlo ye kuyiyo oyinyaniso woMntu.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngakumbi kukho inkqubo wesiseko yoluntu kwihlabathi bioethical. Oku lula izizathu ezibini - ehlabathini nasekuhlaleni. nguye owokuqala enxulumene amathuba neziphumo eziyingozi inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe amayeza kunye eziphilayo, ezo zihamba kunye ukuvela rhoqo iimeko ezintsha ingxaki lomlinganiswa yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko. Le meko ukusa kumkhamo othile kuchaphazela iimfuno kuluntu lonke abantu. gqolo ukwanda né wenkqubo utshilo. Oku kungenxa yokwanda ngokwentando yesininzi nobudlelwane kwezentlalo. Xa oku kucingelwa ukuba yenye yezona ilungelo loluntu lokuphila, kwezempilo, ekufeni kunye ukufumana ulwazi.

Isizathu sesibini sokuba uphuhliso bioethics, wengingqi, kumiselwa uhlobo oluthile kwale nzululwazi. Apha impembelelo yayo humanization kuluntu ngokubanzi kwaye bomntu, inkqubo leyo ebangela inguqu ziinqobo ezisesikweni zemveli kunye nemithi, amayeza, njl technologization Zonke ezi zinto kuluchaphazela kusini na uphuhliso bioethics kuzo zombini akhabayo kunye navumelanayo.

Namhlanje kwilizwe lethu kungekho buhlobo engagungqiyo ukuya actualization ngayo olu qeqesho. Noko ke, nkqu nabo banolwazi ixabiso humanistic imiba bioethical, sivuma inkqubo eqhubekayo ukuyilwa kwimbonakalo ezahlukeneyo. Maxa wambi ezifana kubonwa njengendlela yobomi ebekwe phezu kwethu West. Kucingelwa ukuba le nkqubo kujongela izithethe namasiko oluntu lwethu.

Kukho ngokupheleleyo uluvo koko. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba bioethics eRashiya nje akafuni kwendelisela iingcambu, kwaye ngenkankulu kuyilwa ehambisana nalo bulumko yokufundisa. Yayichaza zonke kwilizwe lethu, enye isithethe kwinkcubeko, inkolo kunye nezentlalo, kwingcamango kwengqondo.

Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo ukuyilwa Outlook bioethical na. Loo nto iya kufuna ukuqonda yentanda ezinye iingxaki zemveli. Phakathi kwabo, kwenkcazo Undoqo womntu, ubomi nokufa, unyango kunye nokufunyanwa, ukugula nempilo, njl

Biomedicine njengangoku livelisa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. ziphikisana ngandlela ezininzi impumelelo ityala layo kwezinye abantu umnqweno ukufezekisa ngandlel impumelelo amayeza kunye eziphilayo, ndibaphangalalisele ngako emngciphekweni. Oku kuya kuvumela abahlali ukuba babe silungiselwe wonke imiphumo iyenzeka.