Kwabantu - isayensi ufunda uluntu, ukusebenza kunye nophuhliso

Igama elithi "isosioloji" livela kwisiLatini "societas" (uluntu) kunye igama lesiGrike elithi 'hoyos "(imfundiso). Kulo kulandela ukuba isosioloji - isayensi esifunda uluntu. Sinikezela ukuba uqhelane nale intsimi umdla zokufunda.

Ngokufutshane kuphuhliso yokuhlalisana

Humanity kuzo zonke izigaba imbali yayo, bezama ukuqonda kuluntu. iinkcuba abaninzi lidala sathetha ngayo (Aristotle, uPlato). Noko ke, igama elithi "yokuhlalisana" kwi revolution yenzululwazi yaziswa kuphela 30 ngenkulungwane ye-19. Kuye yaziswa Ogyust akhawunti, sobulumko French. Yokuhlalisana njenge inzululwazi ezizimeleyo ngenkuthalo kwasekwa Europe ngenkulungwane ye-19. Eyona ngokuzimisela kwawo ababandakanyekayo izazinzulu, ekubhaleni isiJamane, isiFrentshi, IsiNgesi.

Umsunguli yokuhlalisana kunye ngegalelo lakhe kwinzululwazi

Ogyust akhawunti yesiseko - umntu, ngenxa apho kwakukho ukuvela yokuhlalisana njenge inzululwazi. Iminyaka ubomi njengoko - 1798-1857. Yayilixesha yokuqala wathetha ngemfuneko ukwaba kuyo yokuziqeqesha eyahlukileyo kwaye ukuxhasa imfuneko. Ngoko kwabakho yokuhlalisana. Ngokufutshane echaza igalelo ISAZINZULU, siphawula ukuba uza kuba ngowokuqala ukuchaza iindlela zayo kunye nendaba. Ogyust akhawunti yesiseko ngumseki kwethiyori positivism. Ngokwalo mbono, oko kuyimfuneko ekufundeni nesenzeko ezentlalo awohlukeneyo ukuseka isiseko ubungqina, efana has iinzululwazi zendalo na. Comte wayekholelwa ukuba isosioloji - isayensi ufunda uluntu athembele kuphela iindlela zobunzululwazi, apho ungafumana ulwazi ngezinto. Oku, umzekelo, iindlela lokuqaphela, lwembali lokuthelekisa uhlahlelo izibakala olu lingelo, indlela yokusebenzisa manani kunye nezinye.

Ukuvela isosioloji oye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufundeni yoluntu. Auguste Comte ecetywayo indlela yezenzululwazi ekuqondeni ngeengcebiso zayo bamchasa kwerandi ngayo, ngelo xesha wanikela ezikhona. Ngokutsho kwicala bulumko, ubunyaniso apho ahlala, ngamnye kuthi abazakhela ezingqondweni zethu. Emva Comte ecetywayo indlela yenzululwazi, iziseko isosioloji ibekwe. Ngoko nangoko waqalisa ukuba ibe inzululwazi ngezinto.

Ukuchaza umxholo wesifundo

De kube sekupheleni nembono 19 ngenkulungwane, njengoko inzululwazi lwentlalo ziyafana, akancedi ngezangqa zenzululwazi. Noko ke, uphando oluqhutyiweyo apha-19 - kwenkulungwane yama-20, theory isosioloji sele iphuhlisiwe ngakumbi. Yaqala kwabelwa, kunye zomthetho, ukubalwa, ezoqoqosho kunye neminye imiba kunye nezentlalo. Kulo mba, isihloko umdla kuthi, isayensi iye kancane ukutshintsha umxholo wayo. Waqalisa ukuba kuncitshiswa ekufundweni zophuhliso lwentlalo, icala lwentlalo.

Igalelo Emilya Dyurkgeyma

Sisazinzulu sokuqala ngubani obuchazele le ezenzululwazi ethile, eyahlukileyo ukusuka ezentlalo, yaba sobulumko French Emil Dyurkgeym (iminyaka yobomi - 1858-1917). Yaba nombulelo lowo isosioloji wayeka ukuba kuthathwa twatse ingqeqesho nenzululwazi lwentlalo. Waye uzimele, wavuka amanye ezentlalo.

Amaziko yokuhlalisana eRashiya

Imithetho kwabantu babekwa kwilizwe lethu emva ngoMeyi 1918 lamkele ngokwesigqibo CPC. It kwavezwa ukuba uluntu uphando ngomnye wemisebenzi ephambili kwinzululwazi Soviet. ERashiya, ngenxa yale njongo Institute sociobiological yasungulwa. ESt Petersburg University kunyaka efanayo wadala okokuqala ngqa kwisebe lemfundo Russian lwezenhlalo, elikhokelwa Pitirim Sorokin.

Kwinkqubo yophuhliso kule inzululwazi, ngaphakathi kunye nangaphandle, khetha amanqanaba 2: olukhulu kunye microsociological.

Olubanzi kunye microsociology

Macrosociology - kukufunda yezentlalo: amaziko emfundo, kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko, usapho, uqoqosho ngokwemigaqo kubudlelwane babo kunye nokusebenza. Njengenxalenye yale ndlela nathi abantu behlolisisa ababandakanyekayo kwizakhiwo zentlalo.

Kwinqanaba impefumlelwano abantu microsociology. Le thesis yalo engundoqo, ukuba izenzakalo kuluntu nga kuqondwe ngokuhlaziya ngamnye kunye neenjongo, izenzo, imikhwa, imilinganiselo ezibonakalisa ukuba nobudlelwane nabanye. Esi sakhiwo ikuvumela ukuba ukhankanye isifundo kwinzululwazi njengoko isifundo yoluntu kunye namaziko ayo kwezentlalo.

Lenin indlela Marxist-

Wavuka Ingcinga abangabaxhasi bakaMarx-Leninist indlela eyahlukileyo ekuqondeni ingqeqesho umdla kuthi. Kwabantu Model kukho-tiered ezintathu: Izifundo enokwehla, theory ezizodwa izinto zembali. Le ndlela luphawulwa ngumnqweno ukungena inzululwazi Marxism isakhiwo inqubo, ukwenza uqhagamshelwano phakathi eziphathekayo zembali (intanda zentlalo) kunye iziganeko ezithile lwezenhlalo. Lo mbandela uqeqesho kulo mzekelo uba ingcamango yentanda yophuhliso lwentlalo. Oko kukuthi, yokuhlalisana kunye nefilosofi enye into. Kucacile ukuba le indawo engalunganga. Le ndlela iye ingadibani yokuhlalisana ka Marxism kwinkqubo kwihlabathi ekuphuhlisweni kolwazi malunga yoluntu.

Thina unomdla kwisayensi ayikwazi wayicola bulumko ekuhlaleni, njengoko bebubalaselisa yokusondela yayo esizibonakalisa kwezinye magama kunye namacandelo, ngamazinga kunye zizibakala olwenziwe. Okokuqala, uphawu njengoko inzululwazi kukukwazi ukunyanga ekhoyo kuluntu imibutho yasekuhlaleni, ubudlelwane kunye namaziko ukuba kufundwa ngoncedo lwe data enokwehla.

Iindlela zezinye Sciences yokuhlalisana

Qaphela ukuba Comte wabonisa iimpawu-2 kule isayensi:

1) imfuneko isicelo isifundo yoluntu iindlela zobunzululwazi;

2) ukusetyenziswa kwedatha afunyenwe practice.

Yokuhlalisana kuhlalutyo kuluntu usebenzisa iindlela kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi. Ngaloo ndlela, ukusetyenziswa ndlela demographic kwenza isifundo yabemi kunye nemisebenzi yabantu ezinxulumene nayo. Psychological lichaza ukuziphatha kwabantu usebenzisa zengqondo zentlalo kunye neenjongo. Group, okanye indlela obschnostny kukuba ukufunda ukuziphatha adibeneyo kwamaqela, uluntu kunye nemibutho. nezifundo zenkcubeko kwabantu yokuziphatha ngokusebenzisa ngentlalo, imigaqo, izithethe.

Ngoku isakhiwo kwabantu umisela ukuba iqulathe ezininzi yemibono iikhonsepthi ezinxulumene ekufundweni kwiinkalo ezithile zezifundo: inkolo, ukusebenzisana usapho, nabantu, inkcubeko, kunye nabanye.

Eza level macrosociology

Xa ukuqonda kuluntu inkqubo, okt kwinqanaba macrosociological, ukuze sikwazi ukubona iindlela ezimbini eziphambili. Kumalunga zokusombulula, esebenza.

functionalism

theory lokuqala ezisebenzayo kwavela ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ingcamango indlela eyeyakhe ku Herbert Spencer (ingasentla), ukuthelekisa emphakathini ukuze ibe esiphilayo. Njengaye, kuba iqulathe ungamalungu amaninzi -. Zezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, emkhosini, zonyango, njl Ukongeza, ngamnye kubo umsebenzi okhethekileyo. Kwabantu uye ingxaki zayo ezithile ezinxulumene nezifundo le misebenzi. Hi ndlela leyi, igama theory (functionalism) apha.

Emil Dyurkgeym ecetywayo ingqiqo eneenkcukacha kule ndlela. Kwaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa R. Merton, T. Parsons. Iimbono ezisisiseko functionalism ilandelayo: uluntu kubhaliwe bendiqonda inkqubo izahlulo ezihlangeneyo, apho kukho iindlela ngazo sigcine ukuzinza kwalo. Ukongeza, imfuneko utshintshwano yendaleko eluntwini. ukuzinza kwalo kunye kwakheka kwi isiseko zonke ezi mpawu.

theory ukungavumelani

Njengoko theory functional (kunye bamathidala) zingathathwa ngokuba Marxism. Noko ke, oko kuhlalutywa isosioloji Western ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ekubeni Marx (umfanekiso wakhe uvezwa ngasentla) umthombo engundoqo yophuhliso uluntu ingqalelo ungquzulwano phakathi koluntu yaye yenziwa kwesi siseko, ingcamango nokusebenza kwayo kunye nophuhliso lwesicwangciso loo kwi yokuhlalisana yasentshona igama elikhethekileyo - theory ungquzulwano. Ukususela ngokombono Marx, ungquzulwano zeklasi isisombululo yayo - amandla uqhuba yembali. Kulo balandela imfuneko ngokuhlanganisa uluntu nge revolution.

Phakathi abaxhasi indlela kwibutho ngokwemiqathango ungquzulwano ukuze kuphawulwe izazinzulu isiJamani ezifana R. Dahrendorf kunye Georg Simmel. Le yokugqibela ingqalelo ukususela ubukho ithuku zokuthibana, nto leyo mandundu xa kukho wengxabano ozithandayo kuvela iimbambano. Dahrendorf wayesithi ukuba umthombo wabo eziphambili - amandla abanye phezu kwabanye. Phakathi amandla nokuba nakho kwaye ungabinayo ungquzulwano.

Eza level microsociology

Inqanaba lesibini, microsociological, kokubizwa-ephuhliswe iingcamango interaktsionalizma (elithi "intsebenziswano" lithetha "ukwenza izinto"). Indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso yayo wayedlala uCharles H. Cooley, uWilliam James, uYohane. G. Meade, uYohane. Dewey, H. Garfinkel. Abo abasungula ingcamango interactionist, wayekholelwa ukuba ziyalandeleka intsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa imivuzo udidi kunye izohlwayo - emva kwayo yonke le nto imisela ukuziphatha kwabantu.

theory indima indawo ekhethekileyo microsociology. Yintoni eyenzeka kule ndawo? Kwabantu - inzululwazi, apho iindima e-worldwork theory eziphuhliswe abaphengululi ezifana R. K. Merton, Ya L. Moreno, R. Linton.. Ukusuka kwinqanaba umbono lo mkhuba, ihlabathi lwentlalo - uthungelwano be zentlalo (isikhundla) ezinxulumene kunye nabanye. Bacacisa ukuziphatha kwabantu.

Ukuhlelwa Base, kwavumela yemibono nezikolo

kwabantu Scientific, iinkqubo zovavanyo zisenzeka eluntwini, ngokucalula nokwahlula oko ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ngokufunda amanqanaba uphuhliso yayo njengesiseko singathatha uphuhliso lobugcisa kunye nemikhosi enemveliso (J. Galbraith). Xa isiko Marxism kwi ngokwesiseko ulwahlulohlulo - ingcamango ukwakhiwa. Society ukuba zihlelwe ngokusekelwe lisalawula ulwimi, inkolo, kunye nabanye. Intsingiselo naliphi na icandelo lufuneka ukuqonda ukuba ngexesha lethu.

kwabantu Modern yakhiwe ukwenzela ukuba ikhona kwi ngcamango ngokulinganayo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezikolo. Ngamanye amazwi, ingcamango ingcamango iphela ukuyithenga. Izazinzulu baye baqala ukuza kwisigqibo sokuba iindlela ngqwabalala kule isayensi apho. Kodwa ke, umgangatho wabo ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ku vangama ka iinkqubo ezikhoyo eluntwini. Intsingiselo yezi ndlela kuxhomekeke yokuba isenzeko ngokwayo, kwaye akukho hlobo izizathu zayo, banikwe ukubaluleka engundoqo.

yokuhlalisana kwezoqoqosho

Le umgca yoluntu uphando, nto leyo ibandakanya uhlalutyo ngokwembono kwethiyori loluntu kwimisetyenzana yoqoqosho. abameli zayo Weber, Marx, Sombart, Schumpeter kunye isosioloji Economic nabanye -. Le isayensi lifunda iseti iinkqubo zoluntu zentlalo noqoqosho. Ukuba uyakwazi kurhulumente okanye iimarike, kunye nabantu okanye amakhaya. Ngoko ke, iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuqokelelwa kwedatha nohlalutyo, kuquka lwezenhlalo. Iingcali kwimicimbi koqoqosho sikhokelo indlela positivist, bendiqonda isayensi ufunda ukuziphatha naziphi amaqela emikhulu. Kulo mzekelo, ukuba akanamdla naluphi na uhlobo lokuziphatha, kwaye ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kunye kokufumana imali kwakunye nezinye izinto.

Kwabantu Institute (Russian Academy of Sciences)

Namhlanje eRashiya kukho liziko ebalulekileyo, ebhekisele Russian Academy of Sciences. Oku Institute of Sociology. injongo yakhe - ukuphunyezwa yophando ezingundoqo kummandla kwabantu, kwakunye nophando isicelo kule ndawo. I-Institute yasekwa ngo-1968. Ukususela eli xesha Liziko ephambili lizwe lethu kulo kwicandelo lwazi ezifana yokuhlalisana. Uphando kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukususela ngo-2010, yena lipapasha "Bulletin le Institute of Sociology" - zesayensi e-magazini. Lilonke inani labasebenzi imalunga 400 ngabantu, kubo malunga nabasebenzi bophando 300. Kwenziwa iisemina ezahlukeneyo, iinkomfa, ukufunda.

Ukongeza, iSebe Sociology GAUGN ISebe lisebenza ngokwesiseko eli ziko. Nangona eli khono zabhalisa abafundi abangama-20 kuphela ngonyaka, kuyimfuneko ukuba sicinga ngabantu abaye bakhetha ulwalathiso "yokuhlalisana".