Ezeza nezi ixesha New

Ezinye lwezona kakhulu uthatha indawo kwisithuba ebizwa mihla nowangoku. Xa Countdown iqala la maxesha? Yintoni ezifunyaniswe sele yenziwe ngelo xesha?

Ukuqala Age New

ixesha New wabhekisela kwixesha xa uluntu eqinisa kwi kwisigaba entsha amandla yayo yophuhliso. Kodwa xa kwenzeke oku?

Ngokuqhelekileyo obizwa ngokuba nexesha omtsha ngexesha phakathi kumaXesha Aphakathi and Modern History. Abanye bacebisa ukuba babale ukususela ngenkulungwane XVII, xa revolution IsiNgesi yaqala ngo-1640. Kodwa impumelelo nenkqubela kunye notshintsho eluntwini, ukuqala emva kwinkulungwane XV, kunye nabaphandi abaninzi bakholelwa oku sisiqalo sexesha elitsha okanye ixesha ekuqaleni Entsha.

Nokuba ekupheleni kumaXesha Aphakathi kwenziwa yezinto ezibaluleke nezi. Ngowe-1440, uJohann Gutenberg wasungula umatshini wokushicilela, yaye ngokuthe ngcembe nokuphuhlisa le ncwadi kuphela zonqulo, kodwa izifundo zenzululwazi eyonwabisayo. Ngowe-1492, Hristofor Kolumb wafumanisa Melika, amazwe aseYurophu iqala.

Society utshintsha zengqondo yaye libhekisela kakuhle lomntu. ENgilani ihamba kude kolawulo Catholic Church, kuvela Reform Movement kunye Protestantism. Liqala ukuphuhlisa inzululwazi, wadala uluntu lwezenzululwazi lokuqala: The Royal Society, isiFrentshi Sciences lasebukhosini. ixesha elitsha kunye XVI fyabo: wokubala ngomatshini, nempompo lwepolitiki, ukulinganisa, ikloko pendulum. Galileo Galilei owavela teleskopu, Descartes kukwadala nokulawula inkqubo. Kwakukho ngemicroscope, telescope kunye spectacles neglasi.

New Times qambo ukususela kwinkulungwane XVIII

Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII, asakhulayo oongxowankulu. I-revolution mveliso ikhuthaze uphuhliso capitalism kunye noluntu mveliso.

ezifunyaniswe yobugcisa kunye nezi banamhlanje wambi lizimisele ngokupheleleyo ngengozi. Ngoko ke, Dzhona Uatta watyelela ingcamango injini xa wajonga iketile uxhumayo isiciko abilayo. Thomas Nyukman wakha injini piston umphunga yokuqala kunyaka 1712.

G. Amontons iza kunye ithemometha igesi 1703, kulandele i ubushushu utywala ukusuka Rene Reomyura (1710). Dzhon Hendli noTomas uGodfrey wasungula kwesextant (1730).

Imfuneko imveliso yethishyu, ukhuthaza ceba i bokusonta zokuthunga oomatshini. umatshini wokuthunga First elilodwa lomenzi ngo-1790 Thomas St. Umbhali kumatshini kukujikeleza waba Dzheyms Hargrivs (1764). Ngowe-1893 Vaytkomb uJudson basungula "uziphu." Uziphu

izinto ezininzi namhlanje zenziwa ngenkulungwane XIX. Ngowe-1818, wafumanisa imithetho photochemistry, kwaye ngo-1839 N. Niepce, wasungula L.Dagger photo. Ngo-1769 i-engumFrentshi Cugnot wakha inqwelo phezu injini, yaye ngowe-1886 no G.Daymler K.Bents ceba abasebenzi yokuqala ukuya injini yepetroli.

AS Popov owavela kunomathotholo 1895, Nikola Tesla ngo-1893-1895 kudala unomathotholo, ngoko irediyo.

Uyilo lwakho olukhulu New Time - ibhalbhu Tomasa Edisona nokufumanisa kombane, le wayila yi X-reyi yi Roentgen kunye Ivan Pulyuem ngaxeshanye. Thomas Watson ngo-1876 waba yimbangi ifowuni de kube khona isithethi "uthetha yocingo", omashini abenziwe Aleksandrom Bellom.

Ezinye inventions bamaxesha mihla; iparashute, isikhephe, ipiyano, wasele ifolokhwe, ibhaluni. In XVIII-XIX kwiinkulungwane kwakhona owavela bhuqe, stereoscope, arc welding, kaloliwe, imidlalo kukhanya (kukhanya kuqala).

Eziqanjwayo ixesha Entsha

Contemporary uqala esibuyel'emva yayo kwinkulungwane XX, oko kukuthi ngowe-1918. Nangona inkqubela zeteknoloji wasondela kakhulu phambili. isithuthi zokuqala kwemoto kunye injini yenza kube lula ukuhamba imigama emide. Iindlela ezininzi ziye zaphucuka, nokuthobeka impindezelo atshiswe umbane.

Lifikile ixesha lokuba uphuhliso nenzululwazi yezobugqi. Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa nje chemistry yemvelo. In K Lanshteyner Ngenkulungwane XX evula iqela igazi, Freud wasebenza kwithiyori psychoanalysis, P. Ehrlich inika amathuba ichemotherapy. Alexander Fleming efumanise penicillin ngo-1929 - zintsholongwane yokuqala yehlabathi.

Iimfazwe kunye ungquzulwano phakathi kwamazwe ukukhuthaza ukufunda esebenzayo of physics namandla enyukliya. Ngowe-1905, A. Einstein ivula ithiyori ka, Bohr wasebenza ngemfundiso umyinge wemali-atom. Vula ngumongo-atom (Rutherford, 1911), radioactivity iisoyi (F. and I. Joliot-Curie, 1934), okokuqala fissile uranium ngumongo (Hahn, F. Shtassman, 1938).

Siye sifunde isithuba kwaye wenza izinto ezintsha ngeenkwenkwezi. reyi yesiqalo Vula (V. Hess, 1911-1913), umthetho Hubble malunghana na ukwandiswa indalo (E. Hubble, 1929). Iba nolwazi kwimitha cosmic (uKarl Jansky, 1931).

inventions Bright kunye nokufunyaniswa kwinkulungwane XX

Ezeza nezi ixesha Entsha mkhulu kakhulu kwithuba elidlulileyo. Ngexesha IMfazwe, iMelika kunye yiSoviet Union lokukhuphisana ekudalweni izixhobo zenyukliya, ngokunjalo ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni. Kukho uphuhliso lokuqala imijukujelwa, izitishi isithuba neenqanawa. ESoviet Union luqalisa Isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu zoMhlaba, enze amanyathelo okuqala ukuba uhambo ukuya enyangeni - phezu komhlaba satellite lasungula izitishi isithuba, matutu.

Ngowe-1961, uYuri Gagarin waba ngumntu wokuqala ukuya kutyelela isithuba. Ngo-1969 i-American Neil Armstrong gxada ngeenyawo phezu enyangeni.

Bona Armstrong ehamba phezu nenyanga luphumelele ukuba, kwinkulungwane olufanayo zange zizakhele umabonwakude. Igalelo kuphuhliso lo mqondiso kwezobuchwepheshe Vladimir Zworykin, uPhilo Farnsworth kunye nabanye.

Ngowe-1946 wadala lokuqala ENIAC computer, siphu- fyabo ngaphezu njengomatshini wokubala eUnited States. Umsunguli yokuqala computer kwase Charlz Bebbidzh ingqalelo.

izinto ezibalulekileyo xesha Entsha - kukwayinto entle vs sasiqubha I. Kusto (1943), le ntaka A. M. Cheremuhina (1930), injini ye jet V. P. buynov (1930), Teodora Meymana laser (1960) kunye ezabo-atom (1945). , igama umdali apho zigcinwa kwi ntembeko ingqongqo.

isiphelo

Ngethuba Nakule mihla nowangoku ngayo wayenze eninzi uluntu enkulu kunye ezifunyaniswe ezifanelekileyo nezi. Abaninzi kubo sisebenzisa namhlanje.