Labour kwemveliso - ifomula ukubala. yimveliso yabasebenzi Umyinge, ifomula

Labour kwemveliso yi ingummiselo jikelele eziphawula ukusebenza iindleko zabasebenzi ekuvelisweni kwempahla. yokusebenza yalo kwiindawo ezimbini ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengesixhobo: yabucala - ngokuphathelele umsebenzi ngamnye imveliso, ivenkile, amashishini, kunye noluntu malunga mmandla, ilizwe okanye iqela amazwe.

Kufuneka olu nani salathisi kwezoqoqosho kuluncedo ngokwenene esibonakalisa indlela abenze esisisiseko ukwanela kwemveliso, ukuqinisekisa, umzekelo, kwimeko ethile, njani imveliso eza kwenza umsebenzi ngamnye umntu-ngeyure (ngale ndlela, nguye kwingongoma nganye umgangatho yemveliso mpatheko luphawu kwezoqoqosho - ukuvelisa ).

Ifomula yokubala ikhona kwiinguqulelo ezininzi, ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kuthathelwa ingqalelo imiba eyahlukeneyo echaphazela imveliso. Yaye eninzi kubo. Ukuba sithethe ngayo kuphuhliso lweshishini, ezo zinto ziya kuba yayo esizisebenzelayo nasekuphuculeni umgangatho imveliso, ukunciphisa iindleko kunye neemathiriyeli, izisombululo ezintsha logistics kunye nokusebenza amandla, noun irhafu, kwakunye ukuphuculwa kobume eyinkunzi.

uqoqosho Russian kwinkqubo imveliso yabasebenzi ngamazwe

Inqanaba kwabasebenzi abahlala ukuvelisa izinto iimpahla ubonakalise processability yemveliso lwentlalo. Eli nani yinto kwingongoma ebalulekileyo uqoqosho lweli lizwe. Russia kwesi salathisi yinkokeli phakathi kwamazwe ico, ezibonisa ukukhula kwayo ukususela ngo-1999 ukuya ku-2011 ngama-60%. Noko ke, uphando lubonisa ukuba oku kukhula kuye kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba loo mini phambi, kwisithuba ukususela ngo-1989 ukuya 1998. lizwe ngendlela yehle imveliso. Ifomula yokubala amandla ayo, oluqulunqwe yi-Bank World wabonisa ukuba kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo i baseRashiya bakwazi ukuphucula kakhulu ukhuphiswano kuqoqosho. Ngo-2010, abasebenzi imveliso kuqoqosho Russian yaba 43% ye umgangatho kumazwe aphuhlileyo kwi Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (oko kuquka amazwe 34, kuquka amazwe US, Canada kunye EU) kunye ne-75% evela kumazwe kutshanje eziye wangena kuyo ekuhlaleni.

YeMbali nokuxatyiswa nemiba yabasebenzi imveliso

Uhlalutyo umdla malunga nemiba zomsebenzi imveliso eRashiya wabalisa PhD, intloko Centre for Uthelekiso Economic International Kudrov Valentin Mihaylovich. Wafanisa nemveliso eSoviet Union kunye United States ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Le Isazinzulu ukholelwa ukuba phantsi Khrushchev, lo ungumzekeliso ozise yiSoviet Union kwinqanaba ka-35% yenqanaba US, kwaye phantsi Brezhnev (ibanjwa umva ngamandla) lehla kakhulu - ukuya kwi-27%. Ngelo xesha langoku, ukuba boyise ntlekele, Russia waphinda ufikelele kwinqanaba le ratio, nokuba obugqwesileyo kancinci "Khrushchev."

Ngokutsho sisazinzulu, ukuphucula ukusebenza yemveliso loluntu ziya kuphucula indlela yoluntu, ekoyiseni iindima ongenziwanga zenkqubo ezinxulumene:

- iyasilela umbutho zabasebenzi ;

- umthwalo ngokupheleleyo amandla emveliso lixesha;

- abasebenzi yophicotho;

- imithetho yezabasebenzi ngokwaneleyo imingeni ixesha lethu;

- technologies ziphelelwe;

- izithintelo kwaye ingenalo novelwano;

- Ukungabikho lokukhuthazwa kwabasebenzi;

- yokunqongophala kwemali zemali.

WezaBasebenzi yemveliso ugxininiso lwangoku yoqoqosho nkqubo

ukukhula ngakumbi yimveliso yabasebenzi, abezoqoqosho baye bahlanganisa kunye nokwanda manufacturability. indlela Ebanzi awungeni ndawo. Amandla elawulayo, ekwenzeni isicwangciso-qhinga sophuhliso loqoqosho, ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka esweni ukuthotyelwa yeempawu zoqoqosho iindleko GDP kunye zizixhamlele imveliso yawo. Ukubaluleka ingxaki yokwandisa imveliso yabasebenzi kwavela ucwangciso yoluntu imisebenzi. Ngo-2012, lo mthetho № 596 yasayinwa Russian nguMongameli Vladimir Putin, ngubani liceba ixesha elide kwezoqoqosho nkqubo kude kube ngo-2018. Kolu xwebhu, sithetha nokwandisa imveliso kuqoqosho lwesizwe Russian ngesiqingatha, xa kuthelekiswa ne-level-2011. Ukuze kusetyenziswe le sicwangciso njengoko kuchazwa yi ngumongameli, kuya kuba kunokwenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa ngemizekelo ezintsha uqoqosho aleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, kumacandelo aphambili ezoqoqosho kufuneka zifike imveliso umgca kuwandisa!

Kakuhle eli ukwanda kwemveliso yabasebenzi

Ingxaki yokunciphisa iindleko zemveliso zizonke ngoxa kuncitshiswa kubo sakufumana okusebenza aphilayo okuluphawu zobugcisa zale mihla. Kulo mzekelo, inkqubo kwimveliso ngokwandisa akukho ifihlakeleyo, nto yenziwa ngokwandisa umthamo imveliso ngexesha ilondoloza umgangatho ophezulu ekumgangatho: yemveliso uba kakuhle ngakumbi. Le yokugqibela kuthetha kuphela ukwanda umthamo wayo; kodwa ukuhla iindleko unit; Umjikelo noun ejikeleza kwempahla; nokukhulisa izinga leengeniso.

Ukongeza, isiqhelo ixesha elide ekuphuculeni umgangatho womsebenzi kufuneka sikhatshwe ukwanda intlawulo yalo (njengomba ezikhuthazayo ekwandiseni yokusebenza imveliso ngamnye abasebenzi). Kwinqanaba yolawulo kufuneka uhlale kuthelekiswa, njengoko ukusebenza lamandla oluntu buthelekiswa ubutyebi lakhe. Kuluntu oluqhubela phambili kufuneka ngocwangco ngamazinga kunye iwonga ekuhlaleni umsebenzi bayo.

imveliso. Inombolo formula 1

Ngokucacileyo, ulawulo inkqubo ukwanda imveliso yabasebenzi kufuneka kusekelwe phezu methodology lokuhlahla nokuhlola. Izicwangciso ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule lamandla oluntu aqulunqwa ngoncedo kwezalathisi ezimbini. kwemveliso Classically uzimisele esekelwe kwiziphumo, ngokunjalo ngobunzima. Production singachazwa njengento QUOTIENT efunyenwe ngokwahlula umthamo iimveliso langabom (M) ukuya kuzanywa ukuba ngexesha layo lemveliso, wababala yabasebenzi owenziwayo (T) ophilayo (bona EQ. 1).

B = G / T (1)

Xaka - .. Ixabiso uguqulo ngokumalunga ekuqulunqeni, oko kubonisa kufuneka njani ixesha lokusebenzisa umsebenzi wemveliso lemveliso ixabiso ethile (bona ifomula 2.).

W = T / Q (2)

Kufuneka sicacise ukuba umthamo imveliso eyenziweyo ibalwa ixabiso (kakhulu jikelele aqhelekileyo) zendalo, wamanani-ububele ifomu.

Noshishino lokomba esilawulwa ifomu zendalo, kushishino ukukhanya - zendalo kakhulu. indlela lezaBasebenzi usebenzisa ubuchule ukuba eneneni sekudlule ixesha xa kuthelekiswa umgangatho.

Uphuhliso Ngokwesiqhelo ubalwa conditioner ngamathuba xesha, nto leyo ebonakalisa imizamo (chelovekoden, iiyure-mntu). Noko ke, kuyabonakala ukuba le formula kulinganisiwe, qualitative. Ngapha koko, xa kusenziwa, kuba ngumsebenzi nonlinear yemveliso. Ukubala ifomyula kungcono axhomekeke kwinani kwemveliso yabasebenzi (m. E. Ukuthathela ingqalelo isikali kwemveliso) kunye nokuveliswa besprostoynosti.

Labour kwemveliso: ixesha xi Uphuhliso olubanzi

Kakhulu ezithile yeyona ukuzalana imveliso kunye nomgangatho imveliso. Okwangoku, umbutho semi-oluzenzekelayo imveliso benamandla kushishino Russian. Kule meko, nokuphucula imigangatho yemveliso uya ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekwandeni kwenu kukusebenza "umsebenzi wezandla." Le meko yokugqibela, ukuba ongenamava, kuthetha ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela esi sicwangciso, yaye kwimeko apho umgangatho imveliso kokufaneleka kunciphisa.

ngokubanzi njani ukwandisa imveliso? Ifomula yokubala iza: ukwandisa ixesha ngosuku (mhlawumbi ngoku nqakraza kabini ngeveki ukubila imini-ezintandathu). Nenzuzo akazange kakhulu ukwandisa ngenxa yokuba iindleko ezizinzileyo kuhlala ingatshintshanga. Nangona kunjalo, lo gama kukhokelela kuphela enye into - ngezikhondo zamehlo zentlalo, "abakumgangatho ophantsi musa ufuna njalo, kwaye iiklasi ephezulu abakwazi."

Labour imveliso kumacandelo ezingezo-nokuveliswa kuqoqosho

Ngaba kuphela kwicandelo mveliso kufuneka ukuba kumiselwa imveliso yabasebenzi? Uqoqosho US, umzekelo, ubonisa notyekelo ukuya kwakuwo ebalulekileyo GDP share kweenkonzo. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2010 isabelo zemveliso zokufunda US GDP kwaba ngaphantsi kwe-20%! Ngoko kuba kucacile ukuba lobunjineli intsebenzo, uhlalutyo ugqibe ngamanye imiqathango ngaphandle ngokufaneleka kumsebenzi mveliso. Kubo, izikhombisi emfundo afanelekileyo ukusebenzisa iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo, ufikelelo kwi-data reference. Kwakhona, indlela eziqhuba ngayo kuchatshazelwa yi kwisakhono ulawulo kunye nokulungelelaniswa yeqela elisebenzayo.

Ngokuphathelele kwimigangatho yolawulo iikhrayitheriya ebaluleke kakhulu ulwazi lweempawu lweshishini kunye namava nolawulo uyiphathisiweyo ekhoyo.

imveliso. formula 2

Kuba ukufaneleka okukhulu kumiselwa imveliso olungumgubo (II) kuqaliswa emigudwini yayo ngoobani kunye kwemitshini factor. ziya Simple kuqwalaselwa nge CRC (ratio bengasebenzi), ichazwa lulwahlulo xesha kanye yokumisa lilonke ixesha yokusebenza. Proizvozvodstvo lityale ku "umsebenzi manual", ezichithiweyo abasebenzi iya kubonakala T1 - iindleko zabasebenzi ngamnye kwabangelwa osebenzayo, kwaye B - Inani labasebenzi. Ngoko wafumana indlela yesibini ukugqiba imveliso (jonga ifomula 3.):

P = (G * (1 - CRC)) / (T1 * H) (3)

Noko ke, njengoko sele sitshilo, ingcamango ezintsonkothileyo non-linear na imveliso. Ifomula oko, ngokuqinisekileyo, kuxhomekeke nje kuphela into zabantu.

yemveliso ifomula kuthathelwa ingqalelo iindleko

Kubonakala ukuba ingxaki entsonkothileyo bona notyalo-mveliso - isibaluli ukusebenza kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Oku kusekelwe kuvavanyo yimveliso yabasebenzi ngokuhlalutya enemisebenzi yayo. Umtyali-mali kufuneka bakhokelwe kwangaphambili into ibiza kuya kubangela kumjikelo imveliso ye nkampani waseka. Ngoko ke, kucetyiswa ukuba ukuba ukuvavanya into ibiza kuya kubizwa intlawulo ngenxa 1 engange kwimveliso. Ngako oko, le ngasentla ifomula ziya kwandiswa kwi nenkcitho enxulumene kwiyunithi iindleko zokuvelisa kwiziphawuli: short-yesekethe (capital expenditure); EZ (nokuqhuba iindleko); P (iindleko wokulungisa); FROM (trudooplaty); (Iintlawulo kunye nerhafu) H; Njl (nezinye iindleko ezikhoyo (zolawulo, njalo njalo).

P = (G * (1 - CRC)) / (W * H * T1) = (G * (1 - CRC)) / ((EZ + RS + R + RT + H + Ap) * T1 * H)

izicwangciso zolawulo ukuphucula imveliso

Uqwalaselo phantsi isifundo kwimeko iimpawu zoqoqosho microeconomics lubonisa imeko multifactorial. Ukonakala phambili kuphuhliso lwezamazhishini lunikwa ingqalelo matshini. Ngenxa yoko, abangafezekanga eyenziwa ngabasebenzi lwemisebenzi yokubeka iliso nolawulo kudluliselwa ngokukhethekileyo izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezixhobo oluzenzekelayo.

Abaphathi abaninzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle, ukuqala iinkokheli inkampani, qala umzabalazo ngokuba nemveliso zabasebenzi ukuba amanyathelo lombutho: lula isakhiwo, ukunciphisa abasebenzi abakwazi ukumelana nemigangatho mveliso, ufunde ukuba namalungiselelo, noun emqolo-ofisi. Kananjalo ezisetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa uluhlu lweemveliso kwi kwingongoma nganye inzuzo.

yimveliso yabasebenzi avareji

iinkampani kakhulu ezinqabileyo kunye namashishini yokuvelisa avelisa uluhlu iimveliso, equka imveliso enye kuphela. Kucacile ukuba indawo nganye Uluhlu lwemveliso iquka iindleko ezahlukeneyo kwimveliso. Njengoko oku kumiselwa yimveliso yabasebenzi avareji? Ifomula egqiba imveliso avareji (V _s), lenziwa wamcacisela inani imveliso yamanani imveliso eyenziweyo ngenxa kuluhlu ngamnye umba (O _i), xa iphinda phindwe ukuguqulwa efanelekileyo into (K _i) (jonga EQ 4.):

In _a = Σ O _{i *} K _{i (4)}

Umlinganiselo efanayo kakhulu uchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- Chonga ixesha elide uluhlu ukuma ubuncinane;

- xaka naziphi na ezinye izikhundla zawo wahlulwe igalelo minimum yabasebenzi. Olu lulwahlulo oyifunayo.

Le mali-ekhankanywe ngasentla ngeemveliso ngokusebenzisa imiba ukuguqulwa othi imveliso iimveliso ezahlukeneyo ukuphuhlisa iyunifom, ukujula ubuncinane.

isiphelo

Ukuze kufikelelwe kwinqanaba ikhoyo yimveliso yabasebenzi, ingakumbi abatyali-zimali kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo imiba emininzi: umbandela, zobugcisa, izibonelelo zemali ezizezalo. Bonke bephela, le meko kufuneka ngokubanzi ithathelwe abaphathi akhawunti ukwenza isicwangciso mbiso ngokwenene kunye nemveliso ngempumelelo.

Kodwa, nkqu nentlangano ilungileyo indima ekhokelayo inkqubela imveliso yabasebenzi kwi nkampani ephethwe yi-yabasebenzi bebonke: imveliso kunye nabasebenzi nonproduction. Kuyinto aba bantu ngaphezu kwakhe nabani na abone amathuba bayimarike ekungekafikelelwa inkampani "zabo". Ngako oko ke, kufuneka sibe nomdla ngentsebenziswano ne yolawulo yenkampani: ukufumana amathuba ukwanda kwemveliso: ukwandisa imveliso, ukonga iindleko, ukunciphisa ngamandla abasebenzi.

Ukuba izinto abasebenzi zemveliso lweshishini yenza ngokungangqalanga - ngokusebenzisa ulawulo, phezu koovimba - ngqo. Zeziphi iindawo zolondolozo? Impendulo elifutshane: ngumsebenzi yohlengahlengiso ngeendlela ezimbini: yobugcisa kunye lombutho. Namafa, njengoko kuchasene izinto (iindidi non-qhinga) abhalwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye kwizithuba ezimfutshane ixesha, ukusebenzisa kwabo ibonisa Amaqhinga bakhulise imveliso ngoku.