Ulawulo labalawuli. Makhosi ehlabathini. umthetho uKhesare. - umbusi le ...

amandla Imperial unembali ngokwanelisayo elide. Zivela eRoma yamandulo ukususela kwixesha loMhlekazi. abalawuli World waba namandla angenasiphelo, yaye elo gunya ngaxa lithile negalelo ekukhuleni nanto karhulumente kunye ukongamela zomlawuli walo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko kwakhokelela ekubeni iziphumo enkulu yezoqoqosho, ezentlalo nezopolitiko. Yiba ukuba kunjalo, umlawuli idlale indima enkulu kuphuhliso lwe kwimbali yoluntu.

Intsingiselo "loMlawuli"

Ubukhosi yokuqala ihlabathi baseRoma, yaye ekuqaleni akazange ezinjalo. Kwiminyaka yenkqubo republic ngelizwi "umlawuli" libhekisela zonke ezikhundleni eziphezulu, eyaziyo, yoluntu, emkhosini okanye iijaji zelizwe. Ezi ziquka bamabutho, consuls, oomantyi, njalo njalo Kamva le isihloko yasetyenziswa ngokunxulumene kumntu omnye -. Irhuluneli karhulumente - yaye wayethetha unlimited amandla, ezibanzi. Enyanisweni, lo mlawuli - nguye yedwa, igama lakhe umthetho, yonke into ilawulwe kuye konke kuxhomekeke kuye. Akukho sigqibo ebonakalayo sidlalwa kumhlaba uBukhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe buqu okanye umyalelo.

amandla omkhosi

amalungelo mlawuli ayefana mda. Amandla buzinze ezandleni yomlawuli, ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe ngokweendidi ezintathu ezibanzi: yoluntu, yomkhosi eyenkundla. Ngokufutshane, xoxa umba ngamnye ngokwahlukeneyo.

Lo mlawuli igunya aphezulu emkhosini. Ukuba nguye umphathi njengowongamileyo, waza wazisa onke amajoni isifungo nokuba umntu okanye umfanekiso wakhe.

abalawuli baseRoma wababela zonke izikhundla umyalelo umkhosi ngokokubona kwayo. Inani nokwakhiwa ubungakanani semkhosini kwakhona kuxhomekeka ukuzimisela lomntu Bamthwesa. Umlawuli wayenelungelo lokuba zenze imfazwe baze benze uxolo.

ayinakonganyelwa ngoorhulumente

Lo mlawuli yokuqala Oktavian Avgust nasekulilandeleni wayekuthanda ilungelo elikhethekileyo ukuqokelela irhafu, kwaye ukuqeshwa yobukhulu balo ngokokubona kwayo. Kwakhona iquka inani elikhulu iirhafu, izipho babizwa ngokuba ukuba thaca phantse bonke abemi ubukhosi, ingakumbi abo amandla ubuncinane abanye ezandleni zakhe.

Enyanisweni, lo mlawuli - ngumnini yonke ngokupheleleyo into kwi kummandla kaRhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, akwazi lithathe ipropathi yakhe nawuphi na umntu ukuba "neemfuno Empire." Yena ngokwakhe uchitha nasiphi na isixa yobuncwane angalawuleki.

Isiqingatha amaphondo ombuso yaba wathobeleni ngokupheleleyo umlawuli, kwisiqingatha sesibini yayisonganyelwa iNdlu yeeNgwevu, kodwa enyanisweni kwenzeka ukuze amaphondo kunye iNdlu Yeengwevu wayeyincutshe epheleleyo ukumkani, imimandla yomntu ngamnye kumntu wonke ebusweni babo.

Lo mlawuli italente ilungelo lokuba nabani wayengummi waseRoma. Ngelo xesha yena wenza kuluhlu ifihla omkhulu yokuziphatha kunye nobomi zabucala zamaRoma. E. Wayengakwazi ahlasele yabucala ngummi, kwaye wonke umntu ebeyithanda lo isikhundla ekuhlaleni, uye kuye irhuluneli.

igunya yenkolo

UMlawuli waseRoma - le abangooBhishophu ephakamileyo. Inani elikhulu iinkolelo ukulwa phezu indawo enkulu ubukhosi, esibe inceba kwirhuluneli, kuquka eRoma ngokwayo. Njengokuba kubhaliwe yaziwa, ekuqaleni wabahedeni, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha unqulo monotheistic - Christianity - kwathiwa karhulumente. WoMlawuli ilahlwe zonke izenzo zonqulo, ukongeza koku, yena wanikwa ilungelo kuphela kweliso phezu iklasi inkulu zababingeleli.

UNojaji

Lo mlawuli yaba umgwebi kwilixa lo mbuso omkhulu. Inkundla ke igunya lokugqibela, ngoko ukuthetha. Izigqibo ezenziwa irhuluneli, akaba nako ukulandela isibheno.

Ukongeza, yena sanikwa amagunya okuwisa, nangona eli lungelo ivakaliswa ebomini kuphela emva kokuba kufunyenwe imvume yeeNgwevu. Nangona kunjalo, lo mlawuli ukuba akhuphe lwemithetho okanye imimiselo ukuba amandla umthetho ngenxa yoluntu lonke.

Kumaphondo, irhuluneli wegqitha iirhuluneli zakhe igunya - mkhosi, owenza egameni layo kwaye kuphela xa umdla wabo.

Isihloko soMhlekazi, uMlawuli okanye abantu abanyulwe nguThixo

Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka ukhankanye abalawuli ekhethwe nguThixo. Ngokusemthethweni, le isihloko wanikwa Octavian kuphela, kodwa ngokuba Agasti nabo bonke abalawuli ezilandelayo bukhosi. Yintoni le isihloko?

August - oku nje umntu onegunya, isidalwa engcwele. - umbusi Sisithunywa kaThixo, phezu ideology, yatyhilwa nguThixo ukulawula izifundo. kwisihloko mlawuli kwakuthetha amandla umlawuli, isihloko Agasti kwakuthetha ubungcwele bakhe. Ngoko ke, lo mlawuli igunya nayo likaThixo. Izifundo kwafuneka ukuba ukunyanga umlawuli uthixo, apho le nto ngaphantsi njengemithetho-impiriyali kunye nezinye izenzo baba lokukwekwa, ukuba uthathe ingqalelo thina into yokuba ukholo ngokunzulu phantse yonke nelabantu bukhosi.

Imbali emfutshane

Kwathiwa ngasentla ukuba gunya intsukaphi uBukhosi baseRoma, waza waba umlawuli wokuqala Octavian wafumana isihloko Augustus. Kulo nyaka 395 BC. e. UBukhosi baseRoma yayahlulwe eMpuma West. Ngenxa yoko, i-West yawa 476. Nangona kunjalo, i-Eastern uBukhosi baseRoma lathatha phantse 1,000 iminyaka, yaye ekuziseni kombuso. Ukuba yinxalenye ye-East, kamva ngokuba baseByzantium, obulawulwa abalawuli.

Ulawulo labalawuli kwi-West, waba zavuselelwa 800, xa lo isihloko uKarl Veliky, yaye kamva Otto I (ngo-962). Kamva isihloko loMlawuli phezu abalawuli kwamanye amazwe, kuquka France kunye odumileyo uNapoleon, Austria-Hungary, eJamani, Brazil, Mexico kunye nabanye. The iQueen Victoria ngo-1876 wavakaliswa uKumkanikazi of India.

Ndimele ndithi ukuba gunya yayikhona kuphela inkcubeko yaseYurophu, kodwa Asia and Afrika. Kule ncwadi umntu ukufunda ukuba abalawuli China, Siam, Ethiopia, Turkey, Japan kunye Morocco wabhekisela kungekuphela nje ababusi.

Amakhosi e Russia

Ukumkani igama ngolwimi Russian livela kwisiGrike, okt. E. Ukusuka uBukhosi baseByzantium, lo gama kugcinwe ixabiso layo. version yayo yoqobo - "uKesare", "Cesar" - ngokuthe indawo yi-eziqhelekileyo kuthi, ibinzana elithi "ukumkani".

Umlawuli yokuqala isithsaba tsar eRashiya, ukuba uYohane IV, apho mbali baseYurophu baye ngokuba inkwantyisayo inkohlakalo isityholo ngokungenabuntu. Waba ngukumkani 1547, kwaye urhulumente ke ngoko ngokuba ubukumkani Russian yaye ebekhona phantsi gama de 1721.

Romanov, wanyukela kwetrone 1613, nabo ookumkani, kodwa hayi zonke, kuphela uMikayeli, uThemba, uTheodore, uYohane V, Nozipho noPetros I ukuya 1721.

tsars Russian kunye nabalawuli zanikwa unlimited, ngamandla ingundoqo, ngoko ke, ithuba lolawulo lwabo ubizwa ngokuba ilixa absolutism.

Kuba isihloko tsars Russian nalo isithole intsingiselo engcwele, nabo, nabo, baye othanjisiweyo kaThixo kwaye enze ngokungathi igama likaThixo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ookumkani, abalawuli kunye kamva kuhlangene ukholo Orthodox, kungekhona ithuba iSoviet, awazibhukuqayo amandla nabalawuli, wathi kwimfundiso imfazwe - ayazi ingozi abe inkolo, yaye baqonde yintoni indima kwi umbusi woqobo yaseRashiya.

abalawuli Russian

Le tsar lokugqibela Russian kwaye umlawuli yokuqala uPetros I. Yaba kuye 1721, wabelwa isihloko loMlawuli karhulumente Russian. amandla akhe angenasiphelo kwaye zandiselwe kuzo zonke iinkalo amandla kunye noluntu. Nguye lo mkhosi njengowongamileyo, waza wasinika kunye namasebe aphezulu zokunxiba lomthetho nelesigqeba.

Ulawulo labalawuli etroneni umele Romanov ubukhosi, leyo ngamandla iminyaka engaphezu 300 - ukususela 1613 ukuya 1917. Ngeli xesha, urhulumente iphumeze loo Impumelelo eye ube yinkokeli kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho. UMbuso Russian yaba ukubangisana kuphela ngelo xesha. Kukho imibono, ababhali-mbali ohlonelwayo kakhulu ukuba iRussia watshabalalisa uphuhliso yayo, ukusongela iinkokeli ezinye States, ingakumbi iBritani neUnited States. Abalawuli Russian ngempela abanombono ngolo ilizwe labo kunye nabantu zabo, yonke into abayenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente nempumelelo, kwaye kwandise umgangatho zifundo ophilileyo. Le yokugqibela Russian koMlawuli de facto Nicholas II, ngubani de jure - Mihail Aleksandrovich, umninawa wakhe.

Ixesha lokulawula komlawuli alikapheli okwangoku. Okwangoku, kuphela uMlawuli lokuvala kweli hlabathi - ngumlawuli Japan. Waye isithsaba-12 Novemba 1990 ukuya yanamhlanje umlawuli nyaka-82 ubudala 125 yenza imisebenzi yayo.