Mycology - ngayo ukuba isayensi?

Ubomi on Earth limelwe ezininzi zonke iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana makhulu ezahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezihlala kunye nemvelaphi. Kodwa kukho abantu ezahlukileyo iindlela zethu yesiqhelo yobomi ukuba akukho sezandleni ukuba izityalo okanye izilwanyana. Ezi emangalisayo, ezifana ukuza kuthi evela kwenye izinto iplanethi ebizwa fungi. Mycology - isayensi izifundo kuzo. Mycologists baqokelela bahlele ulwazi malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo amakhowa, leyo ngoku ngaphezulu kwe-100 lamawaka. Oku kwaziwa kuphela iintlobo ngenzululwazi, kukho imbono yokuba eneneni iindidi inkcubeko mushroom ibanzi kakhulu, kunye nolwazi yangoku ngawo - kuphela ukuhla elwandle.

bamathanga ukuyo

Ukuba ucinga ukuba amakhowa - oku kude abahlala ehlathini, maxa wambi zihluma phakathi komzi, ngoko engalunganga. Le umoya ezaliswe imingxunya, ingakumbi ehlotyeni. Ezi eziphilayo yonke, ukuba asirhawule yonke indawo, kodwa ubukho babo akukho lula ukuba uqaphele. Emva mkhuhlane - ngokwaso mycelium, imizimba fruiting hayi, njengoko abantu abaninzi ngempazamo bakholwe.

imizimba Fruiting ziyafuneka ukuba ukusasaza inkcubeko mushroom, ngoko ubungakanani nemilo kukho iyantlukwano enkulu, ebonisa ikhono omangalisayo eziphilayo ukuqhelana naziphi na iimeko.

amanyathelo okuqala

Njani asakhulayo mycelium entsha? Konke kuqala nge imbewu ezincinane saa ngumoya okanye izilwanyana. Zezi elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba esimeni sokulala kude kukho iimeko ezithandwa intshule. Emva koko, ingxoxo ngamnye iqalisa ukuvelisa kwayo, leyo kamva zenze mycelium. Oku kufuna zeendawana, oko kukuthi, i medium kwezondlo afanelekileyo uhlobo oluthile nomngundo. Njengoko zeendawana yokudla, lo mycelium sikhula, ukufunda ummandla ngakumbi nangakumbi, le mycelium omdala uyafa. Ezinye izinto babe ubude ngaphezu kwesinye sekhilomitha. Oku kwenza makhowa abaphilileyo into inkulu on Earth.

fruiting

Mycelium, kungakhathaliseki ukuba unamandla kangakanani, azikwazi ukukhula ngonaphakade. Ngoko ke, ngaxa lithile, uvelisa umzimba fruiting kunye imbewu eza kudala fungi ezintsha. Mycology ukufunda onke amanqanaba ekukhuleni ezi izinto ezimangalisayo. Kuyinto ngenxa kule inzululwazi, siyazi kangangokuba ezi zidalwa engakholelekiyo. Ngoko ke, mycologists isifundo kwamenza ukuba agqibe xa iimeko ezikumgangatho ophakamileyo, mycelium uqalisa uxakathe iziqhamo, ukuvelisa iziqhamo ngaphandle komzimba.

imizimba Fruiting of nomngundo kakhulu kwahluka kuzo zombini imilo nobukhulu. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba zinokwahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamalungu ezifanayo iintlobo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ekhulayo. Ekugqibeleni, xa umzimba isiqhamo ibunjiwe ngokupheleleyo, cap mushroom uyamvulela, ukukhupha izigidi imbewu ezincinane emoyeni, iyileyo ibe mycelium entsha.

mushroom iintlobo

Mycology - yinto inzululwazi eselula, kodwa idatha eqokelelwe adepts yayo nzima nje yabengezela. Kubonakala ukuba ezi ntsholongwane ukubamba ezahlukahlukeneyo substrates. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iindidi fungi zikhule kakuhle kakhulu kwi ngezidumbu zezilwanyana okanye indle yawo. Abanye bakhetha abatya nokutya oku, yaye ezinye iintlobo amarhamncwa kwaphela.

Le yokugqibela zihlala emhlabeni kunye inyamakazi ziintshulube ezincinane ekuthiwa nematodes. Avelisa umsesane encinci mycelium, apho ngokukhuselekileyo emileyo ixhoba xa ewela komnye umzi kuloo makhonkco. Kukho kwakhona amakhowa, bakhetha ukutya ngokohlobo izinambuzane. Bona ngokoqobo kudla izinambuzane Lilishwa ebephila ngaphakathi, ngoko ukuze bamphose iimbambano umzimba engenanto ye ixhoba lakhe. Kukho iimeko mpi nxamnye Colorado neetapile qongqothwane yi zomngundo predacious.

fungi ezincane

Kakade ke, kunzima ukuba uqaphele ukuba, mushroom enkulu ngobukhulu, ngokuziqhenya ezinde ngaphezu komhlaba. Noko ke, iintlobo ezininzi ubukhulu kakhulu elingene ngakumbi. Wonke umntu uqhelene nokuvunda kwaye nabanye abameli zobukumkani mushroom efinyeziweyo. Ezi bamathanga kakhulu ngeke miss ithuba labo. Xa kuwa imbewu kwi zeendawana efanelekileyo, ngoko nangoko iqala inkqubo overgrowing.

Kodwa impikiswano singqongwe yonke, nkqu Antarctica, umoya uqulathe inani elithile kubo. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwa ezincinane mycology zonyango fungi. Njengoko yaziwa, loo penicillin yokuqala zintsholongwane yayifunyenwe ngenxa amakhowa ezincinane, kwakunye antibiotics ezininzi alandelayo kunye neziyobisi. Kuphela kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuze unciphise umngcipheko negazi kwaye inciphise iindleko zokuvelisa, saqalisa ukudala antibiotics zokwenziwa.

Isicelo kushishino yokutya

Amakhowa inokuba uhombiso nasiphi itafile. Nkqu gourmets ezininzi Sophisticated baqonde imizimba fruiting ye nomngundo ngenxa ezizodwa zazo, akunamsebenzi nokuba yintoni musa ukuva incasa. A iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo ivula i umda ngokubanzi amathuba zokupheka. Kodwa ke ukusetyenziswa fungi kushishino ukutya ayiphelelanga banal ukutya imizimba yazo fruiting.

Isimanga, uninzi olunikezwa iivenkile ziqulathe fungi. Umzekelo, singasathethi igwele - elinye izithako ethandwa yokudla. Nkqu incindi yeziqhamo ibe umlinganiselo othile nomngundo kakhulu, ukuba isingxobo unalo othi "eyome." Ngoko ke singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba ezi zinto ziphilayo ngokuqinileyo kakhulu akhuselweyo ebomini bethu, hayi ntoni ukwazisa isininzi kuthi. Ngoko ke mycology - le yenye kwamasebe ibalulekileyo bezenzululwazi ezinokuthi ukunika ihlabathi kusekho okuninzi obafunyanwa ezimangalisayo.

ukukhuliswa Industrial

Ibiya kuthetha ukuba xa makhowa eziyingenelo ebantwini, kutheni kukhule kukuphi? Kodwa asingabo bonke elula kangaka. Uninzi amakhowa uyala ukuba akhule nge kwiifama mushroom. Inyaniso yeyoba, e-bume yendalo, ezi zinto ziphilayo kuba ubunzima yonxulumano oluphakathi, ngaphandle apho ubukho babo akunakwenzeka. Ngoko ke, townsfolk kufuneka uma- makhowa Oyster yesiqhelo yes. Abo ezithenjiweyo ezininzi ngakumbi, kufuneka nyukani niye emahlathini kwaye iqokelele ngokwakho mushroom sisiqhamo apha esimnadi.

Noko ke, abo fungi ukuba sikhulise zokugcina, ayibi elula kangaka. Isibakala sokuba ihlabathi mushroom lizele ukhuphiswano - izigidi imbewu babhabha emoyeni ngeli xesha balindileyo kwamaphiko. Mycology - yinto kwishishini kufuna inzalo eliphezulu. Ngoko ke, phambi kokuba wosulele omnye zeendawana okunesondlo eliphikisa ilungelo amakhowa, kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba umoya kwi gumbi ludlolo. Ukongeza, ukuba ufuna inzalo ngokucokisekileyo zezixhobo inxaxheba kule nkqubo, kwaye nkqu impahla zabantu, called conductive kufuneka ngocoselelo inzalo. Indlela kuphela unokuqiniseka ukuba Ekudubuleni kanye le nto uyifunayo.

Research Institute of Mycology. Kashkina

Esi sakhiwo umdla yenzelwe olunzulu ukufunda ngenzululwazi amakhowa, yiyo liziko kuphela hlobo yayo yonke Russia. Isebenzisa izixhobo zamva ukuxilonga i ezinzwaneni ngempumelelo, uze ujamelane naye. Ogama Center Research, imbeko emntwini, yiyo leyo ufumbethe ukuba mycology mihla - Kashkina Pavel Nikolayevich. Yaba nguye owathi ngo-1982 waseka iziko lokuqala mycological.

Ndafumanisa ukuba fungi ezincinane zingabameli causative i zizifo ezininzi, nto leyo enxulumene imboniselo kuqala. Ukongeza mycologists Kumbindi Science. Kashkina ukusebenza iqela immunologists, gastroenterologists, endocrinologists, urologists kunye nezinye iingcali. Ngenxa yemigudu emanyeneyo abasebenzi zonyango kunye nokusebenza unyango lwezifo Mycology enkulu. Kulo mzekelo eli ziko emangalisayo siqonde indlela luncedo kuluntu mycology. Santiago de Cuba, 1/28 - idilesi ye-Institute Research. Kashkina e St Petersburg.

Mycology elizayo

Kakade ke, isayensi esifunda nomngundo, elindele nekamva eliqaqambileyo. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto ziphilayo zisasazwe kuwo wonke umhlaba, loni phantse lonke kumphezulu wayo. Happy elizayo lungakhiwa kuphela ngentsebenziswano ezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo. Hayi nje abantu baxhomekeke nomngundo, inkoliso kwezityalo abanakuphila ngaphandle uncedo lwabo. Malunga ne-80% ye-flora emhlabeni ikhona ngenxa mycorrhiza - ngokuncedisana nomngundo. iplanethi yethu waba sithetha esikwaziyo oko, enkosi kwimisebenzi ezi bamathanga lithemba.

Abantu bayazi kakuhle fungi kubaluleke kangakanani. Ngoko ke, ukudala amatsha Mycology Research Institute, amawaka izazinzulu ukusebenza isifundo shishino. Igalelo mushroom zenzululwazi amayeza kunye yokudla kubalulekile. Amakhowa ukunceda abathandazi nabakhafuli babambe izithethe zabo twi namagqira aphilise ngoncedo sifo lwabo. Iziphumo eminyaka intsebenziswano umngundo kunye nabantu yaba uqeqesho yenzululwazi - mycology. Kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba lo inzululwazi mfana elindele nekamva eliqaqambileyo.