Nazi Party (NSDAP): iinkokheli program, iisimboli, imbali

EJamani ngowe-1920 ekuqaleni ikhona lwamaNazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), in Russian - Party Nazi, okanye NSDAP) ngo-1933 yaba iqela zomthetho kuphela ngamandla kweli lizwe. Isigqibo se umfelandawonye anti-uHitler emva kokoyiswa ngo-1945, itshitshisiwe, Zokuxinana Nuremberg ubunkokheli ulwaphulo-mthetho zayo ezaziwayo abaci olungasebenziyo ngenxa isisongelo kobukho bomntu.

ekuqaleni

Ngowe-1919 Munich, a kaloliwe Ndisempilweni Antonom Drekslerom waseka Party Workers German '(DAP) eqongeni weKomiti yomsebenzi Uxolo (Freien Arbeiterausschuss uboya einen guten Frieden), nto leyo nayo yasekwa yi Drexler. umcebisi wakhe - Paul Tafel, umlawuli nenkokeli Pan-German League, wanika ingcamango indalo a wesizwe iqela elalithembele abasebenzi. Phantsi iphiko WCT ukususela ekuqaleni kuye amalungu angama-40. Inkqubo yezopolitiko iqela belingekafiki aphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo.

Adolf Hitler wajoyina i-DAP series ngoSeptemba 1919, yaye kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva kwabhengezwa "Le nkqubo ngamanqaku amabini anesihlanu," ibange kunye nokutshintsha igama. Ngoku ekugqibeleni wazuza igama layo njengoko Party yamaNazi. Hitler yena weza amatsha ukuba iSocialism National sele zashunyayelwayo ngeli xesha eOstriya. Ukukhuphela igama iqela Austria, uHitler ecetywayo a Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Kodwa wamcenga. Ukufunda Wawuchola ke loo mbono, kunciphisa shunqulelo ukuba 'amaNazi ", njengoko igama" sotsi "(wobusoshiyali) sele wayeyedwa mfanekiso.

amanqaku engamashumi amabini anesihlanu

Ukuze ukubeka le program sibi, ovunywe ngoFebruwari 1920, uya kuba omfutshane.

1. Greater Germany kumele ibumbane onke amaJamani kwintsimi yabo.
2. Sokuphelisa yonke imiqathango Versailles iSivumelwano ngaphezu ukuqinisekisa ilungelo eJamani ukuba neentlobano ezimeleyo isakhiwo kunye nezinye iintlanga.
3. Lebensraum: ifuna intsimi eyongezelelweyo ukuvelisa ukutya kwaye ukuhlalisa yokwanda waseJamani.
4. Ubumi linikwa ngenxa yohlanga. bangamaYuda hayi bamazwe German.
5. Zonke izikolo ezingekho phantsi baseJamani kunokuba iindwendwe kuphela.
6. izithuba esemthethweni kufuneka ubambe izakhono nobuchule nabantu ezifanelekileyo akhona, nasiphi isicwangciso zobuqabane ayamkelekanga.
7. Urhulumente ubophelelekile ukuba iimeko ubukho beli. Xa ukungabikho kwezibonelelo bonke abemi non ababandakanywanga inani labaxhamli.
8. Iphetshana of non-amaJamani eJamani ukuze ayeke.
9. Bonke abantu kungekuphela ilungelo kodwa ke umsebenzi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kunyulo.
10. Wonke ummi German kufuneka asebenzele sakhane.
11. ingeniso esingekho mthethweni esihluthiweyo.
12. Zonke inzuzo efunyenwe ngeendleko imfazwe, athatha.
13. Phantsi kwesizwe onke amashishini amakhulu.
14. Abasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi bathathe inxaxheba iingeniso amashishini amakhulu.
15. ubudala-iminyaka yomhlalaphantsi kufuneka ibonakalise intlonelo.
16. Imfuneko ukuxhasa abavelisi amancinci kunye nabarhwebi, ukutshintshela kuzo zonke iivenkile ezinkulu.
17. Uhlaziyo e yomiwo mhlaba, ukupheliswa intelekelelo.
18. Ukuqashisela ukuba isigwebo sentambo, zonke iintshukumo zolwaphulo zohlwaywe mercilessly.
19. Ukuthathwa komthetho wamaRoma emthethweni German.
20. Le ngokuhlanganisa kwenkqubo yemfundo eJamani.
21. inkxaso State of ngumama nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lolutsha.
22. inkonzo yesinyanzelo yasemkhosini, endaweni yokuba umkhosi wesizwe yobungcali.
23. Zonke eendaba kweli lizwe kufuneka ibe kuphela amaJamani, non-amaJamani abasebenza kuzo akuvumelekanga.
24. Inkolo ukhululekile, ngaphandle unqulo, ezo ziyingozi eJamani. eziphathekayo yamaJuda sikhatyiwe.
25. Ukomeleza urhulumente kazwelonke ngempumelelo umgaqo-mthetho.

ephalamende

Ukususela yokuqala ka-Epreli 1920 Inkqubo kaHitler yezopolitiko baba ezisemthethweni, yaye ukususela ngowe-1926 yonke imiqathango yalo kuthiwe inviolable. Ukususela 1924 ukuya 1933 iqela lafumana amandla kunye ngokukhawuleza komelezwa. kokhetho lukaMeyi zibonisa ukukhula yabavoti German ukuvota minyaka yonke.

Ukuba Party Nazi wazuza 6.6% kuphela kunyulo, yaye ngoDisemba, yaye ngaphantsi ngoMeyi ka-1924 -% 3 kuphela, ngelixa ngo-1930, ivoti leyo 18.3%. Ngowe-1932, abaxhasi kwiSocialism kaZwelonke zanyuka kakhulu ngoJulayi ukuze NSDAP vo 37.4%, yaye ekugqibeleni, ngoMatshi 1933, phantse 44% ye kwivoti iqela lafumana Hitler. Ukususela ngo-1923, ngeenkongolo rhoqo le Party lwamaNazi, ukuba kukho ishumi, kwaye yokugqibela yayibanjelwe 1938.

emibonweni

ideology owayenguzwilakhe kwiSocialism yeSizwe sidibanisa isiqalo iSocialism, ubuhlanga, ubuzwe, nokonyanywa kwamaJuda, yobuFasi anti-ubukomanisi. Kungenxa yoko le nto Party Nazi wabhengeza injongo yayo yokwakha urhulumente ntumbuluko ngokobuhlanga Aryan kunye intsimi enkulu, nto leyo eye konke okufunayo kwimpilo-ntle yakho kunye nempumelelo kunyaka-eliwaka Empire.

UHitler wenza ingxelo kuqala phambi kokuba Oktobha 1919 iqela. Ke imbali iqela nje ekuqaleni, kwaye abaphulaphuli yayincinane - abantu omnye kuphela elinamanci elinanye. Kodwa basusa elizayo uMlawuli kubo ngokupheleleyo. Enyanisweni, lo postulates ngayo intetho yakhe siyoze sitshintshe - ukuvela yobuFasi sele yenzekile. Ekuqaleni, uHitler wamxelela ukuba zinkulu akubonayo Germany iintshaba zawo wathi: amaYuda Marxists, ngubani ningabagwebanga ilizwe ukuba lahluleka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kunye nokuhlupheka ezilandelayo. Emva koko kwathiwa malunga rematch kunye isixhobo German ukuba uya kuphelisa ubuhlwempu kweli lizwe. Le mfuneko yokubuyiswa amathanga nangona 'okungenaluzsini "iSivumelwano Versailles iye yomelezwa injongo aqhoboshele imimandla ezininzi ezintsha.

isakhiwo party

Eyakhiwe Party ngamaNazi kumgaqo ndawo, esi sakhiwo oluneqela elinegunya. ngokwenene amandla namagunya mda ababekolo usihlalo party. Intloko ukususela ngoJanuwari 1919 ukuya kuFebruwari 1920 yokuqala yaba intatheli uKarl Harrer. Yena babandakanyeke nokudalwa WCT. Yena indawo Anton Drexler, emva konyaka waba usihlalo Wawongwa lowo, xa wanika izintso ukuya Adolf Hitler ngoJulayi 1921.

Kwaoko izixhobo iqela elikhokelwa nguSekela uMlawuli. Ukususela ngowe-1933 ukuya 1941, indawo yesibini awayephantsi URudolf Hess, wadala lwamaNazi Party Chancellery, ngubani nangoko 1933 kwakhokelela uMartin Bormann, ngowe-1941, iye similise kwekomkhulu Party Chancellery. Ukususela ngo-1942, Borman - UNobhala uMlawuli. Ngowe-1945, uHitler wabhala umyolelo apho Wamisa post iqela elitsha - umlungiseleli wabonakala phezu imicimbi umntu, waba intloko yayo. Bormann wahlala intloko Party lwamaNazi elide - malunga ezine iintsuku, ngomhla wamashumi amathathu anesibini ka-Epreli de wokutyikitywa emuva yesibini ka Meyi.

lomzabalazo

Xa amaNazi lika lokuzama, the wohlobo uMkomishinala Gustav von Kahr wakhupha umyalelo sokuluvala National Socialist Party. Noko ke, izenzo kulilize, kwaye ukuthandwa iqela, kwaye uMlawuli wakhula isantya enkulu: ngo-1924 mane Reichstag amasekela ekule NSDAP. Ukongezelela, amalungu beqela zaye efihliweyo phantsi kwezinye amagama imibutho eyenziwe ntsha. Oku kukwasebenza eJamani kanye kuluntu lwesizwe, Julius Streicher, kwaye Popular Block kunye National Socialist Liberation Movement, kunye nezinye inani ezininzi ezincinci ANC.

Ngowe-1925, kwafika Party lwamaNazi phandle kwakhona phezu esisemthethweni, kodwa iinkokheli zayo angavumelani kwi umbuzo nje Committe - njani socialism kunye nobuzwe eninzi kufuneka siqulathe le ntshukumo. Ngoko ke, lo iqela yahlulwa amaphiko amabini. Zonke-1926 waya wanako yaye umzabalazo okrakra phakathi ekunene nasekhohlo. kwinkomfa Bamberg Party waye apogee kule mpi. Emva koko, May 22, 1926, akazange ukoyisa ezingangqinelaniyo, uHitler eMunich nangoku banyulwa yinkokheli yabo. Kwaye bayenza loo nto ngamxhelo.

Izizathu ukuthandwa udushe

E eJamani, ubungqongqo kwintlekele yoqoqosho kwi eko ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini yaba kwincopho, ukunganeliseki eBandakanya wakhula yi ephala. Phantsi kwale mvelaphi, akuzange kube nzima kangaka ohmurit iingcamango mass ubuzwe kunye ubumfazwe, bevakalisa inkosi ubuhlanga kunye nomnqophiso zembali yaseJamani. Inani abaxhasi kunye babevumelana ye Party lwamaNazi lakhula ngokukhawuleza, etsala ezintlwini amawaka lwamaNazi namawaka amatyendyana abasuka kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo kunye nempahla. Party kuphuhliswa dynamically musa eya ubuchule populist abatsha abalandeli ezintsha.

Izakhelo, uMenzi esiyintsika yale Party lwamaNazi, baba kakhulu emikhulu; ngokuba becala ukuba amalungu karhulumente apheliswe amabutho kunye nemibutho amagqala '(Pan-German League kwaye German Abantu Union of mthetho kunye zokhuselo, umzekelo). NgoJanuwari 1923, le nkongolo yokuqala iqela, uHitler yayibambe umsitho yokumisela weflegi le NSDAP. Kwakukho iisimboli lwamaNazi. Emva kokuphela nkongolo wadlula umngcelele yokuqala itotshi ka kumawaka amathandathu stormtroopers SA. Xa kokuwa beqela sele angaphezu kwama-55 amawaka abantu.

Ilungiselela ukuthatha kulo ihlabathi

NgoFebruwari 1925 uqale kwakhona Akuvunyelwe ukuba apapashe iphephandaba - iqumrhu Party lwamaNazi - "Volkischer Beobachter". Emva koko uHitler wenza omnye yokufunyanwa zakhe yimpumelelo - ecaleni kwakhe yabangela Goebbels, ngubani waseka magazini "Angrif". Ukongeza, i-NSDAP nethuba ukuguqulela izifundo zabo theoretical kunye "National Socialist nyanga". NgoJulayi 1926, kwi-Weimar Congress of the Party lwamaNazi, uHitler isigqibo sokutshintsha amaqhinga party.

Endaweni iindlela abanqolobi yomzabalazo bamelene wezopolitiko, kucetyiswa ukuba yayama kuzo zonke izakhiwo zolawulo, kunyulwa Reichstag kwaye kwipalamente karhulumente. Kwakufuneka ukuba yenziwe, Kakade ke, ngaphandle ovulela kwamehlo injongo ephambili - ngokuphelisa Communism kunye ukhumbuzo lwe izigqibo Versailles iSivumelwano.

ukuphakamisa capital

Zonke iintlobo namacebo ukuze uHitler ikwazile umdla inkqubo NSDAP eJamani, amanani zibalulekileyo zemali nezoshishino. Party Trust yaya kwayo abaphathi ezifana UWilhelm Kappler Emil Kirdorf, iphephandaba exchange umhleli WALTHER uFunk, uSihlalo we Reichsbank Yalmar Shaht, yaye abaninzi kwabo, ukongeza ubulungu yayo yinto PR omhle ebantwini, ibingaziswa fund iqela le eninzi imali. Le ntlekele nzulu, ngqesho wakhula engalawulekiyo, i Democrats Social akazange ukuzithethelela ukuzithemba abantu. amaqela ezininzi zentlalo yokulahlekelwa emhlabeni, ukuwa kanye iziseko ubukho babo.

abavelisi ezincinane uphelelwe lithemba, esola urhulumente kwedemokhrasi ezingxakini zabo. Abaninzi babona indlela yokuphuma kule meko, kuphela ukomeleza amandla kunye norhulumente lweqela elinye. Ezi mfuno kwaye ngokuzithandela wajoyina kubananisi, kunye noosomashishini esikhulu-isikali, mali NSDAP kumaphulo yokhetho. Konke ezinxulumene nale iqela kwaye buqu kunye neminqweno-ngokubanzi uhlanga Hitler and zobuqu. Kuba izityebi, kwaba umqobo ikakhulu protivokommunistichesky. NgoJulayi 1932, iziphumo zokuqala zaye isaziso: izihlalo 230 kunyulo Reichstag nxamnye 133 i-Social Democrats kunye ngamaKomanisi 89.

unit

Njengenxalenye iqela ngowe-1944, kwakukho abasithoba Angeschlossene Verbände - Imibutho adjoint, Gliederungen der asixhenxe Partei - amaqela iqela kunye nemibutho ezine. Iimanyano abazibandakanyileyo i Party lwamaNazi, eyakhiwa amagqwetha, ootitshala, abasebenzi bakarhulumente, oogqirha, amagcisa, uncedo union kumaxhoba imfazwe, umanyene ntle yoluntu phambi yabasebenzi kunye nembumba zokhuselo. Bona aba isakhiwo iqela imibutho ezimeleyo kunye namalungelo kunye nempahla omthetho.

iqela lezopolitiko e iJamani units: Hitler, i-SS (imikhosi zokhuseleko), i-SA (mikhosi uqhwithela), German amantombazana imibutho, iinjingalwazi, abafundi, amabhinqa (NS-Frauenschaft), imishini lweSizwe. Imibutho abazibandakanyileyo iqela Adolf Hitler, yayithontelene, kodwa hayi inkulu kakhulu, oko: Company neNkcubeko, Union of iintsapho ezinkulu, uluntu German (Deutscher Gemeindetag) kunye "Umsebenzi abafazi isiJamani" (Das Deutsche Frauenwerk).

division zokuphatha

IJamani yahlulwa engamashumi amathathu anesithathu Gaue - indawo iqela, coinciding kunye amaziko. Inani labo landa ekuhambeni kwexesha: ngo-1941, Gow wayesele 43 dibanisa umbutho bezinye iintlanga NSDAP. Gau yahlulwe kwizithili, kunye nabo - phezu amasebe zasekuhlaleni, njalo njalo - kwaye iibhloko iseli. Kwibhloko kwadityaniswa ezindlwini 60.

party unit bombutho okhokelwa Gauleiter, krayslyayter kunye like ngamnye. Phezu komhlaba zidalwe, ngokulandelelana, izixhobo iqela, izikhulu nomfuziselo, irenki imilo, leyo nokuhombisa iisimboli lwamaNazi. buttonholes Umbala walatha ubulungu kunye nesikhundla embuthweni.

amasebe

NSDAP ukuthobela amalungu kuphela yabo iqela, kodwa iqela kunye namahlakani eJamani kumazwe ahlala. E Italy, kude 1943 , Benito uMussolini wakhokela National yobuFasi Party (kukholelwa ukuba nelaye lasisiseko Fascism nje apho), emva koko yaba Republican lobuFasi Party. ESpeyin, kukho baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwi phalange NSDAP Spanish.

Kwakhona Sasisebenza imibutho efanayo e Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, Hungary, eCzechoslovakia, eNetherlands, Norway. Ke Belgium and Denmark baba lokoqobo-ofisi NSDAP on nommandla wayo, nkqu imiqondiso amaNazi idibana phantse ngokupheleleyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zonke ezi amazwe, apho wadala Party lwamaNazi, bathatha inxaxheba yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi kwicala yeJamani, kwaye ekuthinjweni Soviet kwakukho abameli amaninzi kuwo onke la mazwe.

yokwehlulwa

Le uzinikele ngokungagungqiyo 1945 aphelise kwabona ekhohlaleleyo onke amaqela azizanga uluntu. NSDAP nje kuphela zichithakala nje kodwa Kuvaliwe jikelele, ipropati kubanjwa ngokupheleleyo, wasigweba kwaye wabulawa kuvukela. Noko ke, abaninzi amalungu beqela wakwazi ukubaleka eMzantsi Merika, irhuluneli kwiSipanish Franco encede oku ngokunikezela iinqanawa, kunye neenkxaso-mali.

Isigqibo se umfelandawonye anti-zwilakhe of Germany ukufumene ngokupheleleyo inkqubo denazification, amalungu akhutheleyo i NSDAP zatshekishwa ngokukodwa: ekugxothweni ukusuka kulawulo okanye esikolweni - yinto ixabiso elincinane kakhulu ukuhlawula izinto awazenzayo kwilizwe Fascism.

ngemva kwempi

EJamani ngowe-1964, Fascism kwakhona waphakamisa intloko yakhe. Kubonakele Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands - National Democratic Party of eJamani, nto leyo iye ibekwe ngokwayo ekuziseni i NSDAP. Kuba ixesha lokuqala ukusukela Second World War, neo-amaNazi yafika Bundestag - 4.3% kulonyulo-1969. Ide NPD eJamani baba neo-Nazi kunye nezinye imfundo, Socialist Reich Party Remer, umzekelo, kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iziphumo ezibalulekileyo, akukho namnye kubo baphumelela kwinqanaba federal.