Imfundo amandla Mongolian: oonobangela, ikhondo kunye nesiphumo

Imfundo ye Historians amandla Mongolian zibhekisela 1206. nongeniselo lwawo baba omkhulu: China, onke Central Asia, neCaucasus, iRashiya, kuMbindi Mpuma, Hungary. lokubola zokugqibela zizakujongwa njengo 1480, xa izizwe ezilahlekileyo umoya zabo zokulwa, zathi saa, waza waqalisa kuphela azibandakanye iinkomo zithembise nakancinane xa kufikelelwa emaqeleni zomthonyama.

ubuntu Temujin

Imfundo amandla Mongolian zonke onyanzelekileyo Temujin (Temujin), njengoko wabizwa ebutsheni bakhe. Uyise, wohlobo Esigey Bordzhigin, laxhwilwa ngokwabo umfazi ezintle isizwe Markit xa sele betshatile. unyana wakhe wazalelwa Temujin phakathi kwenkulungwane XII kwisithili, lowo wandwendwela esemacaleni emlanjeni Aumont. Xa kakhulu Esigeya ityhefu AmaTatar, ukuba Temujin kunye nentsapho yakhe bagxothwa emakhayeni abo. AmaTatar Temujin baba iintshaba zakho. Temujin wathabatha ibanjwa taychiuty ukukhula inkwenkwe ayikwazanga akayi kukha abalungise na uyise nokukhangeleka ilizwe labo. Temujin wakwazi ukubaleka bamfumana udade uyise, wamnika ikhusi, watshata uyise ekujongwe umtshakazi Borte waza waqalisa ukuba baqeshe zabo, bagqogqa wesithili angabamelwane. Akazange abulale amabanjwa waza enkonzweni yakhe.

Rise of Temujin

Ubutyebi iphambili abasemathanga iinkomo emadlelweni. Kwiinzame ukuba iinkomo ezininzi, ukuba ubuchule amadlelo amatsha ngakumbi - elibharhileyo ubudala. Lo mmandla yemveli le abasemathanga yaba ncinane kakhulu ukuba yeenkomo neyempahla emfutshane. Oko kwabaneka iimbambano zeentlanga. waba "feudalism ephila" endaweni inkqubo yesizwe. Oku kakhulu yinkokeli ehlokomayo aneziphiwo emkhosini Temujin. Ukongeza, i-Chinese ukwenzela ukugcina uxolo ekhaya, ohlwayela ubutshaba phakathi zizizwe zalapho. Temujin Sasisilwa ezininzi izizwe phambi axhatshazwe AmaTatar taychiutov, Markit, Oirats. Ngowe-1206 phantsi amandla akhe onke Mongolia. On kurtulae (Congress of the khans Mongolian) Temujin wafumana isibizo "Kagan" waza wathabatha igama Genghis lithetha "ulwandle" okanye olunye uhlobo, "njengabanyulwa ezulwini." Izizathu ukuze kwakhiwe ngamandla Mongolian:

• Yokubola kwenkqubo yezizwe.
• Ukungabikho amadlelo kwiziseko tribal.
• nkqubo singanyangekiyo ukubeka izizwe ezinye Jurchen nganye (kumntla-mpuma Chinese), akhonze bawo Mongols.

Imithetho ezintsha Khan Great

Mbuya kunye Genghis Khan washixiza kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo, namadoda aziinkulu zezindlu wahlelwa ngokungqongqo umkhosi. Uqeqesho kunye noncedo mutual kuso kwakukho yentsimbi. Ukuba ledabi Wabaleka omnye, ngoko ke uyabulawa elinesibini, apho wakhonza. Kwezi inqwaba amakhulu ngamakhulu - amawaka amawaka - (. Amawaka 10 abantu) tumens. Ngokuba transfer okungagunyaziswanga ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye elinesibini zabulawa ngokugwetywa. ngoku Kuphela ubuchule kunye nokuzinikela Khan inceda phambili amakhondo abo. empini yakhe yokuqala enkulu abenazo, kanye Merkit abachasi wayithimba umfazi wakhe.

Imfazwe kunye uBukhosi of qin

Xa waya ukulungiselela imfazwe kunye neTshayina, imfundo obuqhubekekayo karhulumente Mongolian. Oonobangela, Kakade ke, imiphumela kancinci. Mongolia ebekwa wesizwe ingumbuso le Jurchen, owayehlala ekuMmandla Primorsky, South Korea, i-North-East and Central China. Ngo-1209 i Mongols basebenzisa izixhobo zokungqinga waza wasithimba isixeko Urahay, yangqinga elikomkhulu ubukumkani Xi xia. Umlawuli wacela uxolo watshata off intombi yakhe Genghis Khan. Ngoko ukuze bafumane amava emkhosini, yaye yandiswa Mongolia. Ngesi ummelwane eyingozi bazibandakanya ngokuzithandela Uighurs, owayehlala kummandla Xinjiang. Ngowe-1210, lo mzekelo walandelwa ngakumbi Khan ezimbini. umhlaba Ukwanda kunye nomkhosi Mongol. Khan ukulungele soyise imo qin wahlala. Ngowe-1213, abendlu ka-Mongols alingenele bukhosi. Ibutho enkulu waba zahlulo 3 oyiswe empumalanga, emzantsi-mpuma. Beijing uthenge off. nonyaka emva koko ngo-1214 Genghis Khan wabuya ke, wathabatha eBeijing, wayitshisela khona. City waqhumisela inyanga yonke. Lilonke, lachithwa 90 imizi Chinese. Ngo-China, i-uBukhosi Mongol yasekwa umzukulwana Genghis Khan (Yuan Minor). Oku khona iminyaka emalunga nekhulu. Wahamba ke ukusekwa Mongol bukhosi. Oonobangela, Kakade ke, iziphumo - kwinkqubo ngokutsha.

Conquest of Central Asia and Transcaucasia

Ngo-1218 abantu Mongol woyisa Imilambo elinguXhenxe East Turkestan - kwilizwe Naiman, ephambi kwabo wavula indlela eya Khorezm, eBukhara, Samarkand kunye Urgench. Esi sixeko ukubanjwa nokonakala. Mongols abathi umgaqo "umhlaba yokuba zingenangcambu zoma kwaphela". Xa umdala , unyana ka-Genghis Khan waqala baqhankqalaze, ngenxa yokuba ulus yakhe, yaye bafuna ahlale ngokwabo isityebi, ngoko kwenyanga emva kokuba wabulawa notolo anetyhefu. Ngowe-1220 yoyiswa kumntla-Iran, neCaucasus kunye eCrimea.

Singena ku Russia

Ngowe-1223 iinkosana Russian weza Mongol makhumsha. Zibulawa. I Mongols akazange ukuthethelela sengqondo esinjalo ukuba isigidimi, yaye emva kokoyiswa imikhosi emanyeneyo iinkosana Russian kwi emfazweni phezu komlambo Kalka waba itheko. Basithwesa amabanjwa wayesaphila, wahlala phezu kwazo, akuba amalungiselelo kumbhiyozo isikhalo sabantu abafayo kabuhlungu. Yintoni okuphawuleka ukuba Mongols baba ngamawaka kuphela-20, lo gama inani imikhosi Russian kwaye Polovtsian Ngokutsho koqikelelo ahlukeneyo ukusuka ku-40 100 lamawaka. Ngelo xesha, amajoni ka Genghis Khan weza Indus. Ngoko ke iya ukuyilwa le Mongol bukhosi. Ngokufutshane, ungadibanisa ukuba 1241, xa eRashiya yoyiswa kwaye utshiswe, i Mongols ifikelele iDanube kuya eHungary Poland. Ngethamsanqa kubo, babuya umva ukuya ngasempuma kunye neminyaka 240 akhuselweyo eRashiya.

iimfazwe Civil and ekuweni bukhosi

Imfundo Genghis Khan amandla Mongolian kwenzeka kwiimfazwe ezininzi ngokungenalusini loloyiso. Inceba wayengekho nabani. ERussia kunkwantya emva kokufika ngamatutu Batu. khans Mongol kancane yazuza ikomkhulu ziye ezingenamandla. Iya isanda phakathi yingxabano. Ngelo xesha, Russia wazomeleza, naphezu idyokhwe emi phezu kwi Ugra emlanjeni.

imiphumela

Le lobuzwilakhe Russian wazomeleza, waqinisa kwiCawa Orthodox. Oko washiya Kazan Khanate, leyo wawoyisa uIvan Grozny, ukhupha malunga 60 lamawaka. Amakhoboka Russian. E Kazan AmaTatar wayehlala ngoxolo, waba amaSilamsi eeNtlanga. Wahlala isiqwengana koBukhosi Mongol kwi eCrimea. Serene soBekekileyo Prince Potemkin woyisa. Yaqhubeka ikhona kwisixeko levi, kwiphondo Ryazan, leyo kudala izinziswe nangezinto. Ngenkulungwane XV, xa zolotaya Orda aziqhekeza, ngoko ke kwabonakala i Siberian Khanate kwimimandla esezantsi ye-OB River. amajoni kuphela Ermak kunye nophuhliso koko eSiberia ngenkulungwane XVI iye yavumela eRashiya ukwakha kwimida yayo, inqaba entsha.