Ngubani owavela ezabo atomic? Imbali ezabo atomic

Nabani owavela ezabo atom, ukucinga imiphumo ebuhlungu ukuba leswikulu imali yenziwe emangalisayo kwinkulungwane XX. Ngaphambi superweapon ezifunyanwa abahlali izixeko Japanese ka iHiroshima Nagasaki, kuye kwenziwe indlela ende kakhulu.

isiqalo

Ngo-Apreli 1903, kwi-Paris emyezweni yamachiza odumileyo abahlobo bakhe bahlanganisana eFransi Paul Langevin. Esi yayisisihlandlo ukuziphendulela ithisisi kwe oosonzululwazi abatsha abanetalente Marii Kyuri. Phakathi kweendwendwe waziwayo yamachiza odumileyo British Nkosi Ernest Rutherford. Xa phakathi fun kokuba kucinywa ukukhanya. UMariya Kyuri ubhengeze konke oko kuya ikushiye namhlanje. Nge emisiweyo Per Kyuri wenza tube encinane iityuwa Radium, leyo izibane phezulu oluhlaza, ebangela uyolo engaqhelekanga langoku. iindwendwe Kamva hot wathetha malunga nekamva le meko. Bonke bavumelana ngokoluvo ngenxa Radium nabuganga ingxaki nokoyika yokunqongophala amandla. Konke usenza uphando ezintsha olunye amathemba. Ukuba, ke, baxelelwa ukuba umsebenzi elebhu kunye iziqalelo radioactive bekuya kuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX isixhobo eyoyikekayo, ayaziwa bekuya kuba yintoni abasabela ngayo. Kwaba ngoko aqala imbali ezabo atom, zabulala amakhulu amawaka abahlali Japanese.

Game ngaphambi ijika

NgoDisemba 17, 1938-nzulu waseJamani Otto Gannom yafunyanwa ubungqina elingenakuphikiswa ukuba kuwohloka uranium zibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci sabaqalayo. Eneneni, wakwazi ukwahlula atom. Kwihlabathi lwenzululwazi, oko kuthathwa njenge sisiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali yoluntu. Otto Hahn akazange ukwabelana izimvo zopolitiko Wesithathu. Ngoko ke, xa kunjalo, ngowe-1938, i-nzulu kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele Stockholm, apho, kunye Fridrihom Shtrassmanom waqhubeka zophando zenzululwazi. Besoyika ukuba Germany yamaNazi kuqala ukufumana isixhobo eyoyikekayo, wabhala ileta eya UMongameli waseMelika ngesilumkiso ngayo. Iindaba aphephe kunokwenzeka wayekhathazeke kakhulu urhulumente US. AmaMelika baqala ukwenza ngokukhawuleza isigqibo.

Ngubani na odale ezabo atomic? project american

Nokuba ngaphambi kokuqhambuka Second World War, iqela lezazinzulu yaseMelika, uninzi lwabo abavela kolawulo German-zwilakhe eYurophu, iye ajongene nokuphuhlisa isixhobo senyukliya. Ekuqaleni, kufanele kuphawulwe, bathwalwa eJamani yamaNazi. Ngo-1940, urhulumente wase-United States of America ukuqala mali inkqubo yawo ukuphuhlisa izixhobo atomic. Ukuqaliswa kweprojekthi kuye neyabelwe isixa eningenakukholwa kwabo maxesha kubini kunye gidi ezinesiqingatha zeerandi. Ukuphunyezwa kwale mfihlelo projekthi zesayensi ezibalaseleyo kwinkulungwane XX kwabamenyiweyo, phakathi kwabo engaphezu kweshumi Nobel Prize. Xa zizonke, oko ababandakanyekayo malunga 130 namawaka abasebenzi, phakathi kuphela ukuba abahlali zomkhosi kodwa. Iqela yophuhliso ekhokelwa Colonel Leslie Richard ooAshera, umphathi uRobert Oppenheimer. Nguye - umntu lowo owavela ezabo atomic. ezizodwa imfihlo isakhiwo zobunjineli yakhiwa eManhattan, nto leyo eyaziwa kuthi phantsi ikhowudi igama "Manhattan Project." Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, izazinzulu sele usebenza kwi projekthi elihlebo ngokucandeka enyukliya uranium neplutoniyam.

ingaphezulu Unpacific Igor Kurchatova

Namhlanje, wonke umfundi uya kuba nako ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba ngubani owavela ezabo atom eSoviet Union. Kwaye ngoko, ngasekuqaleni imi--30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, akukho mntu waziyo.

Ngowe-1932, Academician Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov olona phando yokuqala ngumongo atom iqala ehlabathini. Wazisa abantu ezifana-nye nonke, Kurchatov ngowe-1937 kudala cyclotron yokuqala eYurophu. Kulo nyaka mnye, yena nabantu bakhe, umphefumlo uvana nowam nokudala ngumongo yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu.

Ngowe-1939 I. V. Kurchatov liqalisa ukufunda indlela entsha - physics zenyukliya. Emva impumelelo eziliqela kuphononongo kwilebhu le ingcali yenzululwazi simanga ifumana ekuchithweni kwayo kwiziko lophando ofihlakeleyo, ogama "Laboratory № 2". Namhlanje eli ziko mfihlakalo kuthiwa "Arzamas-16."

Le ndawo ekujoliswe beli ziko yaba uphando nzulu kunye nophuhliso izixhobo zenyukliya. Ngoku kucaca owadala ezabo atom eSoviet Union. iqela lakhe ngoko abantu abalishumi kuphela.

kuqhunyiswe Atomic ibe

Ekupheleni kuka-1945, Igoryu Vasilevichu Kurchatovu ukulawula ukuba bahlanganise iqela kakhulu izazinzulu abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu. Iingqondo best specializations zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo kungena kwilebhu evela kwilizwe liphela ukwakha izixhobo zenyukliya. Emva kokuba kwamacala ezabo zeathom Hiroshima abaseMelika, izazinzulu Soviet waqonda ukuba oku makwenziwe eSoviet Union. "Laboratory № 2" efunyenwe ulawulo indyebo yelizwe elibukhali-mali kunye kwathontelana kwabasebenzi abanezakhono. Lijongene ngeprojekthi esibaluleke eyabelwe Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beriya. imisebenzi emikhulu izazinzulu Soviet ndithwele iziqhamo.

Semipalatinsk

Ezabo atomic kwi USSR yaqala kuvavanywa kwisiza zeemvavanyo Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan). Agasti 29, 1949 umthamo isixhobo enyukliya kilotons 22 lawuzamazamisayo umhlaba Kazakh. Nobel Prize-lokuwina yamachiza Otto Hants wathi: "Ezi ziindaba ezilungileyo. Ukuba Russia uya kuba isixhobo senyukliya, ngoko kuya kubakho imfazwe. " Yiyo le ibhombu atom kwi USSR, njengoko inombolo imveliso obubhalwe 501, okanye RDS-1, uyathinjwa i US yedwa izixhobo zenyukliya.

Ezabo atomic. th 1945

Bavuka kusasa ka July 16, "The Manhattan Project" waba uvavanyo wayo wokuqala ngempumelelo isixhobo atom - ukuqhushumba neplutoniyam - kwisiza Alamogordo US of New Mexico.

Imali imali kule projekthi, ichithwe. Eyokuqala kwimbali yoluntu dubulo atom yenziwa iiyure 5 imizuzu engama-30 kusasa.

"Senze umsebenzi umtyholi," - wathi kamva uRobert Oppenheimer - lowo owavela ezabo atom eUnited States, kamva ngokuba 'uyise ezabo atomic. "

Japan akazange amnikele

Ngexesha le uvavanyo lokugqibela ngempumelelo ezabo atom, amajoni eSoviet kunye namahlakani boyiswa ku Germany. Nangona kunjalo, waqhubeka bengatshatanga, nto leyo ufunge ukuba anilwele ukubalasela kwiPasifiki. Ukususela phakathi-Apreli ukuya kowama-Julayi 1945, umkhosi waseJapan leyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo wenziwe kusehla zezulu imikhosi encedisayo, ngaloo ndlela ebangela iilahleko elinzima US Army. Ekupheleni kukaJulayi 1945 urhulumente izigalo emva Japanese ulicekisile imfuno ye Allied emuva ngokungqinelana ne-Potsdam Declaration. Kuyo, ingakumbi, kusithiwa xa yokungathobeli, umkhosi waseJapan ulindele ukuba intshabalalo ekhawulezileyo nepheleleyo.

uMongameli uyavuma

Urhulumente US uye waligcina ilizwi lakhe ekuqaleni iziqhushumbisi ekujoliswe izithuba Japanese emkhosini. kusehla Air akazange kuwucima, kunye US uMongameli Garri Trumen egqiba kuhlaselo lwemimandla imikhosi US eJapan. Nangona kunjalo, lo umyalelo zomkhosi kuyabathibaza abo bebengathanda ukuba umongameli wayo kweso sigqibo, bephawula lokuthi kuhlasela American kuya kuquka inani elikhulu amaxhoba.

Ecetyiswa Genri Lyuisa L. Stimson kunye uDwight uDavide Eisenhower kwagqitywa ukuba amkele indlela esebenzayo ngakumbi ukuphelisa imfazwe. A mxhasi enkulu ezabo atom, umongameli we-United States uNobhala Dzheyms Frensis Birns, wayekholelwa ukuba kuqhuma kwintsimi Japanese ngenqindi phantsi kuphela imfazwe, wabeka United States kwindawo lubalaseleyo, nto leyo iba nefuthe elihle ikhondo ngakumbi iziganeko zehlabathi kwemfazwe. Ngenxa yoko, US uMongameli Garri Trumena ndeyisekile ukuba le kuphela ukhetho oluchanekileyo.

Ezabo atomic. Hiroshima

Njengoko ekujoliswe lokuqala sele ukhethe isixeko elincinane Japanese of Hiroshima elinabemi abantu nje ezingaphezu kwama-350 amawaka, ibekwe ngaphakathi neekhilomitha ezintlanu ukusuka elikomkhulu Japan eTokyo. Emva kokufika e-US base yomkhosi wamanzi kwisiqithi Tinian kancincane B-29 bomber "Enola Gay", ezabo atom wamiswa ababekhwele kweso moya. Hiroshima kwafuneka ukuba isenzo 9 amawaka buziikhilogram neyuranium-235.

Oku izixhobo olungaziwayo yona ukuba abahlali kwidolophu encinane Japanese. Bomber umphathi waba Colonel Pol Uorfild Tibbets Jr. US sazo atomic kwaba igama yokugxeka "The Kid". Ngentsasa ka-Agasti 6, 1945, malunga 8 iiyure nemizuzu eli-15, i "Inkwenkwana" American ilahliwe kwi Hiroshima Japanese. Malunga 15 kweetoni eziliwaka TNT kutshabalalisa bonke ubomi kumgama oyi iikhilomitha ezintlanu square. abemi One elinamanci mane amawaka abulawa kumcimbi lemizuzwana. Amaxhoba of Japanese wafa rifu ro vava ekuguleni kwimitha.

Azitshabalalisa the American zenyukliya "Le Kid." Noko ke, kokuntlithwa Hiroshima akazange ukuba uzinikele kuye ngoko nangoko of Japan, ngolu hlobo, bonke kulindeleke. Emva koko kwagqitywa enye bombardment kommandla Japanese.

Nagasaki. Isibhakabhaka ngomlilo

esinye sazo American atomic "Fat Man" yafakwa kwi ndiza B-29 9 Agasti 1945 bonke kwindawo enye, kwi-US isiseko yomkhosi e Tinian. Ngeli xesha, umphathi ndiza Major Charlz Suini. Ekuqaleni, wahlaselwa qhinga isixeko Kokura.

Noko ke, iimeko zemozulu akazange avumele ukuqonda izicwangciso zethu, gciwane amafu ezinkulu. Charlz Suini waya kumjikelo wesibini. Ngentsimbi 11 imizuzu 02 zenyukliya American "Fat Man" wabaginya Nagasaki. Kwaba enamandla ngaphezu ukuhlasela moya etshabalalisayo, leyo ngamandla zawo izihlandlo ezininzi ngaphezu kuqhuma eHiroshima. Nagasaki wazibonela ngokwakhe isixhobo atom malunga 10 lamawaka eekhilogram 22 kilotons of TNT.

Indawo esikuyo isixeko Japanese kwanciphisa ukusebenza elindelweyo. Eyona nto kukuba esi sixeko ibekwe kwintlambo emxinwa phakathi kweentaba. Ngoko ke, ukutshatyalaliswa 2.6 khilomitha square abayityhilela onke amandla izixhobo American kunokwenzeka. Olona vavanyo lwe ezabo atom e Nagasaki ithathwa ayiphumelelanga "Manhattan Project."

Japan abeka

Emini ngo-Agasti 15, 1945 uMlawuli Hirohito wavakalisa uzinikele ilizwe lakhe ngokuphathelele idilesi erediyo abantu Japan. ngokukhawuleza Iindaba alizalisa lonke ihlabathi. EUnited States waqalisa ekubhiyozeleni uloyiso phezu eJapan. Abantu bavuya.

Septemba 2, 1945 ababe- US wempi "Missouri", esixhaswa e Tokyo Bay, utyikitye isivumelwano esisemthethweni ukuphelisa imfazwe. yaphela ke imfazwe kakhulu ngokungenalusini lalawo kwimbali yabantu.

elide iminyaka uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe emithandathu waya kulo mhla ezibalulekileyo - ukususela nge-1 Septemba 1939, xa izithonga zokuqala kudubula ku Germany ePoland.

atom woXolo

Bonke kuqhuma zenyukliya yiSoviet Union 124 bathwalwa phandle. Uphawu kukuba bathwalwa ngenxa kuxhamle loqoqosho lwesizwe. abathathu kubo Kuphela kwakukho iingozi ukuba neziphumo ukuvuza lweziqalelo eqhumayo. Inkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla enyukliye enoxolo kwenziwa kuphela mazwe mabini - eUnited States eSoviet Union. amandla enyukliya enoxolo uyazi kunye nemizekelo ntlekele jikelele, xa ngoAprili 26 1986 , kwi iyunithi wesine iChernobyl nuclear reactor kuqhuma yenzekile.