Njani, apho umchamo lokuqala luqokelelane: indlela kwimpilo kunye nezifo

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba uhlobo ukwenza umsebenzi herculean imizimba yethu yonke imihla ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukutya umzimba wakhe? Njani kwaye ukwenza eziziiprayimari umchamo eziziisekondari apho, yintoni na indlela yommiselo ezi nkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, kwenzeka ntoni emzimbeni xa kwephulwa zabo? Khawuqwalasele le mibuzo kweli nqaku zolwimi ngokunzulu.

isingeniso

Ukutya - komthombo wamandla kunye substrates nezondlo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuquka abantu. Kunye nophethe iphambili igazi labo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokucolwa abhalwe nje kuyimfuneko kuthi, kodwa ngokungeyomfuneko, engafunwayo okanye metabolites ezinetyhefu ukuba zibuyiselwa kokusingqongileyo. Umendo le-4: moya expiratory wesikhumba secretion ngokusebenzisa amathumbu kunye nezintso. Nantsi indlela zakutshanje yaye sijonge ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi, kuba kuchaphazela inxalenye enkulu nethe efanelekileyo emzimbeni, ngoko ke amalungiselelo zayo zonke izondlo eziyimfuneko.

Yintoni na ixabiso izintso emzimbeni?

Ntso, njengokuba usazi, Kulungile - ilungu ngayo ukuba bafundelane ngezibini, ibekwe kummandla empontshwa extraperitoneal lomntu. Yiyo le ziko lijongene ulwabiwo zonke ubuthi metabolites ye ephilayo ukuba egazini aze mandingaweli enyongweni, kunye nokulungelelana electrolyte. Ukongeza, ukuba nokulungelelanisa ezinye hormone yenye yeendlela ezingundoqo elawula uxinzelelo lwegazi - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inkqubo, apho kungenxa iiseli abakhethekileyo afferent juxtaglomerular arterioles i corpuscles sezintso ziyivela kakhulu kule parameter. Le parenchyma yalo iziko ubunjwe izigidi nephrons kwi capillary glomeruli apho ukuyilwa umchamo ku-tubules kunye - eyavela phambi zamabanga.

Ngowuphi yonke isekelwe?

Le nkqubo multi-nyathelo kwaye isekelwe phezu ingqiqo ithambeka, oko kukuthi, umahluko phakathi kwamaxabiso. Ngoko ke, lo ithambeka xi phakathi afferent kunye efferent arterioles ilawula isixa umchamo, yaye ngenxa yoko ke ixabiso elijikeleza umthamo wegazi kunye wegazi. A ndzo ithambeka of ion kunye permeability neendonga zawo tubular inika ukulingana electrolyte emzimbeni. Ngoko ke, lo kidney - ilungu elibalulekileyo, kwakunye impendulo kuphela echanekileyo lo mbuzo: "? Njani yaye phi ukwenza umchamo zaseprayimari" Ukuba sithethe ngakumbi malunga isakhiwo nephron, ngoko lichonge iinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili: i corpuscle kwezintso (capillary glomerulus + capsule engaphandle Bowman -Shumlyanskogo) kunye tubules (ukuhla - line kwalula proximal, ndzhendzheleko ka Henle, ekunyukeni - distal kwalula ngqo). Njani, apho umchamo lokuqala amiliswe kule nkqubo entsonkothileyo? Kakhulu nje, ukuba ukhangela.

Zisebenza njani?

Ngoko ke, zonke iinkqubo uthatha indawo kwi izakhiwo nephron yi iindlela ezilandelelanayo. Enyanisweni, umchamo zaseprayimari - yinto engamanzi efunyenwe yi ukuhluza eziqalelo yeselula igazi, kwaye yenzeka kwi corpuscles sezintso. Ngenxa yokuba le afferent arterioles ubukhulu nephron kabini ubukhulu igazi efferent Impontshelwa phantsi koxinzelelo omkhulu ebengena philisi ka Bowman-Shymlanskaya, naphantsi yempembelelo amandla efanayo ongena glomerulus capillary. Kule seli izakhi molekyuli musa kudlula emithanjeni isithintelo erhabaxa, kwaye ngoko beza bephuma philisi buyela arteriole efferent. Nazi umchamo lokuqala yenziwe njani yaye phi. Le nkqubo kuphindwa rhoqo, eyesibini zonke, ngenxa yokuba ukuze kugcinwe uzinzo wamalungu ethu kunye nezihlunu igazi ujikeleza rhoqo, edlula kwangaye nezintso.

ezimbalwa ngaphezulu

Ngenxa yoko, kule mini umzimba udlula ngokwawo kwiilitha 1,700 igazi, oluthi luqokelelane ukusuka umchamo lokuqala (150-170 iilitha), ngamanye 1 ilitha ezilishumi ngalinye. Kuyinto ulwelo olwaneleyo kufuneka itsalwa umzimba, ngokuba yonke imihla umntu lutyabula malunga 2-3 eelitha zamanzi, malunga kwesiqingatha selitha kunye enye eyongezelelweyo lasekwa ngo iinkqubo metabolic. Kwaye njengoko umchamo ephambili ezifunyenwe ukuhluza elula igazi imifinya, cishe plasma, kodwa ngaphandle molekyuli enkulu. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo lomchamo yokuqala eyakhiwa lokugqibela nazo ziquka ion ezininzi iswekile, njengoko kulula ukungena eludongeni olujikeleza. Ngaphezu koko, ngokugqithisa inkqubo tubules kwenzeka reabsorption yamanzi, electrolytes yaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, iswekile. Yiloo nto xa sibona ekuhlalutyeni umchamo iiproteins kunye neswekile ugqirha ngokuyimfuneko bakrokrela ukuba imeko zophendlo lwezifo komzimba.

isifo

Izintso abakhuselekanga arhente ezininzi ezosulelayo, izilwa-buhlungu zabo, ngokunjalo gazi. Ngenxa yoko, isifo ukuloyisa na glomerulonephritis, umxhelo, ikakhulu nephrons leyo Obumbe umchamo zaseprayimari. inkqubo ukudumba yaqhubeka tubules kwaye ngoko urinalysis waza wafumana izixa ezikhulu protein electrolytes.

Ezingaqhelekanga iqhelekileyo pyelonephritis - kukukrala isinqe inkqubo sezintso zohlobo ezasulelayo, okt amasebe kidney ukuba sele ethwele umchamo kungena ureter. Parenchyma nokuhlupheka kancinci kuphela, ngoko kwiproteni ifumaneka ngemali encinane, kodwa neentsholongwane iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi - a ebalulekileyo. Ukongeza, uhlobo ezahlukeneyo kwenzeka nephritis emzimbeni ezimbi systemic (amyloidosis), izifo inkqubo Cardio nemithambo (yegazi, lwegazi, thrombosis), kunye nezigulo metabolic. Kukho kwakhona malformations iziphene kwinkqubo womchamo. Ngenxa yoko, izintso ezithandwa kakhulu utshintsho lwezidumbu, ngenxa yendima yabo ebalulekileyo umzimba phezulu, malunga nempilo yabo kufuneka uthathe unonophelo kwasebutsheni bayo.