Novgorod yesicelo. Velikiy Novgorod. Iifoto kunye nohlaziyo lwe open-air museum

Apho ke omdala eRashiya, incwadi yesicelo? Veliky Novgorod - lo mzi ukuba ufuna ukutyelela ukuze bachukumise iingcambu kwimbali yelizwe. Kodwa yenzeka ukuze ndawo omdala ayikho kude ukusuka kubakhenkethi emangalisayo zakudala. YoMlilo, nasekuxinweni, ukuphanga kunye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, Second World War ziye zabangela umonakalo noqhekeko ukuba izixeko ezininzi ezindala yaseYurophu. Kunzima kakhulu phakathi nezakhiwo mihla (okanye buthuntu Khrushchev) ukucinga ukuba apha, kule ndawo, wema iicawa Romanesque okanye amabhotwe ilitye elimhlophe. Kodwa kuthekani Novgorod? Ngaba ixesha onga? Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ngayo.

Emva kokuhlalutya iimpendulo lwabahambi, singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba tyelelo Novgorod yesicelo kunokwenzeka naliphi na ixesha lonyaka kwaye naluphi na uhlobo lwemozulu. Trip Museum nto ibiza imali yakhe. A umaleko emva umaleko iya kudandalaza incwadi yesicelo, imbali Russia. Akukho mfuneko zizame ngqondweni wakho kwiNdibano Novgorod, inkundla ka-Alexander Nevsky kunye yecawa endala. Ngamanye amaxesha sikhokelo uthi, esalatha into: "Yinto a remake." Ke kaloku, emva kokunqumama, wathi :. "Le ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe" Ukuvela apha uvalo, ibonakale. Makhe umkhondo ngembali Novgorod yesicelo kwaye ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni nokubunjwa kwayo.

Yintoni yesicelo?

Veliky Novgorod, ngokutsho etymology kwegama, i "idolophu entsha". Kwaye apho endala? zokuhlala Old lenqaba zakhiwa umgaqo wokuba mbali Western kubiza incastellomento, okt "ezindongeni." Engafani kwisicwangciso kwidolophu eJamani, xa inqaba enqatyisiweyo wema phezu kwentaba, kunye nentwana umntu ezinye waphila. Emizini zamandulo Slavic ezifana eKiev, ngeendonga yonke yokuhlala yayibiyelwe. Kodwa ke Vikings bazisa zabo, isiJamani, siko. Zokungqinga basala ukuzikhusela xa bejamelene utshaba kunokwenzeka. Umthetheli kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye zazizakhele yena nabantu bakhe nqaba enqatyisiweyo. Ngokunxulumene yokuhlala yamandulo oko kwazeka njengoko idolophu entsha. Kamva, ijike yaba Novgorod.

Prince inqanyulwe evela abemi balo. Ngolwimi Ukrainian, eyona akudala, kuvakala ngathi "vіdokremlyuvatisya". Ingcambu yesenzi, bakhonza njengoko igama iinqaba ezintsha. Kodwa kuphela yokuhlala kaNdikhoyo feudal kunye nentsapho yakhe incwadi yesicelo. Novgorod yaba yokuhlala isondela isikhulu, chelyadnikov, abameli kwabasemagunyeni kunye nezenkolo. Ngoko ke incwadi amaninzi elinye igama - Detinets. Yaba kuphela zolawulo, kodwa iziko yoluntu. Kukho kwenzeka Novgorod Veche. Kule ndawo kwakhona liye Cathedral esi sixeko.

Iphi na incwadi yesicelo?

Ngoku Detinets iinqaba ezinqatyisiweyo ngasechwebeni kwi Volkhov River. Ukuphonononga bathi ndlela ilungileyo kwi incwadi evela Ilmen - ezintle enkulu chibi. Le ubuninzi bamanzi wongeza kuphela fabulousness ngobuhle abanalo landscape. Bell iyakhala ufudusiwe, neendonga neenqaba ngezitena ezibomvu kwabonakala ukuba hambisa ngaphezu komhlaba kwedike. Kodwa abakhenkethi kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba iminyaka eliwaka, imbonakalo iye yatshintsha kancinane. Ke ngoku, njengokuba ngaphambili, Volkhov aqukuqela ephuma Lake Ilmen. Kodwa kumaxesha amandulo, yena nabo ilizwe ezisezantsi zogqunyelelwe iziqithi ezininzi. Kwaye xa Vikings kufika apha, ukuba igama le ndawo "Holmgard". Leyo ethetha nje "ilizwe iziqithi".

Apha kule ndawo, kunye macala onke engqongwe ngamanzi, waqala ukwakha Vladimir, unyana Yaroslava Mudrogo, ngo-1044 incwadi yayo. Veliky Novgorod walinda uzuko isixeko esikhulu urhwebo, kodwa ngoko, ekupheleni kwenyanga yeshumi elinanye iinkulungwane, yaba yokuhlala encinane. Izazinzulu nangoku bexambulisana, kuqala Detinets kungekabekwa into kwisiqithi. Kodwa akukho mathandabuzo ukuba le yokuqala kweendonga zayo zazenziwe ngamaplanga. Kungenzeka, le nqaba ahlala kwisiqithi udibaniso. Ngoku yinxalenye Detintsa phakathi Vladimir kunye Prechistenskaya ezinde. Kodwa ke kukho enye imboniselo. I wokuqala yesicelo angaba kuloo ndawo apho ngoku ibekwe Episcopal entendelezweni, oko kukuthi, kwisiqithi wasentla.

isakhiwo itshe

Imbali okwalandela Novgorod yesicelo linxulumene igama yenkulu Polotsk Vseslav, owathi ngo-1065 wayithimba nqaba. umonakalo kangakanani na kuye kwabangela isixeko kodwa utyelelo engamkelekanga ngokulinganayo i Novgorodians kunyanzeleka ukuba bacinge malunga ukwakha iindonga irobust ezongeziweyo Detintsa. Izimvo abakhenkethi bayacetyiswa ukuba banikele ingqalelo kwindlela ekhokelela ibhulorho phesheya yesicelo. Phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye, uhlobene namadlelo uMntu lesiphelo kunye uhlangothi Nerevskoy. Ukuze amasango ezimbini Detintsa waphumla Probojnaja Main Street. Kwaye ke isitalato ephambili yesicelo ngokwayo Biskuplya (okt Episcopal indlela). It wabelithiyiwe kuba ibhulorho kuba yayakhiwe kule mali Metropolitan. Le isitalato leqa kwinqaba iShushan ukusuka empuma kuye entshona, waphuma waya kwebhulorho enkulu ngaphesheya Volkhov. Ke ngoko, emva 1097 kokuba Detinets yeplanga kwakhona utshiswe, Prince Mstislav (unyana Vladimir Monomakh) wayalela ukuba ukusika iinqaba ezintsha. Imisebenzi zigqitywe ngo-1116, i-Novgorod yesicelo (Detinets) yandiswe ngokubonakalayo ubukhulu. Oku kubonakala ukusuka umlando: "Pohorje Detinets wamlalisa Mstislav Novgorod pervago ngakumbi." Kuba yokuqala incwadi yesicelo zinamathele mpumalanga (OCD) kunye nakumazantsi (okolotok) inxalenye. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali ezininzi, bekunjalo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi Detinets yafikelela ubukhulu bayo abakhoyo. Kodwa njengoko bathi kwayo, oko bakubonayo iindwendwe namhlanje, libhekisela kwixesha kamva.

itshe yesicelo

Kuba lisanele ixesha layo (kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye-elinesibini) Detinets somthi ligwiba oluthembekileyo. Enye prince Polotsk kuphela yakwazi ukuba awuthathe. Kodwa ngenkulungwane weshumi iimeko zokungqinga zatshintsha. Kwakukho izixhobo ilahle, nto leyo ukumelana iindonga amatye kuphela. Kwakhona uthe ayehlasela ingxokolo Batu Khan, owayefumene eRashiya. Veliky Novgorod, ngethamsanqa, basinda wabaphangi. Kodwa ke imithetho ngelo xesha Metropolitan ukucinga ekomelezeni ubuchule wokhuselo Detintsa. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, ukutshintshwa iinqaba yamaplanga ngamatye senzeka ngcembe Ekuveleni eleshumi-elinesine iinkulungwane, le misebenzi aqala Vladychny eyadini.

Ukuphonononga bathi ngoko ezazakhiwe omdala inyango Detintsa eye yasinda ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, ukuvuka uMsindisi (1297), Protection (1305) kunye Vladimir (1311). KumaXesha Aphakathi phezulu kwezi zakhiwo wathweswa amabandla esangweni. Bishop Basil kwi banesifo yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesine Kuqinise Detinets. Salawo iindonga ngamaplanga zamatye, wakha iinqaba ezininzi ezintsha. Chronicle of 1333 isixelela ukuba "inkosi isixeko kameň kuba pospeshestvovaniem uThixo kwiminyaka emibini." Metropolitans Ukulandela - uMoses 1360 kunye noYohane 1400s - ukomeleza nokwandisa Detintsa iindonga, izakhiwo iinqaba ezintsha. Ngenkulungwane elinesihlanu, ukwanda umsebenzi okolotok.

yesicelo iitempile

Detinets akazange kuphela iziko yezolawulo umzi, kodwa embindini yakhe yokomoya. Ngoko ke onke amabandla Novgorod yesicelo zazibaluleke kakhulu. Eyokuqala kwezi, Sophia, yakhiwa kunye kanye Detinets. Prince Vladimir Yaroslavovich ngo-1045 waqala ukwakha itempile kwaye kakhulu ukulungele ukuyibona nesiphelo. Le nkonzo ke yakhiwa ngo iminyaka esixhenxe. Kuye abazinikele e 1502, emva koko umphathi akazange aphile ngenyanga. Yena wangcwatyelwa ezindongeni yecawa indala eRashiya.

Ukuphonononga zibonisa ukuba itempile iimviwo mayityelele. Kukho iingceba esekelwe zenkulungwane yeshumi. Kwakhona, abakhenkethi bacetyiswa ukuba banikele ingqalelo esangweni zendlu yetempile. Njengoko usazi, ukuba kwenziwa kwinkulungwane yeshumi yaseMagdeburg. Kule ndlwana umdla ukujonga ndawo Ivana Groznogo. Oku kwenziwa ngomthi kunye ezihonjiswe imikrolo. Kodwa ke, nokutsala zendlu yetempile i necropolis - endala kwi Russia Orthodox.

Akukho ngaphantsi kwe inqaba yecawa, umdla kunye intsimbi ye-Novgorod yesicelo. Sisihlandlo sokuqala sale oqingqiweyo lwezakhiwo zinxulumene ukuya 1437. Abakhenkethi bacetyiswa ukuba ukutyelela umboniso kweentsimbi, nto leyo ifumaneka kumgangatho wesibini Campanile. Kuphela apha ndawonye ingqokelela epheleleyo ngolo hlobo. Ke ukuba anithanga nibe wonqena ekhwela kumgangatho akubonayo, unako imibono Novgorod Omkhulu ukuphakama flight zeentaka. In emazantsi ibandla kubekwe Detintsa Andreya Stratilata. Ntlandlolo ukuba yinxalenye endala (1167-73 gg.) Boris kunye Gleb ibandla. Isithethe uthi onikelayo engundoqo kokwakhiwa icawa kwenziwa afake Sytinich (umthengisi Sadko). Archbishop Euthymius ngo-1441 wakha itempile ifomu esizibona namhlanje.

ukuwo Episcopal

Xa banesifo yenkulungwane yeshumi Novgorod ngukumkani idemokhrasi ezidolophini. Amandla amanene yaba phantse wesiqhelo. Zonke izigqibo ezithathwe kwi-Veche. Detinets njengophawu igunya kweso sixeko waya kwi Novgorod Republic. Umthetheli wafudukela ndunduma.

Yeha, ixesha lwentando eRashiya yathatha ixesha elide. Kungekudala amandla e Novgorod ngokuzola waya kwiCawa yobuOthodoki. nangoko ooBhishophu baqala ukuba kahle Novgorod yesicelo. abahlala - kwintendelezo Episcopal - esesikhundleni inxalenye enkulu kwinqaba iShushan. Ukongeza nezakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo, kwaye kukho ezininzi iicawa. Ukuphonononga Sazisa ngamandla nje kuphela kukhangela Episcopal eyadini, kodwa ukundwendwela yokuhlala abakhulu - okubalwa Chamber. Yeyona isakhiwo kuphela isakhiwo, iye bahlile beza kuthi, ukusuka kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane weshumi elinesihlanu.

I ngumhlali yokuqala sokuhlala Euthymios yesibini. Wayalela ukuba akhe kwigumbi yabo indlela zwe. Ngomhla kwakhiwe isakhiwo esinemigangatho emithathu yomsebenzi ngezitena womzobi waseJamani. Ukuphonononga athi phakathi ngaphakathi kwibhotwe sele siyinxalenye yeyona mizobo eludongeni original igcinwe. Le indlu yeeNkosi wathabatha izigidimi wadibana enkundleni neecawa, wenza umthendeleko. Kwakhona, wayeya khona ukuya epalamente Novgorod - iBhunga Masters.

Ngoku amaninzi Chamber ke imyuziyam. exposure imo yokusebenza, nto leyo ithetha ngobomi 'kwabathobekileyo' abantu abakhulu, kukuba yonke imihla iiyure ezilishumi elinesibhozo, kwiintsuku off - ngoMvulo kunye ngoLwesithathu wokuqala kwinyanga nganye. Ukongeza, kwisakhiwo kukho imiboniso esisigxina ezimbini - izacholo kunye nobugcisa bezandla.

ukufikelela Novgorod esasisiya ubulawuli eMoscow

Esi siganeko ngokupheleleyo batshintsha bayahlelwa kwiriphabliki Veche, kwenzeka ngo-1478. Ivan III, iNkosana eMoscow, umhlaba Novgorod ehlonyelwe isimo sabo. Kunye ukuzimela yinto elidlulileyo kunye Ubuqaqawuli obuhle kuloo mzi. Yena akusekho ulilungu le okhawulezileyo हायपरटेक्स्ट League, kwaye liphondo ezolileyo, kodwa, nakuba kunjalo, wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ukuziphendulela kumntla-ntshona imida karhulumente omtsha. Ngoko ke, ngo-1484 Ivan "nachasha wabeka kwi isiseko mzi kwakudala Detinets ngamatye." Le nqaba of Great Novgorod kuphelelwa ngokuziphatha. Tsar Ivan III wayalela ukwandisa iinqaba eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo ukuba ngokwandisa umpu. Liyalondolozwa neendleko ezi zenzo, njengako nguwuphi yesithathu kweendleko egubungele Archbishop Gennady.

Reconstruction Detintsa kwaba yobukhulu yokuba sinokuthi, yakhiwa, nangona phezu kweziseko endala. Kodwa ke, ekupheleni koo zenkulungwane elinesihlanu, i Novgorod yesicelo wathabatha umfanekiso ukuba abone ngoku. Ezinye ezinde zigqitywe kamva, njengoko, umzekelo, Cocuy, wakha phantsi uPetros Omkhulu. Kodwa ngokubanzi, zonke ukubuyekeza bathi Great Novgorod Detinets uthwele umhambi kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu.

Towers Novgorod yesicelo

Abakhenkethi eziwela amandla kweendonga Uyalwa enqaba elunge iyingangamsha. ubukhulu yabo kuyahluka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo: on ezintathu ezinesiqingatha neemitha ngaphezu ezintandathu. Ukuphakama iindonga ezahlukeneyo, kakhulu. Kwezinye iindawo, bavuselwa meters elinesihlanu, ngoxa abanye - abasibhozo kuphela. A isici esasenza Detintsa e Novgorod amabandla esangweni. Oku ibonakalisa zonqulo kunye namandla yezomhlaba yabo abakhulu.

Ezinye ezinde yesicelo Musa esekhona ixesha lethu. Xa isayithi ye-Uvuko Prechistenskaya (uMama kaThixo) ngoku amawa umdla arch. Kodwa yonke ezinde elinambini basinda ezisithoba, ukuba uyavuma, hayi embi. Bonke ezazixhunyaniswe yi iindinyana. Abakhenkethi bacetyiswa ukuba bakhwela Cocuy. Le Watch Tower imitha-mane, evelele sonke isithili. Ukususela sinendawo yaso mkhanya ungabona Anthony kaThixo Monastery kunye neNkundla Yaroslav. Yaye ngemini esicacileyo lubonakale noba intsimbi ende yakhe woonongendi eSt George. Tower Palace (1484-1499 gg.) Ubamba umboniso umdla kakhulu. Ukuba undwendwele i Novgorod yesicelo kunye nomntwana, qiniseka ukuba jonga kwi kubo. Omnye wemiboniso abazinikele baxhobe lamaqhawe Russian eleshumi kwiinkulungwane elinesixhenxe.

Imbali esandukubakho Novgorod kwinqaba iShushan

Ngomhla ngokuvela umdla ubuzwe Slavic in Russian endala kwi yesicelo ivele kwi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane, ababhali-mbali baye bawongwa amagama nenqaba igcinwe ukuba musa ncam ne amagama zembali. iinxalenye zangaphambili iindonga nqaba zaye ebotshelelwe kwiSango Church. Oko kukuthi, kwakukho uvuko, Bogorodnitskaya inqaba njalo njalo. D. Ngoku ibizwa ngokuba Prince, Metropolitan, Palace, Kokui. Ngowe-1862, xa embindini yesicelo phambi loMlawuli Alexander II kunye nentsapho yakhe wavula kubekho nentsika yelitye enikezelwe kuye Millennium of Russia. Kunye nombutho ehlonelwayo ezinjengezo UNESCO, kuquka lonke uluhlu lweentlobo Novgorod enqaba elunge kuluhlu of World Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Ngowe-1865 njengenxalenye yale lomculo yabhengezwa imyuziyam-reserve. Ukuze ufumane apha ayikwazi umsebenzi. Veliky Novgorod, yesicelo - idilesi kweli ziko yenkcubeko ilula kakhulu. Kwaye Detinets kubonakala nayiphi na inxalenye aloo mzi kwakudala.

Ukutyelela kule Novgorod yesicelo: umbono lwabahambi

Ukuphonononga zinikwa ukuba baqonde ukuba myuziyam kuthatha yonke entsokothileyo kwinqaba iShushan. Ngaphandle kuye incwadi yesicelo obekwe Library yeNgingqi, Philharmonic Hall, College of Arts, iindibano zocweyo ukubuyiselwa, umculo kunye nezikolo zobugcisa. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto ukusebenza yonke imbaxa intle kakhulu kubakhenkethi: ukusuka yesithandathu kusasa kude kube sezinzulwini zobusuku. Lo mmandla omkhulu incwadi yesicelo uthatha ukuba imfuneko ukuphonononga zonke izihlangu imini yaye bekhululekile. Ukuphonononga bayacetyiswa ukuba athathe uhambo ngamnye - ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga yesicelo. Abakhenkethi walumkisa ukuba Detintsa Tower kwaye ezinye iindawo kuyo, efana Episcopal Courtyard, babe iindlela zabo zokusebenza. Abanye kuvula ngentsimbi yeshumi elinanye kusasa. Ukuba beze yesicelo kungcono ngoMvulo, kuba ngaloo mini lweveki kwiinqaba ezininzi imveliso Novgorod kwinqaba iShushan. Uyakwazi ukutya kuzo kwivenkilana, isitayile kumaXesha Aphakathi. Apho ukubuyekeza ngokudumisa sbiten kunye kvass.