"Robinson Crusoe": umbhali wabhala ngaye?

Namhlanje akukho ukuvumelana malunga nonyaka wazalelwa uDaniel Defoe, umbhali IsiNgesi, eziqhelekileyo kubafundi bethu kwindawo yokuqala njengoko umbhali yenoveli "Robinson Crusoe". Abanye uye ucinge ukuba-1660, lo gama ezinye biographers kunye mbali bakholelwa ukuba uDaniyeli fo wazalwa ngo-1661 e-London. Ewe musa ukumangaliswa, akukho okubhala kwisicatshulwa. Igama yokwenene umbhali odumileyo - gxila.

Esakhula

Uyise uDaniyeli ngokuthengisa inyama waphupha ukuba unyana wakhe wayeza kuba kumfundisi, ngoko ke uDaniyeli oselula ababhaliswe kwiziko. In Academy Morton, nto leyo ibekwe e Stoke Newington, umbhali elizayo "Robinson Crusoe" Ndifunde isiGrike, Latin kunye noncwadi yamandulo. Kodwa, oko iyaphela iminyaka 19 Academy, Daniyeli fo uqalisa inxaxheba kwimisebenzi zokurhweba.

Usomashishini kunye pamphleteer

Amanyathelo okuqala kwezorhwebo ngayo njenge-Clerk zabarhwebi hosiery, apho wayefunda iziseko yeshishini zorhwebo. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala kwenza uhambo kuphela ngeenjongo zorhwebo, ePortugal, eItali, eSpeyin kunye France. Kamva Daniel fo yokuthenga efektri kwimveliso iikawusi, ngoko ke isityalo ekuveliseni iithayile kunye lezitena niya kulirhola. Owenza ngokwemvelo, uMnu fo imali kwiiprojekthi athandabuzekayo nexesha kwaye ngenxa yoko iba yimali.

Ukwehluleka kwi ngaphambili zorhwebo, musa ukutsala ityali evela phantsi kweenyawo kaDaniyeli. Ukongeza ezorhwebo, umdla elikhulu umbhali elizayo ubomi wezopolitiko kweli lizwe. Lakhe imisebenzi yezopolitiko wawusalathiswa nxamnye abalawulayo King James II, wabhala imibongo satirical kunye namaphetshana, leyo bamhleka kwinkundla yakomkhulu kunye basebukhosini elilawulayo. Eyona ethandwayo kubo uba ebhalwe 1701. "nabaKhulisi eliNgesi". Le ncwadana yaba mlonyeni kangangokuba abasemagunyeni igwebe umbhali ukuba nasemgoqweni isigebenga wahlawuliswa kwaye ufake entolongweni de ekwenziweni zonke izohlwayo. Nokuma ebotshelelwe nasemgoqweni, pamphleteer wabukela njengoko abemi London wayemnike uvelwano kunye nenkxaso. imveliso yawo uwa: ekugqibeleni izityalo zawa, xa umnini waba esiseleni entolongweni.

inkululeko yabo, enyanisweni, uDaniyeli sanyanzeleka fo uMphathiswa kunye Somlomo weNdlu of Commons, uRobert Harley. Somlomo ephuma umbhali entolongweni waza wamnika umsebenzi of a arhente ngokufihlakeleyo eScotland eNgilani. Ngowe-1704, kukho amagama faux wongezelela De yamasuntswana, ngoko umnini wagqiba ekubeni igama ukugxininisa imvelaphi yayo yeengcungcu. Ngomnyaka efanayo wamiselwa kwi ngamaxesha "I Review". Apho wayesebenza kude 1713, yena abhale ze aphengulule amanqaku makwazeke-kakuhle umhlaziyi kwezopolitiko. Ngaxeshanye kunye nomsebenzi wendlu ukushicilela Defoe wabhala imisebenzi zoncwadi.

Le ncwadi yokuqala

Ngowe-1719 lushicilelwa incwadi yokuqala zombhali - ". Robinson Crusoe" Umbhali ke impumelelo enkulu. igama Danielya Defo iqukiwe kwimbali loncwadi yehlabathi. Athandwa yaba umbhali nje kuphela, kodwa ke Robinson Crusoe. Umbhali wanika umlinganiswa ongenakoyiswa ophambili kunye nothando ubomi. Ngomhla igagasi impumelelo incwadi yokuqala Defoe nangoko uvelisa ukuqhubeka nobomi ophambili - "The Adventures Olunye Robinson Crusoe" kunye nonyaka kamva, umbhali ubhala athi: ". Serious Reflections ngexesha Ubomi Adventures Okumangalisayo Strange ka Robinson Crusoe, kuquka umbono yalo ihlabathi yeengelosi" Kodwa le misebenzi zange kusiphembelela readers.

Ihlabathi liphela ecinga ukuba ophambili yenoveli "Robinson Crusoe" ngu Daniel Defoe yi - ubuntu ngokwenene. Xa engundoqo imveliso ngokwenene libali ezenzeka nenye matiloshe. Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba aphume inkosi pen Sifikile imisebenzi emikhulu ezifana "courtesan Happy", "Uvuyo nesingqala Mol eFlanders", "Imbali Colonel Jack" kunye nabanye. Kodwa engundoqo kwaye kwakukho ethi "Robinson Crusoe". Umbhali nesimilo sakhe sangena ebomini nangoku kunye.

Nesazi idumileyo wafa ubuhlwempu zisabonakala, eneminyaka engama-71, eLondon.