States baseMpumalanga. Ukwenziwa ithi Slavic. Flags ithi Slavic

Imbali ithi urhulumente yokuqala Slavic kwavela isithuba, BC yomhla kwekhulu V. Malunga neli xesha, i nokuxubana yafudukela kweenxweme Dnieper River. Kwaba apha ukuba yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini zembali: kwiMpuma Balkan. izizwe Eastern kuhlala ecaleni Dnieper kunye kwiiBalkans - yathatha i Balkan Peninsula. ithi Slavic ehlabathini namhlanje beshumayela kwintsimi enkulu eYurophu Asia. Abantu abahlala kuzo, baba ezifanayo ngaphantsi omnye komnye, kodwa eziqhelekileyo iingcambu zibonakale kuyo yonke into - ukusuka izithethe kunye nolwimi ukuya kwelide okwangoku nendlela ezifana, njengoko nengqondo.

Umbuzo ingenzeka sokumiswa phakathi kwabona iminyaka emininzi Iyandonwabisa izazinzulu. Beka phambili ezininzi iingcamango, iyileyo akufunekanga lube ekuqiqeni. Kodwa ukwenza lo mbono, kuyimfuneko ukuba aqhelane ubuncinane ezingundoqo na.

Njengoko kwavela urhulumente evela nokuxubana: kwingcinga yokuba Varangians

Ukuba sithethe ngayo kwimbali sokumiswa le nokuxubana yamandulo kwezi nkalo, izazinzulu ngokuqhelekileyo bathembele iingcamango eziliqela, endiya ndingathanda ingqalelo. Inguqulelo kakhulu eqhelekileyo ngoku ukuba xa urhulumente yokuqala Slavic, uthathwa ukuba Norman okanye theory Varangian. Oku kuvele ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII eJamani. Abaseki kunye inspirers ezizinzululwazi ke oosonzululwazi ezimbini German: uTiyofilo uSiegfried Bayer (1694-1738) kunye Gerhard Friedrich Müller (1705-1783).

Ngokubona kwabo, imbali ithi Slavic okanye uNorman nesinempandla yeYurophu. Esi sigqibo pundits benza, ngokucokisekileyo yafunda "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" - la íOpus yamandulo wadala yi seal Nestor. Kukho ngokwenene ikhonkco, yomhla we-862, lo nyaka, into yokuba mandulo izizwe Slavic (krivichi, Chud kunye Slovenes) ebizwa emazweni zabo ebukumkanini abathetheli Varangian. Kwathiwa, udiniwe le zembujiswano ingxabano kunye utshaba nokuhlaselwa ezingapheliyo ukusuka ngaphandle, ezimbalwa izizwe Slavic yagqiba ukuhlanganisa phantsi kokukhokelwa ngokusemthethweni, zazijongwa ngelo xesha kakhulu abanamava kunye nempumelelo eYurophu.

Ngemihla yakudala kuphuhliso naziphi na iirekhodi zorhulumente imfundo zomkhosi amava kobunkokeli bakhe kuqala ngaphezulu kwezoqoqosho. Yaye amandla kunye namava bakhona esemantla Akuthandabuzeki. amabutho zabo agqogqa phantse zonke iindawo ezakhiweyo Europe. Mhlawumbi, ezisekelwe impumelelo ngokuyintloko emkhosini, ngokutsho ingcamango Norman, i nokuxubana yamandulo waza wagqiba ekubeni nibabize beze kummandla weenkosana Varangian.

Hi ndlela leyi, igama ngokwayo - Russia, kuthiwa ke kanye abathetheli Norman. Nestor umkhumbuzi le ngongoma ichazwe kakhulu ngokucacileyo kumgca "... baza abazalwana abathathu kunye ngokweentsapho zabo, naye wathabatha yonke Rus '. Noko ke, igama lokugqibela kulo meko, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali abaninzi, imele ngakumbi ukulwa squad, ngamanye amazwi - emkhosini yobungcali. Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba iinkokeli Norman, njengoko umthetho, kwabakho ukwahlukana phakathi kwecala ekuqaleni generic yoluntu bempi leyo maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba "Kirch". Ngamanye amazwi, oko kuthathwa ukuba iinkosana ezintathu bafudukela kwilizwe nokuxubana, hayi kuphela kumaqela zokulwa, kodwa iintsapho eliphezulu-grade. Njengoko angabalindi imfazwe eqhelekileyo abazalwana abasixhenxe akuvumelekanga, phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko, kucacile ubume komsitho. Norman ezizizikhulu zezizwe bayamkela isicelo kunye sina kakhulu kwaye kwasekwa States ekuqaleni Slavic.

"Baye Apho umhlaba Russian"

Enye ingcamango umdla kukuba imbono yokuba 'Vikings "kwakuthetha eRashiya yamandulo empini yobungcali. Oku kungqina kwakhona ukuba yokuba nokuxubana yamandulo bet kanye iinkokheli ubumfazwe. Ngokutsho kwithiyori zezazinzulu German, olusekelwe phezu encwadini yemicimbi yemihla Nestor, inkosana Varangian wahlala kufuphi Lake Ladoga, kwaye eyesibini lahlala phezu kweenxweme White Lake, eyesithathu - in Izoborsk. Emveni kwezi zenzo, ngokutsho umkhumbuzi, uMbumbi ithi yokuqala Slavic, nomhlaba ngokudibeneyo yabizwa ngokuba ilizwe Russian.

Olunye umlando yakhe Nestor ixoxa ilivo ingenzeka usapho elandelayo lobukhosi Rurik. Yaba Rurik, izikhulu Slavic ithi, kwaye kwinzala abathetheli zintathu edume. Kananjalo kunganxulunyaniswa "ubunkokeli elite zopolitiko" Eyokuqala ithi yamandulo Slavic. Emva kokufa olunemiqathango 'ukusungulwa uyise ", amandla wadlulela olandelayo yakhe nakwinye inyama yenyama, Oleg, owathi ngenxa oliqhophololo kunye ukunyoba woyisa eKiev, waza ke wangena North noMzantsi Russia zibe bengatshatanga. Ngokutsho kwenzeka Nestor kweli 882 kunyaka th. Njengoko kubonakala kwirekhodi, ukubunjwa karhulumente ngenxa yokuba i "ulawulo lwangaphandle" ngempumelelo Vikings.

Russian - ngubani na le nto?

Noko ke, oosonzululwazi nangoku bebangisana ngawo uhlanga yokwenene abantu ukuze igama. Norman theory abalandeli bakholelwa ukuba igama elithi "Rus" kwafika kwigama Finnish "ruotsi", apho eFinland kubiza balwa kwinkulungwane IX. Umdla kwakhona into yokuba uninzi loonozakuzaku Russian abo eseByzantium waba amagama yaseScandinavia: Charles, Iengeld, Farlof, Veremund. La magama asiwe ebhalwe izivumelwano yoBukhosi baseByzantium, yomhla we-911- 944 iminyaka. Kunye nabalawuli yokuqala ka-Russia amagama kuphela yaseScandinavia - Igor Olga, Rurik.

Enye yeengxoxo kakhulu ukuyivuma Norman imfundiso yintoni imeko Slavic, uthathwa ukuba kubhekiswa Russian eNtshona "yemihla Bertinskih." Kukho ngokukodwa kuqatshelwe ukuba unyaka-839 mlawuli yaseByzantium athume isigidimi nosebenza yakhe amakhosi Louis I. La madoda kwakukho abameli "abantu bakhula." Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba Louis bosuku wagqiba ukuba "Russia" - kodwa ke balwa.

Kulo 950 kunyaka th ka baseByzantium loMlawuli uKonstantin Bagryanorodny , kwincwadi yakhe "On kulawulo zoMbuso," watsho amanye amagama adumileyo enemisinga Dnieper kukhona kuphela iingcambu aseScandanavia. Ekugqibeleni, abahambi Muslim ezininzi zejografi e opuses zabo besive IX-X iinkulungwane, "amanqanaba" separate ngokucacileyo nokuxubana "Sakaliba". Zonke ezi zibakala, baqokelelana ndawonye, wanceda yi-nzulu waseJamani yokwakha ebizwa ngokuba yi-Norman theory malunga nendlela naliphi na ilizwe Slavic.

theory Patriotic ngemvelaphi karhulumente

Eyona ideologist ephambili e-worldwork theory lesibini sisazinzulu Russian uMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. theory baseMpumalanga ngemvelaphi urhulumente ikwabizwa ngokuba "ingcamango autochthonous." Ukufunda ithiyori Norman, Lomonosov wabona engafezekanga ukucamanga izazinzulu isiJamani ukungakwazi nokuxubana ukuya self-umbutho, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ulawulo lwangaphandle evela eYurophu. A ngokuthanda weqiniso, MV Lomonosov enabizelwa umbuzo yonke ithiyori, isigqibo ukufunda eli qhina zembali ngokwakhe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko uMenzi ekuthiwa-theory Slavic ngemvelaphi karhulumente, ngokusekelwe wayekhanyela epheleleyo 'uNorman ".

Ngoko ke, yintoni na le counter engundoqo wakhokelela abavikeli i nokuxubana? Le ngxoxo engundoqo ngoluvo lokuba lo gama "Rus" sele etymologically sinxulumana na Novgorod yamandulo okanye Ladoga. Libhekisela, gxebe, eUkraine (ngakumbi, kuMbindi Dnieper). Njengokuba ubungqina la amagama yamandulo amadama akhiwe kule ndawo - ros, Roos, Rostavitsa. Ukufunda waseSiriya "Ecclesiastical History," yaguqulelwa UZachary rhetorician, Slavic theory amarhamente bafumana kukhankanywa malunga ngabantu ekuthiwa Hros okanye "Rus". Ezi zizwe bahlaliswe nje kumzantsi Kiev. I-ngqangi wadalwa 555, ngomnyaka. Ngamanye amazwi, le iziganeko zichazwe kulo, ekudala phambi aseScandanavia.

Enye enkulu counter-argument kuqwalaselwa yaye akukho ukukhankanywa eRussia sagas mandulo kubaphangi. Baye asuka phezulu kakhulu kakhulu, kwaye ke, eneneni, konke intsomi nobuhlanga amazwe aseScandinavia mihla ezisekelwe. Kunzima ukuba uyavumelana iingxelo ezo mbali abathi ukuba ubuncinane ekuqaleni ye sagas okwethutyana zembali kufuneka bengxelo ubuncinci ezo ziganeko. Amagama yaseScandinavia loonozakuzaku, abo bathembele abaxhasi ingcamango Norman, kakhulu, ukuba likhulu ekhulwini musa ukucacisa uhlanga kwabantu abanokuthatha olu xanduva. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, iindwendwe Swedish bakwazi ukumela kakuhle kakhulu iinkosana Russian kumazwe akude.

Ukugxekwa theory Norman

Engela kwaye ingxelo kwimo Scandinavians. Isibakala sokuba kwixesha ekuthethwa, ithi yaseScandinavia ezinjalo yayingekabikho. Oku kubanga isixa esibonakalayo ukuthandabuza ukuba Vikings - yiyo abalawuli yokuqala ithi Slavic. Akuthandeki ukuba iindwendwe iinkokeli yaseScandinavia, ngaphandle kokuhlola ukwakhiwa kwamandla zayo, esehlela into kumazwe asemzini.

Academician Boris Rybakov, ukuthetha malunga ngemvelaphi ingcamango Norman, wavakalisa uluvo lwakhe malunga nokufaneleka jikelele mbali ababuthathaka wanamhla, abo bakholwayo, umzekelo, ukuba utshintsho nezizwe ezininzi kwezinye amazwe kudala imiqathango sophuhliso kurhulumente, nangenxa eminyaka. Enyanisweni, inkqubo ukubunjwa sokumiswa unokuthatha kangangeenkulungwane. Kuba sisiseko esingundoqo zembali apho mbali German, unale ezingachanekanga ngendlela engaqhelekanga.

ithi Slavic, ngokutsho Nestor umkhumbuzi, kwasekwa ngaphezu kwamashumi. Amaxesha amaninzi, yena othi abaseki namandla, ngokubuyisela ingqiqo. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ukungangqinelani ezo zichazwe ukucinga wentsomi of Nestor. Ngoko ke utoliko categorical of umlando wayo kuyathandabuzeka kakhulu.

Iintlobo yemibono

Enye ingcamango ezibalulekileyo ukuvela sokumiswa e Rus yamandulo ebizwa Iranian-Slavic. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ngexesha lokusekwa Eyokuqala ithi kwakukho kwamasebe amabini livele nokuxubana. Omnye, leyo kuthiwa Rus-Obodrits okanye rugi, wahlala phezu amazwe ithi yangoku. Enye ahlala yoLwandle Black waza wathabatha linentsusa yalo kwizizwe Iranian kunye Slavic. Ukuhlangabezana le "iinguqulelo" amabini ebantwini, ngokwento kwithiyori, iza kudala bengatshatanga Slavic Rus.

hypothesis umdla, apho kamva wanyuselwa kwithiyori ecetywayo Academician of NASU V. Sklyarenko. Ngokutsho kwakhe, Novgorodians wabhenela Varangians-Balts, leyo kuthiwa Rus okanye Ruthenium. Igama elithi "Ruthenians" livela ebantwini, omnye kwizizwe Celtic, wathabatha inxaxheba kwasekwa iqela Slavic uhlanga kwisiqithi Rügen. Ukongezelela, ngokutsho academician, xa kanye nexesha sele likhona izizwe Black Sea Slavic, inzala bawo Zaporozhye Cossacks. Lo mbono kuthiwa - Celtic-Slavic.

Khangela ukuba ukusilela

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kumaxesha ngamaxesha kukho urhwebo-zibekho kwengcamango lenqaba ukubunjwa karhulumente. Yile guqulelo lwe-mbali ecetywayo Russian V. Klyuchevskii. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ithi Slavic aba idolophu enqatyisiweyo ngelo xesha. Ukuba usibekile isiseko kumaqumrhu zorhwebo, ushishino kunye nezopolitiko. Ngaphezu koko, ngokutsho mbali, kwakukho "kwiindawo ezisezidolophini" lonke, ezo States ezincinane.

Okwesibini uhlobo yezopolitiko kunye nemeko ngelo xesha abo kakhulu silwe uNorman ulawulo, ekuthethwe ngayo kwithiyori Norman. Ngokutsho Kliuchevskoi, ezizezi ngokudibana conglomerates ezinamandla zasezidolophini kunye namaqonga zomkhosi Vikings yaphuma kwinto yokuba kusekwe ithi Slavic (iminxeba zesikolo 6 kwibakala le Ntetho Kievan Rus '). Le ngcamango, leyo wathi kunye mbali Ukrainian A. Efimenko and I. Krypiakevych, ekuthiwa Slavic-Varangian. Kuthi sixolelanisiwe abameli Orthodox zombini.

Kwelinye icala, Academician Vernadsky imibuzo i Norman imvelaphi nokuxubana. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukuyilwa ithi baseMpumalanga izizwe zasempumalanga kufuneka kuqwalaselwa kwi "Rus" - i-Kuban yanamhlanje. Academician wayekholelwa ukuba nokuxubana wavuka eli gama evela igama yamandulo "Roksolana" okanye Alans ukukhanya. In-imi- 60 of zakudala kwinkulungwane XX Ukrainian DT Berezovets wacebisa ucinga pallets abemi Russ Alanian. Namhlanje, kungenxa yobu hypothesis kwakhona beqwalasela Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

Akukho qela yobuhlanga - nokuxubana

uprofesa American O.Pritsak ecetywayo ngendlela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo oko urhulumente Slavic, yaye yintoni - akukho. Ku ayisekelwanga nayiphi na yeengcinga ngasentla kwaye isiseko yayo ubhalo. Ngokutsho Pritsak, nokuxubana lowo wayengekho ngezizathu zobuhlanga nakuzwelonke. Ilizwe apho kwasekwa Kievan Rus, iye sisekunqumlaneni kweendlela zorhwebo kunye nezorhwebo neendlela phakathi eMpuma West. Abantu abahlala kwezi ndawo ibe uhlobo igorha-abarhwebi abaye ukhuseleko ngabahambi zorhwebo kwamanye abarhwebi, kwakunye elungiselelwe endleleni impahla yakhe.

Ngamanye amazwi, imbali ye-Slavic ithi isekelwe phezu kwezinye kurhwebo kunye zomkhosi uluntu iimfuno nabameli lwezizwana ezahlukahlukeneyo. Yeyona Yindibanisela nothwal Pirates kwalandela isiseko nobuhlanga lwemo elizayo. Lidla theory impikiswano, ingakumbi xa ucinga ukuba ubeke phambili sisazinzulu awayehlala kwelo lizwe, ogama imbali ubuyela iminyaka ima 200.

Against kakubi wagxeka yi mbali ezininzi Russian kwaye Ukrainian, ogama bade baba ngokwayo - "iVolga -. Khanate Russian" Ngokutsho amaMelika, oko kwaba ukubunjwa wokuqala Slavic ithi (Grade 6 ngenkankulu ukuba aqhelane kwingcamango impikiswano enjalo). Kunjalo, unelungelo lokuba khona, wambiza Khazar.

Brief Kievan Rus

Emva kokuhlolisisa bonke ngcamango kuye kucace ukuba urhulumente yokuqala ezinkulu Slavic yaqalwa Kievan Rus ngeenxa kwinkulungwane IX. Ukuqulunqwa kwale amandla wathabatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba. Ku 882 ziyadityaniswa iminyaka kwaye ungene phantsi enye glades igunya Drevlyane, amagama, dregovechey kunye Polotsk. I-Union of kumazwe Slavic kuphawulwa yi ngokudibana Kiev ne Novgorod.

Emva ekuthatheni amandla e Kiev, Oleg waqalisa owesibini, kumabakala okuqala feudal yophuhliso Kievan Rus. Kuthatha i uxhulumaniso esebenzayo kwimimandla ngaphambili ayaziwa. Ngoko ke, ngo-981, urhulumente zandiswa yi kumazwe aseMpuma benemfundo ukuya San emlanjeni. I-m 992 sele iphunyelelwe kwaye namazwe Croatian elele zombini amathambeka ye Carpathians. Ngo 1054 amandla Kiev kwafikela phantse kuzo zonke izizwe Mpuma Slavic, nesixeko ngokwaso waziwa kwi "unina izixeko Russian."

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba esele kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XI, urhulumente waqala iba zibe oozilawuli ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, eli xesha zange kube kudala, naphambi ingozi eqhelekileyo ubuso kwezi ntsingiselo Polovtsian wayeka. Kodwa kamva, ngenxa yokwanda kumaziko feudal kunye nokwandisa amandla ulupwa yezikhulu, Kievan Rus nangoku iwela fiefdoms. Ngo-1132 waqalisa isithuba wobukhosi ukuqhekeka. Ezi meko zinje, njengoko siyazi, kwakukho ukuya Ukubhaptizwa All Russia. Ingcamango bengatshatanga sele zithandwa ngoko.

Olube ithi Slavic

ithi Slavic Modern zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Bona ahluka kungekuphela ubuzwe okanye ulwimi, kodwa umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, kwaye inqanaba wothand'uhlanga, yaye inqanaba lophuhliso loqoqosho. Noko ke, le nokuxubana lula ukuqonda omnye - nangoku siyeka inemvelaphi neenkungu kwexesha zenza sengqondo efanayo omkhanyelayo zonke izazinzulu "olwamkelweyo" ezaziwayo, kodwa ngokuzithemba bathi kwezentlalo kunye kwengqondo.

Ngapha koko, kwanokuba siqwalasela iindwe ngamazwe Slavic, ungabona njalo ethile kunye ukufana lombala palette. Kukho into enjalo - imibala Pan-Slavic. Kuba okokuqala ukuthetha ngazo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX kwi-First Slavic Congress ePrague. Abaxhasi ingcamango ubunye zonke nokuxubana wacela ukuba tricolor imivumbo elinganayo oluhlaza, omhlophe kunye ebomvu iflegi yayo. Rumor model waba yibhanile yonke yomrhwebi zezithuthi Russian. Ngoko nokuba eneneni - kunzima kakhulu ukungqina, kodwa iiflegi zamazwe Slavic badla iphawuleka iinkcukacha incinane, hayi imibala.