Ukuthetha ngokucacileyo kwiincwadi. Isalathiso, isiqendu, ukuthelekisa

Iindlela zokubonisa ngokucacileyo kwiincwadi zithi "umzila" ngenye indlela. Umendo ngumfanekiso wesigxina, ibinzana okanye igama elisetyenziswe ngomzekeliso ukwenzela ukuqinisa ukubonakalisa ubugcisa, imifanekiso yolwimi. Iindidi ezahlukileyo zale misebenzi kwimisebenzi yombhalo zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi, zisetyenziselwa inkulumo yansuku zonke kunye nekhono lobugcisa. Iintlobo eziphambili ze-trope zibandakanya ezifana ne-hyperbole, epithet, i-metonymy, ukuthelekisa, isimboli, i-synecdoche, i-irony, i-litota, i-periphrasis, udidi lomntu, i-allegory. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngeentlobo ezi zintathu: ukuthelekisa, uhlaziyo kunye nomzobo. Ngolunye lweendlela ezikhankanywe apha ngasentla kule ncwadi ziya kuxutyushwa ngokubanzi.

Umzobo: Inkcazo

Igama elithi "umzobo" ekuguquleleni lithetha "intsingiselo ephathekayo", "ukudluliselwa". Eli binzana okanye igama, elisetyenziswe ngendlela engathanga ngqo, isekelwe ekuthelekisweni kwezinto (ezingaqeshwanga) kunye nomnye ngokufana nesinye isici. Oko kukuthi, isalathisi sisithuba sokuthetha, esilusebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kwamagama kunye namazwi ngengqondo engokomfuziselo ngesiseko sokufanisa, ukufana, ukufana.

Kule ndlela, ezi zinto zilandelayo ziyakwazi ukwahlula: umongo okanye isigaba; Into ngaphakathi kweli candelo; Inkqubo apho le nto yenza umsebenzi othile; Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo ethile kwiimeko ezithile okanye i-intersections kunye nabo.

Isalathiso kwisigxina se-lexicology sisistim seantic ekhoyo phakathi kweentsingiselo zegama elithile le-polysemantic, esekelwe kubukho befana (ukusebenza, kwangaphandle, kwesakhiwo). Ngokuqhelekileyo le ndlela iba ngumnqweno wokuzicwangcisa ngokwawo, ngoko uhambisa indawo yokuqala, intsingiselo yangaphambili yale nto okanye loo mbono.

Iintlobo zeesalathisi

Kuyinto yesiko ukuhlukanisa ezi zimbini iindidi kwiingcamango zanamhlanje ezichaza isalathisi: i-diaphora (oko kukuthi, ukuchasana, isimboli esicacileyo), kunye ne-epiphore (isusiweyo, isenzo).

Isalathiso esichaziweyo silandelelwano esenziwa ngokulandelelana kuwo wonke umyalezo wonke okanye iqhekeza elikhulu. Umzekelo unokucetyiswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "Incwadi yendlala ayiyi kuhamba: iimveliso ezivela kwiimarike zincwadi ziya ngokunyuka kakhulu - kufuneka ziphonswe ngaphandle, ngaphandle kokuzama."

Kukho nento ebizwa ngokuba yinto ebonakaliswayo, ebonisa ukusetyenziswa kwegama elingakhange libhekiselele kwimvelo yalo. Ngamanye amagama, ngokungathi isalathisi sinentsingiselo ngqo. Isiphumo sokwenza oko kudla ngokuqhelekileyo. Umzekelo: "Ulahlekelwe ngumsindo waza wangena kwiTram."

Iingqungquthela kwiintetho zobugcisa

Ekubunjweni kwemifanekiso eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa, njengoko sele sichazile, indima ebalulekileyo idlalwe ngokubonakalisa le ndlela, izixhumanisi ezinxulumene ezikhoyo phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Iingqungquthela njengendlela yokubonisa ngokucacileyo kwiincwadi ziqinisa ingqiqo yethu, iphule "ukuqonda ngokubanzi" kunye ne-automatism yeengxelo.

Kwiintetho zobugcisa kunye nolwimi, ezi zilandelayo zimbini zizahlukana ngokubhekiselele kulo mgaqo. Kwintliziyo yeyokuqala kubo balala ubuqu okanye imifanekiso. Iyesibini incike ekuhlaleni. Iingqungquthela (amagama kunye namazwi) ezidalwe ngumzekelo wokuqala zibizwa ngokuba ngumntu. Imizekelo yile: "ulwandle luqabile," "ikhephu likhona," "unyaka uphumelele," "umlambo ugijima", "iimvakalelo ziphelile," "ixesha liyeka," "inzondo iyabamba". Ngaba, "ingcambu yobubi," iilwimi zelangatye, "umlenze wesigwebo").

Iilwimi kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zalo mzila njengendlela yokubonakalisa iincwadi zihlala zikhona kwiintetho zobugcisa. Banika itekisi yokufuzisela. Xa ufunda imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, ingakumbi izibongo, umntu kufuneka ahlalutye ngokucophelela oko kuthethwa ngumoya wobugcisa. Iintlobo zabo ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi xa abalobi bevame ukubonisa isimo sengqondo esizimeleyo, kubomi, ukuguqula umhlaba ojikelezayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwimisebenzi yothando yindlela yokubonakalisa isimo sengqondo sabalobi kumntu kunye nehlabathi. Ngamazwi efilosofi nangokwengqondo, kubandakanyekile, le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu njengendlela yokwenza amava ahlukahlukeneyo, kunye nokuvakalisa iingcamango zefilosofi zeebongi ezithile.

Imizekelo yezifanekiselo ezidalwe ziingcali zakudala

A.S. Ngokomzekelo, u-Pushkin wadibana nale mizobo: "inyanga iyavuka", "iilly glades", "amaphupha aphuzileyo," ukutshatyalaliswa kwentsha ".

KuMnu Yu. ULermontov: "uyayiva intlango" kuThixo, ithi inkwenkwezi eneenkwenkwezi, "idinga isazela", "ingqondo enomsindo" ibangela ipeni.

F.I. I-Tyutchev: ebusika "inomsindo," intwasahlobo "ingqongqo" ewindow, "ukulala".

Iimpawu zeefayile kunye nemifanekiso yezimboli

Ngaloo ndlela, izalathisi zingaba sisiseko semifanekiso eyahlukeneyo-iimpawu. Ngokomsebenzi weLermontov, umzekelo, zenza imifanekiso-impawu "njengesundu" kunye ne "pine" ("kwintlango yasendle ..."), "umkhumbi" (imbongo yegama elinye). Intsikelelo yabo kukufaniswa kweefayili, umkhumbi kumntu onesizungu okhangela indlela yakhe ebomini, ekubandezelekeni okanye ekuvukeleni, ephethe uxanduva lwakhe njengomthwalo. Iingqungquthela nazo ziyisiseko seempawu zengqungquthela ezenziwe kwiingqungquthela zeBlok kunye nezinye izinto ezibonakalisa.

Ukuthelekisa: Inkcazo

Ukuthelekiswa yindlela, isiseko salo ukujongwa kwezinto ezithile okanye into ethile kwesinye isiseko esithile. Injongo elandelwa yile ndlela yokubonakalisa ukubonakalisa ukubonakalisa kwinto enikwe into ebalulekileyo kwimigaqo yento.

Khetha ngokuthelekisa: into efaniswayo (ebizwa ngokuba yinto yokuthelekisa), into (indlela yokuthelekisa) kunye noluphi uhlobo olufanayo (ukuthelekisa, ngenye indlela - "isiseko sokuthelekisa"). Enye yeempawu ezahlukileyo zalo mzila kukukhankanywa kokubili izinto ezithelekiswayo, into eqhelekileyo ayibonakaliyo ngexesha elifanayo. Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa ukuthelekiswa kwesalathisi.

Le ndlela iqhelekileyo kumsebenzi womntu womlomo.

Iintlobo zokuthelekisa

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuthelekiswa ziyafumaneka. Oku kwakhiwa ngendlela yokuqhathaniswa kwemali, eyenziwa ngoncedo lwemanyano "ngokuchanekileyo", "njengokungathi", "njengaye", "njani." Umzekelo: "Uyisiyatha, njengemvu, kodwa ubuqili, njengesihogo." Kukho ukuthelekiswa kwamanyano okungafanelanga, okuyizivakalisi ezinesigxina segama. Umzekelo owaziwayo: "Indlu yam yinqaba yam". Ufundiswe ngoncedo lwegama, elisetyenziswe kwimeko echaphazelekayo, umzekelo, "uhamba ngegogg." Kukho nalabo abaphikayo: "Umzamo awuyikuhlushwa."

Ukuthelekiswa kwincwadi

Ukuthelekiswa njengento yokwamkela kuyasetyenziswa kakhulu kwiintetho zobugcisa. Ngoncedo lwayo, ukufana, iibhalana, ukufana phakathi kwabantu, ubomi babo kunye neemeko zendalo zibonakala. Ukuthelekisa, ngoko, kubonakala kudibanisa imibutho eyahlukeneyo ephakamileyo kumbhali.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, le ndlela yinkqutyana yoqhagamshelwano, efunekayo ukuze umfanekiso uvele. Ngoko, kwimbongo ethi "KuLwandle", ebhalwe nguAlexandro Sergeyevich Pushkin, ulwandle lubangela umbhali uluhlu olupheleleyo lweentlangano kunye ne "genius" (i-Byron neNapoleon) kunye nomntu ngokubanzi. Zijongwa ngokuthelekiswa. Isandi solwandle, apho imbongi ithi, siyaqhathaniswa ne "intlungu" yokukrokra komhlobo, "mbiza" ngelixa eliphumayo. Ubongozi obuntwini bukaByron bubona iimpawu ezifanayo ezikhoyo "kwizinto ezingenanto": ubunzulu, amandla, ukungenakulungelelaniswa, ubunzima. Kubonakala ukuba i-Byron kunye nolwandle zizinto ezimbini ezinesimo esifanayo: inkululeko, inqhayiya, ingenakunqandwa, ngokuzenzekelayo, ngokwemimiselo.

Ukuthelekisa kwiingqungquthela zabantu

Iingoma zengoma zisebenzisa ukuthelekiswa okubanjwe ngokubanzi, ezithelekiso ezisekelwe kwisithethe, zisetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile. Ababodwa, kodwa bathathwe kwisitokhwe somculi womntu okanye umlandeli. Yimodeli yokomfuziselo eyenziwa ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko eziyimfuneko. Kakade ke, iibongozi ezithembele kwimbali zisebenzisa ukulinganisa okunzulu emsebenzini wabo. M.Yu. U-Lermontov, umzekelo, emsebenzini wakhe othi "Ingoma yomthengisi uKalashnikov," ubhala ukuba ukumkani wabheka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zezulu "njengentambo" kwi-syzokrylo "injengejuba."

I-Hyperbole: Inkcazo

Igama elithi "hyperbola" ngesiRashiya ligama elithetha "ukunyusa", "ukudlula", "ukugqithisa", "utshintsho" ekuguquleleni. Lo ngumfanekiso wesistim, omelela ngokunyanisekileyo nokugqwetha ngokucacileyo ukwenzela ukuqinisa ukuvakalisa nokugxininisa oku okanye ukucinga. Ngokomzekelo: "Siya kuba nokutya okwaneleyo kwiinyanga ezintandathu," "Ndithethe le mawaka ngamawaka."

U-Hyperbola udla ngokudibanisa namanye amacebo ahlukeneyo , apho afaka khona umbala ofanelekileyo. Esi sifanekiso ("iintaba zaphakama amaza") kunye nokuqhathaniswa kwe-hyperbolic. Isimo esibonakalisiweyo okanye umlinganisi unokuba ngumxube. Lo mzila uphinde ube nesimo sendlela yokubhala, isicatshulwa, esetyenziswe apha njengendlela yokwamkela ukukhathazeka, kunye nokuthandana, apho i-pathos ichukumisa ngayo.

Imizekelo apho i-hyperbole isetyenziswe ngesiRashiya ngamagama angamaphiko kunye namagumbi ezinkcazelo ("umbane okhawulezayo", "ukukhawuleza njengombane", "ulwandle lwezinyembezi", njl.). Ukuhlawulelwa kuya kuqhutyelwa ixesha elide.

I-Hyperbole kwiincwadi

I-Hyperball kwindinyana kunye neprose ngenye yezindlela zamandulo zobugcisa bokudala. Imisebenzi yobugcisa yalo mendo ininzi kwaye iyahluka. I-hyperbole yombhalo ifuneka ngokukodwa ukubonisa iimpawu ezithile okanye iimpawu zabantu, iziganeko, iziganeko zendalo, izinto. Ngokomzekelo, umlingiswa obalaseleyo weMtsyri, iqhawe lomthando, ligxininiswa ngoncedo lwalo mzila: incinci indoda inobuthakathaka iyifumene neqhweba elilinganayo elichasileyo, elinamandla njengalesi silwanyana.

Iipropati ze-hyperbolas

I-Hyperbole, udidi lomntu, i-epithet kunye nezinye iindlela zinepropati yokutsala ingqalelo kubafundi. Iimpawu ze-hyperbole kukuba ziyasishukumisela ukuba sijonge umzobo ngendlela entsha, oko kukuthi, ukuva ukubaluleka kwayo kunye nendima ekhethekileyo. Ukunciphisa imida ebekwe ngu-plausibility, ukunika abantu, izilwanyana, izinto, iziganeko zemvelo "ngokumangalisayo", ezinempahla engaphezu kwendalo, le ndlela esetyenziswe ngabalobi abahlukahlukeneyo igxininisa ukuhlanganiswa kwehlabathi lobugcisa elenziwe ngabalobi. Cacisa i-hyperbole kunye nesimo sengqondo somdali womsebenzi kwi-ideal-orientation, "ukuphakama" okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukuhleka, ukuphika.

Le ndlela idlala indima ekhethekileyo kwimisebenzi yonyango. Kwiintetho, iifayili, iipigrams zeengqungquthela zangekhulu lama-19-20, kunye ne "ngxelo" yeSaltykov-Shchedrin ("Imbali YesiXeko") kunye neengxelo zakhe, kwincwadi ethi "Inhliziyo Yenja" yiBulgakov. Kwii-como de Mayakovsky "Bathhouse" kunye ne "Bug", i-hyperbole yezobugcisa ibonisa uhlobo lweqhawe lamaqhawe kunye neziganeko, kugxininisa ukungabikho kobuqhetseba kunye nobubi, okwenza njengendlela yokwenza i-caricature okanye i-caricature.