Yintoni imeko nemincili ye atom

. Ngowe-1905 ngu J Thompson kuqala wacebisa imodeli yesakhiwo-atom, njengako leyo ngokuqinisekileyo ixhuzulwa ibhola, ngaphakathi apho zilungiswe nge amasuntswana intlawulo negative - electron. ingaphezulu cala Electrical wamchazela ophethe ibhola lenxaki kwaye zonke electron yayo.

Endaweni le ngcamango ngowe-1911, weza imodeli langa, wadalwa yi uRutherford: embindini kwenkwenkwezi core, enze uninzi zonke atom kwi ijikeleza elektroni, iiplanethi ukudla. Noko ke, olunye amalinge, iziphumo ukuthandabuza ukuchaneka imodeli. Umzekelo, iifomyula ze Rutherford walandela ukuba isantya electron kunye radii zabo zinokohluka rhoqo. Kwimeko enjalo yayiya kwaphawuleka radiation rhoqo phezu lonke zazo. Nakuba kunjalo, iziphumo ze-eksperimenti zibonisa spectra umgca-athom. Kwakhona, kukho ezinye umahluko. Kamva, Niels Bohr ecetywayo imodeli quantum yesakhiwo atomic. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe emhlabeni kunye nemeko nemincili ye atom. Olu phawu ivumela, ingakumbi, uchaze ukuba Valence le element.

Ubume yimincili ye atom i nqanaba oluphakathi phakathi korhulumente kunye kwinqanaba lamandla zero kwaye ingaphezulu kunoko. Sibi kakhulu, ngoko ke bufutshane kakhulu - ixesha buyakwazi owesibini. Ubume yimincili atom kwenzeka xa umyalezo kuye amandla ngaphezulu. Umzekelo, umthombo yayo mabaqhelaniswe amaqondo kunye namasimi kagesi.

Xa uhlobo lula e-worldwork theory lakudala lwesakhiwo-atom ithi ehlabathini undoqo kwi imigama ezithile kunye nokujikeleza setyhula phendula amasuntswana ayahlukahlukenanga kakubi ebizwayo - electron. orbit nganye ayilo umgca, oko kunokubonakala kunzima, yaye amandla 'ilifu "kunye electron eziliqela. Ukongeza, electron nganye basonta yayo (phendula kwi axis wayo). Nayiphi radius electron orbit kuxhomekeka kumgangatho amandla, ngoko xa engekho isakhiwo lwangaphakathi lwangaphandle impembelelo uzinzile ngokwaneleyo. waphula umthetho wayo - imeko nemincili le -nastupaet atom ingxelo amandla lwangaphandle nini. Ngenxa yoko, zisuke sokugqibela apho amandla intsebenziswano kernel, ijikelezisa electron ezincinane nesithandwa kwaye iyabiliswa, ngenxa yoko, isiphambuka yabo kwenzeka kwiiseli zingabi namhlali. Ngamanye amazwi, ngokungqinelana ne lokulondoloza amandla umthetho electron lenguqu ukuya aphezulu amanqanaba amandla ihamba ukufunxeka ziluhlaza.

Cinga atom kwimeko yimincili atom umzekelo iarseniki (As). Valence bayo abathathu. Yintoni umdla kukuba, eli xabiso kuyinyaniso kuphela kwimeko xa ilungu sikwimo free. Ekubeni Valence emiselwe inani ijikelezisa unpaired, emva kokufumana amandla atom angaphandle kwindawo komzila lokugqibela yabonakala engena amasuntswana kunye lenguqu ukuya iseli free. Ngenxa yoko, litshintsha orbit. Ekubeni sublevels amandla ingene nje, ngoko sishintshe umva (recombination), emhlabeni athom karhulumente, ekhatshwa nasekusungulweni amandla wendele njengoko ziluhlaza elingana. Xa sibuyela kumzekelo iarseniki: ngenxa yotshintsho kwinani ijikelezisa unpaired kwi zikarhulumente nemincili ekwafanekisa le Valence isiqalelo ezintlanu.

Ngokwalo, lo angasentla imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: xa efumana amandla ukusuka inxalenye ngaphandle elektroni atom zangaphandle zashiya ibanga ukusuka ngumongo (ukunyuka orbit radius). Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba lo Proton kwi nucleus, ixabiso elipheleleyo le amandla yangaphakathi ye atom iba ezinkulu. Xa kungekho igalelo amandla lwangaphandle rhoqo electron returns fast kakhulu orbit zangaphambili. Kulo mzekelo, kwakuwo amandla alo uyakhululwa ngokohlobo radiation electromagnetic.