Uhlaziyo of Cleisthenes, kunye nokubaluleka kwazo zembali

Imbali aseAtene, kwakunye nezinye izixeko ezininzi, kwakukho amayelenqe kunye babhukuqwa. Inkqubo sezopolitiko ngamaxesha nezisenokutshintshwa kule mihla. Ukwenziwa lokugqibela kufika ngexesha Cleisthenes mthetho. Yaba lowo umbethileyo izikhulu tribal lubalaseleyo. Okunene Ndipinde ndawabhala kukarhulumente aseAthene. Ngenxa wakhe wokuguqula kwasekwa ngokolawulo lwedemokrasi. Kwakhona, zingenza igalelo elivakalayo kwiyunithi kwenkqubo yezopolitiko wazisa Solon. Okulandelayo, sihlalutya iinkcukacha kanye utshintsho lwenziwe yi aba bantu. Kwakhona Eli nqaku liza kunikwa iimpawu aseAthene ngelo xesha.

Imeko ekuqaleni kule BC ngenkulungwane VI. e.

Kwakunzima kakhulu. Free kwabantu kancane delaminate. Le nkqubo iqhutywa kuphuhliso yorhwebo-mali kwegazi. Imeko free baqalisa ukuba kuvele ingxabano phakathi evpatriadami kwezityebi abahlwempuzekileyo. kuqala babesaba nayo amandla. Ukuphawula umaleko amagcisa zizityebi, abarhwebi kunye nabanini-mhlaba. Baya aspired ukuba amandla, esebenzisa ukunganeliseki yabanini amancinci naphakathi-ertyisi, kwakunye nabameli amahlwempu. Ukuze ekunciphiseni ephikisanayo kunye edibanisa zonke umaleko simahla olawula olukhulu ukuguquka efunekayo. Baqala ke ukuba Solon - archon, yonyulwa ngo 594, unyaka BC. e. Injongo ephambili yenkqubo yayo yeenguqu kukuba axolelanise anomdla kuzo ezihlabanayo yonxulumano ezikhoyo simahla. Ngemisebenzi yakhe ilizwe baseAthene ngokucacileyo ityala. waligcina kuphela ezinye izibonelelo ze-siseko endala. Abanye sele irhoxisiwe.

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwe amalungelo Solon. Ngokomzekelo, ubumi imvume kubantu bamanye amazwe abaye wazinza zaseAttica kwipropati kunye neentsapho. Lonke bakhona yahlulwe iiklasi 4. Ukungalingani neyalo ukwabiwa irhafu. Udidi lokugqibela lixolelwe ekuhlawuleni konke konke. Abameli ezinye iiklasi aya kumbusa, uhlawule irhafu isimo sabo. amalungelo abemi 'engqinelana isikhundla sabo. Solon umemezele benikwa. Sithe ndacela indlela kubantu bonke ngaphandle ngababulali kunye ngabangcatshi. izenzo zakhe, wazama kukudibanisa ubulungisa kunye nesidima. Etroneni idemokhrasi eminyaka zikhona amathathu. Ngeli xesha, andizange kwafuneka ukuphinda oko wakwenzayo Solon. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba akukho mfuneko yokuba ukuguqulwa. Ukutyhubela iminyaka ziye ezintsha kubomi zaseAttica apho. Cleisthenes iinguqu ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umyalelo kwezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo.

Utshintsho kwamandla

History of Athens Ancient na engenakulibaleka kakhulu. Emva kokufa Pisistratus amandla kwabatyhutyha oonyana bakhe, Hipparchus kunye Hippias. Noko ke, wanikela yokuqala ngokwakhe ubugcisa noncwadi. Gippy benza kwimicimbi yoluntu. Peisistratos ebekhona phantsi kolawulo iye kakhulu ngakumbi. I-514-m BC iyelenqe yavela kwi kuluntu Athene yeengcungcu. Injongo yawo ukuphelisa nguzwilakhe. iyelenqe ezimbini - Aristogiton kunye Garmdiem - yaba ukuzama ukuhlangabezana nengxaki nabaphathi emthendelekweni. Noko ke, abazange bakwazi kuphela ukumbulala Hipparchus. Hippias, ixhoba, eyehlela abachasi zocindezelo enogonyamelo. Nangona uninzi baseAthene kwafuneka ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo. Le memory of Aristogiton Harmodius kudala iziqu Democrats.

isimo nkqubo Foreign

A indawo apho wayebambe Hippias, waba kunokuba ezintsonkothileyo. Sikhatshwe ngobunzima angaphandle. Ngu BC 519-th. e. eAthene zinamathele isinxibo - idolophu nomda Boeotian. Ngenxa yoko, kwabakho zahlukane nenkqubo Thebans. Ngelo xesha buthathaka kakhulu Argos - ngoko- abangamagqala Pisistratus. Kodwa baziintshaba Sparta, phezu koko, ukomeleza nokugxininisa ukuma kwabo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, eAthene waphulukana kolawulo okubandezeleka, bawela kungena ilifa Achaemenids.

ngemeko emandundu

Pisistratidov yenqaba amandla iinkokheli urhwebo kunye nemibutho yobugcisa kunye yezikhulu. Abachasi abazalwana kwaba ukuxhasa izangqa yeengcungcu ka Sparta kunye yezihlabo Delphic, leyo babenempembelelo enkulu. I-510-m BC YiSparta bangena esixekweni saya Hippias.

Race amandla

Emva kokuba ukugxothwa Hippias waqalisa ukruthakruthwano phakathi Paralia kunye evpatriadami. Xa intloko yezikhulu bema Isagoras. It shoka him Cleomenes - ngukumkani Spartan. Ngenxa yoko longquzulwano yesixeko wagxothwa Cleisthenes. U fanele ku Alcmaeonidae ukuba VII BC Siye uqalekisiwe. Isizathu yaba komlo sodidi kunye Cylon lokubhukuqa, ngexesha apho lokwenzeka kwetyala ukumnyelisa itempile engcwele. Nge Klisfenom isixeko banyanzelwa ukuba bashiye enye 700 iintsapho abalandeli bakhe. Ngokubeka intloko ibhodi Isagoras yiSparta wayefuna ukubuyisela amandla yezikhulu yezizwe. Nangona kunjalo, abemi zaseAttica wabonisa ukunganeliseki. Athens zigcwaliswe ngokukhawuleza abalimi, leyo kunye nabahlali zasezidolophini etshixiweyo kunye yiSparta, kunye nabaxhasi babo basekuhlaleni Acropolis. Ngenxa yoko, eupatrides kwafuneka ukuba anikezele, yaye Cleomenes kwanyanzeleka ukuba baphume kuwo umzi. Cleisthenes wabuya waza wonyulwa ixesha lakhe Solon, archon kuqala. Esi siganeko senzeke kwi 508th (507th) BC. e. Ngelo xesha iminyaka yakhe malunga neminyaka engama-60 ubudala.

Uguqulo ku 508 BC. e:. division yolawulo

Kwezi nguqulelo Cleisthenes zigqalwa yeyona ibalulekileyo bonke. Bonke abemi zaseAttica ziye zohlulwa phylum entsha. Phambi kwabo kwakukho 4. kuphela Phil nganye yayibandakanya 3 phratry. Xa intloko yokugqibela babengabameli lentsapho amanene. Baba isigxina kwimicimbi moieties ihlelo. Eziqhelekileyo Babeceliwe namalungu azo ukuba ukuthobela igunya kwezopolitiko nakunqulo yezikhulu nokuxhasa kuyo amashishini eziqhubekayo. guqula Cleisthenes bayintlekeza isixhobo endala. Wahlukanisa lo mmandla ube zizithili ezintathu. Ke kaloku, wangena Attica umzi, nesiqwenga unxweme kunye nomhlaba tyaba. kwisiphaluka nganye hlula yayo. Ngoku, ummandla wayo ibandakanya iinkalo ezilishumi ezincinane. Babizwa ngokuba Tritt. Okulandelayo ukusekwa phyla ezilishumi. Xa ngamnye kubo kwakukho omnye Tritt County. fil Ukudibanisa kwenzeka kuphela ngexesha yokuvota. Beka phambili ngabantu 50 boule (ngoku, ngokulandelelana, iBhunga ka 500), enye kwenye - i-College of strategists-10 (nganye nto leyo waba umphathi oyintloko umsebenzi). Kwakhona ziinkampani emithathu umkhosi nabamahashe, amajoni ngeenyawo kunye noomatiloshe. Kwezi nguqulelo solawulo Cleisthenes, njengoko uAristotle esitsho, negalelo 'ukudideka' ebantwini. Eyona ndlela iphambili zenguqu yaba eupatrides ingcinezelo. imisebenzi yenkolo kuphela bathunyelwa filami efanayo generic. Oku,, inkqubo ngokubanzi urhulumente baseAthene.

xua

Le yaba zolawulo, ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho unit main. Demes malunga nekhulu. Baba uluntu self-elilawulayo yayisisihlandlo, ebuncwaneni, inkundla. Mna ndikubo, usodolophu onyulwe - demarh. Yena waba amapolisa ebanzi ngokwaneleyo negunya nolawulo. Demarh ophetheyo yokuqokelela irhafu emva izintlu yokuzalwa, nokuvuselelwa amalungu abaselula. Ngeqashiso ngokuya kumalungu athile kwi qela labagwebi. Indawo ekhethekileyo lilungelo Athens yamandulo. inani elikhulu metics kuquka ekuqulunqeni kwizintlu demotia. Yiyo le inzala ka kwamanye amazwe, amalungelo imiqathango, kunye yabaKhululwa. Oku, negalelo kwanda koluntu. Inyaniso yokuba ukuwa kwizintlu Deme banikwa amalungelo oluntu.

amakheswa

Iinguqu zenziwa kunye nelungelo Athens yamandulo. Iikhosi nguqulelo sele labuyiselwa indima juries, le boule kunye yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe. Ngokusebenzisa la maziko ukuba babange amalungelo abo. Kwaye oku kwenza wonke ummi, xa kukho imfuneko. Cleisthenes mithetho ngokuyintloko ngqo nxamnye nguzwilakhe. Enye yezi zinto isenzo amakheswa. Indlela yokufunda le mthetho Krisfena ngonyaka kwiNdibano yesiZwe kufuneka isigqibo imiba ebalulekileyo. kubume bayo ukuba bachonge umntu esixekweni, umi ngenxa igunya layo ukuze lula ukuthatha amandla ezandleni zabo. Ukuba intlanganiso yokuqala bagqiba ukuba ummi enjalo onabo kulo mzi, wabiza owesibini. Yeyona ostarkizma inkqubo ( "ostracon" - ungayekwa). Abo babekho kwintlanganiso baseAthene unokumshiyela crock igama le ndoda yingozi. Baya abe jikelele nempumelelo, yezopolitiko abadumileyo njalo njalo. Kufuneka ke ukuba oku kakuhle abe ngummi endilisekileyo eziqhelekileyo ngubani na ehlazeka ngokwakhe. Noko ke, iNdibano yesiZwe angaqwalasela yingozi kweso sixeko. Le ummi uphum'aphele nkqubo iminyaka elishumi. osapho kwaye impahla yakhe wahlala kuloo mzi. Emva ukubuya kwakhe, yena kuqala ngoko nangoko amalungelo ayo. Zizo ezo nguqulelo ezinkulu Cleisthenes ngokufutshane.

Ngokoyisa lwentando yesininzi

Uhlaziyo of Cleisthenes eAthene kubi emehlweni manyano ithi zamaGrike. Kule ndawo amandla ezandleni zakhe ukwazi ukuba, Kakade, siyiphaphamele "umzekelo ombi" kubahlali balo. Le manyano yayiquka Aegina, Sparta, IThebes kunye Chalkida. Alcmaeonidae wazama ukufumana inkxaso evela namaPersi. Bade babekulungele uvume ukuqaphela igunya elongamileyo wokumkani. Kodwa ke abantu zaseAttica yaba ngokucacile nxamnye ukuvunywa sivumelwano. Ngenxa yoko, kweli BC 506th namabutho Coalition ehlasela ummandla baseAthene. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba wehlelwa elihlazo. Athene kungekhona nje nako dudula uhlaselo, kodwa ukuba kuyiwe Euboea kunye eChalcis inkosi. Ngenxa yoko, idemokhrasi luzikhulisile.

Ekuphetheni

Ezi ke inguqu ka Solon kunye Cleisthenes ngokufutshane. La madoda mabini babephila ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Noko ke, bobabini umsebenzi obaluleke gqitha zaseAttica. Ushintsho of Solon kunye Cleisthenes negalelo ukufezekisa isakhiwo kwezopolitiko, ezentlalo kunye nezolawulo.