Inkcubeko kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla ka-Russia yamandulo

A isenzeko ekhethekileyo - inkcubeko kunye nendlela yokuphila yase Russia yamandulo. Ubuchule likaRhulumente - isiqhamo feat abantu Russian abo Ndandithethelela ngohlangothi ihlabathi European ukholo lwakhe nokuzimela, iinjongo zabo. Abaphandi bafumanise iimpawu ezinjalo kwiinkcubeko yamandulo njenge umlinganiswa ezithambileyo ngokuphandle. kamoya ahlukile wadala yi impefumlelwano lemveli kunye nezithethe nokuxubana empumalanga ukuya inkcubeko yaseByzantium, yaye ngenxa yoko, izithethe zamandulo. ixesha ukwakhiwa kunye nokugqama yokuqala inkcubeko endala Russian iwela phakathi 10 yokuqala isiqingatha 13 yobudala (ixesha ngamanye, pre-Mongolian).

lweMveli

Yalondolozwa amasiko ubuhedeni yamandulo ingakumbi intsomi (uncwadi lwemveli): e iingoma, amabali, izafobe, abanophawu, namakhubalo, qashi. Kwimemori yembali yabantu Russian indawo ekhethekileyo ahlala yi lo amaqhawe. Ziveza ukuba intsomi yobuqhawe le abavikeli enesibindi kwiintshaba ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe. Cula thamsanqa esizwe ngokuxhaphaza Mikula Selyaninovich, iVolga, Aleshi Popovicha, kulya Muromtsa, Dobryni Nikiticha kunye namanye amadoda (byliny zizonke ezi ezingaphezu kwama-50 eziphambili ezahlukeneyo).

Bahlawula nabo umnxeba ukumela ilizwe labo, ngenxa yokholo lwabo. Kule epics, umdla ngokwaneleyo, ilizwe wokhuseleko yongeza ngomnye injongo - ukukhusela ukholo lwamaKristu. Lo mcimbi ibalulekileyo inkcubeko Russia yamandulo ukubhaptizwa kwakhe.

Ukubhala eRussia

Kunye ukwamkelwa ubuKristu baqalisa ngokukhawuleza ukuphuhlisa ukubhala. Nangona wawusaziwa ngaphambili. Njengokuba ubungqina, siya kumnika ntoni na ukukhankanywa 'amagama kunye rezah ", ibhekisela embindini nkulungwane yokuqala, ulwazi izivumelwano phakathi Rus kunye Byzantium, nto leyo ezo zinto zabuya e Russian, empahleni yomdongwe kufuphi ESmolensk kunye nombhalo besiCyrillic (oonobumba owadalwa uCyril Methodius, enlighteners le nokuxubana Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 10-11).

To Russia Orthodox bazizisa ndawonye iincwadi ezininzi zonqulo, uncwadi wempangelo kunye vukhongeri translation. ngqangi isetyenziswayo: "Izbornik" INkosana Svyatoslav, yomhla we-1073 no 1076 ngonyaka ezimbini, "Ostrom yeVangeli", ibhekisela 1057. Kuthiwa ukuba kwegazi kwiinkulungwane 11-13, kwakukho iincwadi malunga 130-140 amawaka, kwafuneka eziliqela amagama amakhulu . Ngu imigangatho kumaXesha Aphakathi kwi yaMandulo izinga lokufunda nokubhala Rus kwakunzima phezulu. Kukho nezinye ubungqina. Le ixolo ezinde, wafumanisa zakudala kwi Novgorod phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, kwakunye imibhalo izinto yobugcisa kunye neendonga yecawa, imisebenzi zezikolo emishini, incwadi ingqokelela eSt Sophia Cathedral kunye Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, kunye nabanye, leyo namhlanje wafundela inkcubeko kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla ka-Russia yamandulo.

Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba inkcubeko Old Russian libhekisela "sisidenge", oko kukuthi, sase uncwadi yayo yoqobo. Noko ke, le ngqikelelo ayilunganga. iintlobo ezohlukileyo iincwadi of Russia yamandulo. Oku kwaye wemiphefumlo yabenceba, kunye zemihla ngemihla, kunye nokufundisa, kwaye ubuntatheli, kunye namanqaku zokuhamba. Siphawula apha "Lay" edumileyo, leyo ezingezozakhe naziphi na iintlobo ezikhoyo ngoko. Ngaloo ndlela, uncwadi Russia yamandulo utyebile iintsingiselo nezimbo, imifanekiso.

Ojikeleza nokuluka

karhulumente Old Russian hlukile banenkcubeko eyahluke nje kuphela, kodwa indlela yabo yokuphila. Gen. Rus Ancient umdla kunye ezizodwa. Abahlali benza zobugcisa ezahlukeneyo. Kwabasetyhini, umsebenzi oyinhloko yayigqalwa kukujikeleza nokuluka. Imali efunekayo kwithishyu kufuneka waluke abafazi Russian zokumambesa intsapho yakhe, ibe umthetho, ezinkulu kwakunye ukuba bahombise ezi iitawuli indlu amalaphu. Imicu akukho ngozi kwakujongwa isipho zesintu abalimi, leyo umgcineleyo ngothando enayinikelwayo kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.

Kwakukho eRussia kulisiko ngokunika amantombazane kukujikeleza ivili ozithandayo yomsebenzi wabo. I nokucacisa eqingqiweyo waziqaba inkosi kwakhe kukukhanuka Wakhangela enemibala ngakumbi, kokukhona ubezukile yena. intombazana Russian uya kwiindibano e ngokuhlwa ebusika, bathabatha ivili kukujikeleza kubo ukuba ababonise off.

Izindlu zemizi

Amasiko, kwakunye nobomi kwi izixeko mandulo yaba umlinganiswa ngandlel ngakumbi ezilalini. Kukho phantse umbone lo amaphenyane (bona. Photo).

Gen. Rus yaMandulo kwizixeko ezibonisa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo. abahlala City rhoqo sakhiwe indlu ezinemigangatho emibini, olu sapho lwaluquka amagumbi eziliqela. Izindlu okulwa, ababingeleli, iinkosana, izidwangube ezahlukahlukeneyo zabo. Qiniseka ukuba ukubekela bucala Manor iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba, ezingontsini log kwakhelwa abakhonzi kunye namagcisa, kwakunye izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo. Gen. Russia yamandulo ezahlukeneyo ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo labantu ezivakalisa iindidi zokuhlala. Boyar magnificent njengenkosana baba amabhotwe ngokwenene. Ezi zindlu zazihonjiswe ikhaphethi etyebileyo amalaphu.

Kwenye imizi enkulu kangangoko babehlala abantu Russian. Ababala amashumi amawaka abahlali. Emizaneni inokuba iiyadi kuphela elinesibini ezimbalwa. Gen. Rus Ancient, izithethe zamandulo yagcinwa kuzo ixesha elide kunokuba emizini.

Izindlu zemizana

Umgangatho ophezulu wokuphila babe kwiindawo zokuhlala, ezibandakanya iindlela zorhwebo ezahlukeneyo. Abalimi ayehlala, ngokuqhelekileyo kwizindlu ezincinci. Emzantsi athunyelwa kwizindlu zazo zidla wambu emhlabeni.

ERashiya, endlini kumantla baba enemigangatho emibini, iifestile eziphakamileyo, encinane (kwakunokubakho ngaphezu ezintlanu). Bona apha ecaleni neeshedi lwezindlu, oovimba kunye nezingqameko. Bonke bephela ngokuqhelekileyo phantsi kophahla olunye. Olu hlobo lwezindlu Kulula kakhulu kumantla ebusika ngqwabalala. Izinto ezininzi izindlu ezihonjiswe ngemizobo yemigca.

Interior nabalimi

Life of the abalimi baseRashiya yamandulo ngendlela elula. Ooronta emizaneni zidla wakhangela kunokuba amahlwempu. Interior nabalimi isuswe yantle engqongqo, kodwa phambi ocacileyo icon kwi kwikona elingaphambili itafile enkulu, nto leyo ibiya onke amalungu entsapho. izinto zamandulo zemihla ngemihla baseRashiya kwakhona ziquka izitulo ebanzi aseMyanmar iindonga. Bona zazihonjiswe kunye nodonga olufutshane eqingqiweyo. Ngokufuthi phezu kwabo ezishelifini ukuthi zenzelwe yokugcina impahla. izinto zemihla ngemihla ka-Russia amandulo kwakukho postavets (ilokhari emantla), nto leyo likwancedisa umzobo yesiqhelo zichatshazelwe ebonisa iintyatyambo, iintaka, namahashe, kunye nemifanekiso ebonisa namaxesha yimizekeliso.

Uluhlu ngexesha leeholide wambu ngengubo ebomvu. Ezibekwe phezu kwawo eqingqiweyo waziqaba zomdongwe, kunye svettsy ngenxa ukubanga. Ukuwubamba umthi odumileyo Rus Ancient. Yakhiwa izitya ezahlukeneyo. Ngaba emele ezininzi ezintle yamandulo Russian ezohlukeneyo ngobukhulu kunye neemilo. Ezinye zazo bahlal ngokwemiqathango emele ezimbalwa. Ibhalelwe ukusela woks ezahlukeneyo uhlobo rhoqo scaphoid. Iintlanti zinokuhonjiswa iintloko amahashe zabo okanye idada eqingqiweyo. Kwakhona engaka yongezwe amabhakethi imikrolo nemizobo.

Indlu-ebizwa Utitsa woks, ebinezinto imilo nedada. iimpahla Bashiya efana ibhola okubizwa Bratin. zenzeke ityuwa Beautiful ezimile amahashe okanye iintaka, zaba nemikrolo master iinkuni. Baye benza njengoko neenkamba ezintle, nezitya. Yonke into ekhathaza ubomi Russia yamandulo, ngokuqhelekileyo eyenziwe ngomthi: ezalwa abantwana, mortars, nezitya zokutshiza, iingobozi, ifanitshala. Yenza iinkosi ifanitshala nje wacinga ngale lula, kodwa ubuhle. Ezi zinto kufuneka nakanjani kwamkeleka iliso, ijike ibe iholide, nkqu msebenzi onzima abalimi.

Clothing labantu ezahlukeneyo

iingubo zethu ungachaza amacandelo ahlukeneyo oluntu. Abalimi kunye amagcisa, amadoda kwanabafazi babenxiba iihempe ezenziwe ngelaphu homespun. Ukongeza shirt, amadoda enxibe iblukhwe nabafazi - isondo. Abantu abaqhelekileyo ayenxiba iingubo zasebusika ngokwesiqhelo.

Imilo iingubo lalidla umntu wohlobo ube umlimi, kodwa umgangatho, Kakade, oko eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. impahla enjalo qamba amalaphu imali eninzi. Kudla babeka izambatho zazenziwe amalaphu zegolide-ezimfakamfele Oriental. Kuphela oboya ezixabisekileyo ayithunge nangubo ebusika. Nabalimi kunye bendawo nayo izihlangu ezahlukeneyo. Kuphela ukufikelela abantu abazizityebi yokuthenga izihlangu okanye Pistons (izihlangu). Kwakhona nabathetheli babenxiba iibhutsi, leyo ngokobutyebi ezihonjiswe marquetry. wayengenayo imali amahlwempu ukwenza okanye ukuthenga bast, owayehlala kwinkcubeko Russian de kwinkulungwane yama-20.

Ngemithendeleko nangamaxesha okuzingela Rus Ancient

Ihlabathi lonke kuyaziwa ukuzingela kunye namaxesha ungunyana wabanumzana yamandulo Russian. Xa iziganeko ezinjalo badla isonjululwe imicimbi ezibalulekileyo karhulumente. Obala flamboyantly ibhiyozelwa abemi koyisa Rus yamandulo 'nemikhankaso. Honey kunye newayini phesheya ahambe. Izicaka bakhonza izitya ezinkulu kunye nenyama kunye umdlalo. Ezi imithendeleko kufuneka atyelele posadniki kunye namadoda amakhulu kuzo zonke izixeko, kwakunye enabantu abaninzi. Gen. abahlali Russia yamandulo Kunzima ukucinga ngaphandle nangamaxesha ezininzi. King babeqhele ukuya kwenza isidlo namanene namaqhawe kwi kwigalari phezulu yasebhotwe, neetafile babekwa kwintendelezo abantu.

Nesangxa, nesihuluhulu kuzingela kunye zinja fun ingqalelo zizityebi. Kuba abantu abaqhelekileyo Tune isiqhazolo ezahlukeneyo, nezizwe, lemidlalo. Gen. Russia yamandulo njengenxalenye efunekayo, ingakumbi ngasentla, ifakiwe nayo geza.

Ezinye iinkalo ezithile zobomi Russian

Abantwana izinduna bume njengenkosana zingahlanganiselwanga ezabo. Amakhwenkwe ase kwiminyaka emithathu bafakwa ihashe, waza wanika ukhathalelo kunye nobugcisa Pestunov (okt nomnakekeli). Inkulu entsha eneminyaka eli-12 waya ukulawula mabandla kunye nemizi. iintsapho abazizityebi ngenkulungwane ye-11 waqalisa ukufundisa ukufunda nokubhala zombini amantombazana kunye namakhwenkwe. Kiev Bargaining yaba indawo othandwayo ngabantu abaqhelekileyo kwaye abaziwayo. It bathengisa impahla kunye nemveliso evela ehlabathini lonke, kuquka India ne Baghdad. Sasikuthanda ukuba behlise abantu bamandulo yaseRashiya.