UKarl Menger: i-biography, isebenza

UKarl Menger, oza kuthethwa ngaye emva koko kwinqaku, wazalwa ngowe-1840, ngoFebruwari 23. Uyaziwa njenge-economist evelele kunye nomdali wesikolo sase-Austrian. Ngexesha le-Third Reich kwakukholelwa kakhulu ukuba bonke abameli balo, kuquka umsekeli ngokwakhe, babengamaYuda.

UKarl Menger: I-Biography esifutshane

Uqoqosho lwexesha elizayo wazalwa edolobheni elincinane laseGalicia. Kwakulo xesha kuBukhosi baseAustria. Uyise kaMenger wayengummeli, kwaye unina wayeyintombi yomthengisi waseBohemia. Kuyo yonke into, intsapho yayinoonyana abathathu. UMax (ophezulu) waqala ukubandakanya imisebenzi yezopolitiko, kwaye uAnton - walandelwa ezinyathelweni zikayise. Ubuntwana bakhe uKarl Menger wasebenzisa iWest Galicia, kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Kule ntsimi kwakukho ngelo xesha ubuhlobo be-feudal. Kwiiyunivesithi zaseVienna noPrague Menger bafundela umthetho. Ngowe-1867, wayenomdla kwi-science yezoqoqosho. ECracow, kwiYunivesithi yaseYanghellon, wayilwela ingqungquthela yakhe. Ngo-1871, kwanyatheliswa incwadi, ngenxa yokuba uKarl Menger waziwa. I-biography yezoqoqosho ukususela ngo-1873 inxulumene nokufundisa. Kwiminyaka engama-30 ezayo wayenguprofesa kwiYunivesithi yaseVienna. Ukususela ngo-1876 ukuya ku-1878, uKarl Menger wayengumfundisi weendlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi sase-Austria, uMninimandla oyiNtloko uRudolph, owazama ukuzibulala. Ngo-1879 waba yintloko yeSebe loqoqosho lwezopolitiko eVienna. Ngomnyaka olandelayo uMenger, ngaphezu kwezinto zakhe zenzululwazi yezoqoqosho, uthathe inxaxheba ekuguqulweni kwenkqubo yemali kaRhulumente. Emva kwithuba elithile wangena kwiCandelo eliPhakamileyo kwipalamente yombuso. Emva kokudlula uFriedrich f. Isebe laseVizer (umfundi), uMenger wenza umsebenzi wesayensi. Ngomnyaka we-1921, wafa, kwaye akazange aqedele inkcazelo yesibini yencwadi yakhe kwiziseko zoqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Umbhalo wesandla upapashwe ngunyana wakhe (noKarl). UMenger, Jr. uyaziwa njengemathematika. Igama lakhe liyi-theorem.

Ingqiqo yexabiso

Uqoqosho lugatya ingcamango yeendleko zomsebenzi osebenzayo. UKarl Menger uvakalise ngokufutshane ngcamango yakhe ngolu hlobo:

"Ukuxabisa kunomntu ogunyazisiweyo, ayikho ngaphaya kokuqonda komntu ngamnye. Umsebenzi owenziwe kwimveliso yezinto ezilungileyo awusebenzi njengomthombo okanye njengento yokuxabisa."

Wayekela ingqalelo ngokukhethekileyo kuSmith. Ingundoqo yile mbuzo: "Kutheni ixabiso ledayimani liphezulu kakhulu kunamanzi, nangona ukuba amanzi anelusizo kunamadayimane abantu?" Kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwezobupolisi le mpikiswano ichazwe ngento yokuba ukubaluleka komkhiqizo, ukuba akungafani nomsebenzi osetshenzisiweyo kwimveliso yayo, kuxhomekeke kuyo ngokuthe ngqo. Ngokutsho kukaMenger, akubalulekanga ukuba idayimane ifunyenwe ngengozi, okanye i-extraction yenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi. Ngaphezu koko, ngokwenza akukho mntu ucinga ngembali yemvelaphi yezinto ezilungileyo. Ixabiso lixhomekeke kwingcamango yokujonga abantu abaxabisa iinkonzo ezinqabileyo okanye izinto ezingaqhelekanga-njengoko uKarl Menger acinga. Iingcamango zokubaluleka kokusebenza, ngoko ke, ngesiseko salesi sigqibo sabanjelwa ngabameli beSikolo saseAustria. Nangona kunjalo, i-economists ayizange ithathe ingqalelo imeko ebalulekileyo. Iingcali zemiSebenzi zaziqwalasela imimiselo yokuveliswa kwemveliso yemveliso esebenzayo (okanye inokwenzeka yokusebenzisa) oomatshini kunye noomatshini ozenzekelayo. Ngelo xesha, ixabiso lezinto zobugcisa, izinto zokulwa, iiprototypes, okanye uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, ngokuthe ngqo okanye alufundanga nhlobo.

Imiqathango yokunikezela okulungileyo ngexabiso

UKarl Menger wayekholelwa ukuba ixabiso aliyenzi njengepropati yento ethile. Ibonisa isigwebo somntu esilungileyo. Kule nxu lumene, umkhiqizo ofanayo unokuba nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kubantu abahlukeneyo. Njengeemeko eziyimfuneko zokufumana ixabiso, wabiza:

1. Ukusetyenziswa komntu othile.
2. Ubungqina.

Ixabiso elincinci lichongiweyo ngokusetyenziswa kweyunithi yokugcina yemveliso.

Imfundiso yeentsikelelo

Ukufunda ubudlelwane obusekwe phakathi kweemfuno zomntu kunye nokukwazi izinto eziwanelisayo, bekuyiyona nto yokuqala yokuhlalutya kwezoqoqosho eyenziwe nguCarl Menger. Imisebenzi yenzululwazi ibonisa imimiselo emininzi phantsi kwayo into eguqukayo ibe yinto enhle:

1. Ubukho bemfuno yabantu.
2. Ubukho kwinto ethile yezinto ezinokuba nazo iimfuno zomntu.
3. Ulwazi lomntu malunga neepropati ezibonisiweyo zento.
4. Ukufumana into eyenza ukwazi ukusebenzisa iimpawu eziyimfuneko.

Ngethamsanqa, njengoko uKarl Menger ephikisana, le nto inganelisa iimfuno zabantu. Le mfundiso inikezelwa kwizahluko zokuqala ezintathu zencwadi yakhe kwiziseko zoqoqosho lwezopolitiko.

Ukwabiwa kwempahla

UCarl Menger wahlula iintlobo eziliqela:

1. Umgangatho ophantsi. Ezi zinto zifunekayo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhawulezileyo zomntu.
2. I nqanaba eliphezulu. Ezi zinto zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iimpahla zezantsi.
3. Iziphakamiso zizinto ezihambelanayo.
4. Izibonelelo zizinto eziguquguqukayo.
5. Uqoqosho - izinto, imfuno engadluli kwinani labo, ekhoyo okwangoku.
6. Iingeniso-zentlalo - inzuzo, inani elikhulu kunalo mfuneko.

Ukufundisa ngemveliso

Uzinikele kwisiqendu 7 somsebenzi kwiziseko zoqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Kulo, uCarl Menger uthetha ngokungafani phakathi koqoqosho olufanelekileyo kunye nemveliso. Ukongeza, kunika inkcazo yeempawu eziphambili zomkhiqizo-umda kunye neqondo lokukwazi ukuphumeza, kwakunye nokukwazi ukuphatha. Imida kufuneka iqondwe njengexabiso elixhamliweyo labathengi. Isilinganiso sokukwazi ukuphumeza kubalulekile kwimveliso engenaxabiso elizimeleyo, kodwa liyimfuneko njengempahla yezinye iimpahla. Ubungcali benzululwazi beMenger yilokungeniswa kwindlela yokuphila kwansuku zonke yeengcinga ezifana nexabiso lokubonelela kunye nemfuno.

Ingqiqo yemali

Isekelwe kwingcaciso yekhono lempahla ekuthengiswe kuyo. Kamva, le ngcamango yaphandwa nguMises. Imfundiso yemali ibonakaliswe kwisiqendu sesibhozo. Kukho iingxenye ezi-4 kuwo. Iyokuqala ichaza intsingiselo kunye nemvelaphi yezendlela. UMenger ubhekisela kwiingxaki ezikhulayo kwiinkqubo zokutshintshiselwa kwemveliso yabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwesikhokelo sabantu basekuqaleni. Uthi inzala ibangela ukuba abantu banikezela iimpahla zabo ngokubuyisela abanye ngamandla amakhulu okuthengisa, nangona bengazidingi njengeendlela zokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhawulezileyo. Inxalenye elandelayo ichaza imali esetyenziswa ngabantu ngabanye ngexesha elithile. Kwimigangatho yokuqala yophuhliso, iinkomo zazisetyenziselwa zona kwiLizwe Elidala. Inkqubela phambili yeenkcubeko kunye nokwakhiwa kwezixeko kukukhokelela ekubeni amandla okuthengisa kwezilwanyana ayancipha kwinqanaba elifanayo njengoko likhula kwizinyithi ezincedo. I-Copper yayiyimpahla yokuqala yokuqala. Emva koko, yatshintshwa ngegolide kunye nesilivere.

Impawu zokubonakala kweemali

Zichazwe kwicandelo lesine yesahluko 8. Ukutshintsha ngokuqhelekileyo kwemveliso yeengotshi zetsimbi, ezineempawu zeemveliso ezilula ukuthengisa, zibandakanya ubunzima ekumiseni isampuli. Njengoko isiqinisekiso esona sigqwesileyo somgangatho kunye nokuzaliseka kwesitye, i-coinage yaqala ukubonakala. Ingcamango yokubonakala ngokwemali yemali yayinempembelelo enkulu ekubunjweni kweembono zeMises, Hayek kunye nabanye abameli besikolo sase-Austrian .