Ukuhanjiswa kuqweqwe lomhlaba: isicwangciso kunye neentlobo

Xa uqala kuqala, umhlaba phantsi kweenyawo zenu kubonakala ngathi ngokupheleleyo esisigxina, kodwa eneneni akunjalo. I Umhlaba isakhiwo ezinokususwa eyenza iintshukumo ze iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuhanjiswa kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, umsebenzi mlilo asisininzi amatyala, uyakwazi ukuphatha i amandla enkulu entshabalalo, kodwa kukho nezinye iintshukumo, olucothayo kakhulu yaye ayibonakali ngeliso yabantu lenyama.

Ingqiqo intshukumo kuqweqwe lomhlaba

qweqwe lomhlaba siquka amacwecwe eziliqela ezinkulu zomhlaba, nganye yenza isiphakamiso phantsi kweempembelelo iinkqubo zangaphakathi Womhlaba. Ukuhanjiswa kolu qweqwe lomhlaba - kodwa olucothayo kakhulu, usenokuba uthi, into eza ongenalo kakhulu amalungu izivamvo oluntu, kodwa le nkqubo ludlala indima enkulu ebomini bethu. obubonakala Kubonakala yokuhambisa ziitectonic plates - lo ukuyilwa zokhahlamba, ekhatshwa yinyikima.

Ubangelwa iintshukumo zomhlaba

Icandelo esiluqilima iplanethi yethu - lithosfere - siquka ngeengcamba ezintathu: ngumongo (zentliziyo) yokwaleka (maleko intermediate) kunye noqweqwe (inxalenye ngaphezulu). I core neyokwaleka eliphezulu kakhulu lobushushu kubangela into eqinileyo Kwathi urhulumente fluid kuba irhasi kunye pressurization. Ekubeni uqweqwe olungephi imentile kunye into yokwaleka akakwazi kwandisa umthamo, as a result kukho ifuthe kwibhoyila yomphunga xa esivulekayo izibilini zomhlaba iinkqubo wasebenza intshukumo ezingu. Xa oku ukuhamba ziitectonic plates ngakumbi kwiindawo kunye lobushushu eliphezulu kunye noxinzelelo wementile kwi zomaleko engentla lithosfere.

History of the isifundo

Ngomhla oluye of kumphezulu womhlaba kunokwenzeka thelekelwayo kudala ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Ngoko ke, imbali ecetyiswa yokuqala eyaziwayo ukuba sisazinzulu yamandulo Greek - ngokuma uStrabo. Lowo hypothesized ukuba ezinye iindawo Umhlaba kuvuka ngamathuba athile kwaye bawe. Kamva lexicographer Russian Lomonosov wabhala ukuba iintshukumo zomhlaba ze kwesikhoko - abubonakali ukuya kwenyikima yabantu. I guess intshukumo ngaphantsi komhlaba kunye nabemi yaseScandinavia zamaxesha, abo baye baqaphela ukuba kwilali yabo, kanye ngokusekelwe kummandla wonxweme, ukutyhubela iinkulungwane bazifumanisa kude nonxweme.

Kodwa intshukumo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, mlilo waqala ngenjongo kunye nesifundo omkhulu kuphuhliso ebonakalayo inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye zezobugcisa esenzeka kwinkulungwane XIX. Studies eyenziwa bokuma zethu Russian (belousov, Kosygin, umakazi, njl) Njengokuba kwakunye izazinzulu amazwe (A.Vegener, Dzh.Uilson, Gilbert).

Ukuhlelwa iintlobo kweentshukumo ezingu

scheme movement ezingu amiliswe yeentlobo ezimbini:

• Tye.
• intshukumo ethe nkqo kwi ziitectonic plates.

Zombini ezi ntlobo zomhlaba self-ezaneleyo, elizimeleyo omnye komnye kwaye kungenzeka ngexesha elinye. Ethambisayo nevuthisayo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni isimo se iplanethi yethu. Ukongeza, iintlobo neentshukumo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba ke into ephambili isifundo komhlaba, njengoko zinjalo:

• Bona unobangela ngqo kuphuhliso kunye nokuguqulwa yomhlaba mihla, yaye ukugqitha Isemantiki kwezinye amacandelo iindawo zaselwandle.
• Yichitheni le yoncedo engundoqo isakhiwo elisongiweyo, uhlobo elibhalwe ngokumileyo kunye discontinuous, ukudala kwabo zabo ezintsha indawo.
• Ukubonelela utshintshiselwano kwezinto phakathi imentile kunye noqweqwe, kwaye zinika into output daka ngamajelo ngaphezulu.

iintshukumo Tye ziitectonic plates of kolu qweqwe lomhlaba

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ubuso iplanethi yethu yenziwa ziitectonic plates apho amazwekazi kunye neelwandle ezibekwe. Ngaphezu koko, zokuma ezininzi ixesha lethu bakholelwa ukuba ukuyilwa kunomfanekiso wangoku amazwekazi kubangelwe ukubana tyaba uninzi ngokuseka elikhulu kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Xa ukuqhela imbasa ziitectonic plates, kunye simenza kunye nemisinga, apho ibekwe phezu kwayo. Ngoko ke, lo intshukumo tye yaye olucothayo kakhulu qweqwe lomhlaba kwakhokelela ekubeni imaphu eendawo izigidi ezininzi zeminyaka similise, amazwekazi efanayo anisasondelelananga.

Yinyosi wayefunda zomhlaba kwiinkulungwane ezintathu zokugqibela. Ezingu intshukumo kwi langoku isigaba siphandwe ngoncedo izixhobo ophezulu-ngqo, enkosi apho safumanisa ukuba tyaba ukubana ziitectonic plates of kumphezulu ezisemhlabeni kuphela oluthambileyo kwaye woyise nje iisentimitha ezimbalwa ngonyaka ngamnye.

Xa uqala ziitectonic plates kwezinye iindawo ndawonye, kwaye kwezinye diverge. Ezintabeni iipleyiti zone yokungqubana kwakhiwa, yaye kwiindawo amacwecwe divergence - iintanda (kuziphuko zendalo). Umzekelo ngokumangalisayo lithospheric iipleyiti ukungangqinelani ambona xesha lakalokunje, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Great Rift Valley. Yaye abakho kuphela ubude inkulu neentanda kolu qweqwe lomhlaba (ngaphezu kwama-6000 km), kodwa esebenzayo kakhulu. Rift kwelizwekazi i-Afrika akakhawulezi kunjalo, ukuba mhlawumbi hayi esizayo esikude, inxalenye nempuma yeli lizwekazi abahlule kwaye enze Ocean entsha.

I intshukumo ethe nkqo ye kolu qweqwe lomhlaba

intshukumo ethe nkqo ye lithosfere, ekwabizwa ngokuba iphiramidi, njengoko kuchasene kule nkqubo yokuqhelaniswa tye buphindeke kabini, oko kukuthi, Ilizwe kuvuswa baze kwehliswe ekuhambeni kwexesha. Le ngenxa yentshukumo nkqo nazo lithosfere nokuphakamisa (ukreqo), lisibekele (ukuhlehla) kwinqanaba lolwandle. iintshukumo eminyaka ubudala ezingu phezulu nasezantsi, ezenzeka kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezadlulayo ingalandwa ushiya imizila, ezizezi ibandla Naples, wena wakhiweyo kwinkulungwane 4 BC, ngalo mzuzwana oko kwintaba ephakame yeemitha ezingaphezu kwe-5 ukusuka elwandle, kodwa imiqolo layo ligutyungelwe amaqokobhe of mbambela. Oku kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba itempile ezahlala phantsi kwamanzi, ngoko olu lapho kumbhekisi phambili lomhlaba iye kuhlala kwicala nkqo ye esqwini ukwenyuka, kwehle. Lo mjikelo kwaziwa intshukumo vibrational iintlobo intshukumo ezingu.

Isemantiki kolwandle kukhokelela oko kanye kolwandle yaba lilizwe lomqwebedu uMbumbi ezinkqantsoni, ziphakathi apho North kunye West Siberian Plain, Amazon, i Turan kunye nabanye. Okwangoku, kukho ukuphakama komhlaba eYurophu (i yaseScandinavia Peninsula, Iceland, Ukraine, Sweden) usehlisa (Holland, kumazantsi eNgilani, kumntla Italy).

Iinyikima kunye nomsebenzi mlilo ngenxa intshukumo ye lithosfere

intshukumo tyaba kwesikhoko kukhokelela kungquzulwano okanye nandzu ziitectonic plates, apho kuboniswa iinyikima ngamandla ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo ilinganiswa kwisikali iRichter. Amaza seismic ukuya amanqaku 3 kule asakhasayo ukuba waziva, kukwangomntu isindululo phantsi wukulu-6 no-9 sele wakwazi ukubangela umonakalo ezibalulekileyo kunye nelahleko yobomi.

Ngenxa yokuba intshukumo othe tye kunye nkqo ndlela lithosfere zakheka imida ziitectonic plates, leyo phantsi koxinzelelo yesixhobo ingubo iphoswe kumphezulu womhlaba. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba mlilo, apho sinako ukubona kwi ngohlobo mlilo, imigqomo yamanzi kunye nemithombo ezishushu. On Earth, kukho mlilo ezininzi, ezinye zazo ezisebenzayo kube namhla. ukuba makube phezu komhlaba phantsi kwamanzi. Kunye ukubona Parodi ukuba adlabhuke emoyeni amakhulu eetoni yomsi, irhasi kunye nothuthu. mlilo ngwenya i enkulu unobangela tsunami, zingcono emhlabeni yi amandla kuqhuma. Okwangoku, uninzi kwingxelo mlilo komile bapholileyo.

Ixabiso for zomhlaba abantu

Kubomi iintshukumo ezingu uluntu zidlala indima enkulu. Kwaye oku kusebenza kuphela ukuba ukuyilwa zeengxondorha, ifuthe kancinane kwimozulu, kodwa ubomi babo imizi yonke.

Umzekelo, ukunxaxha Venice yonyaka ijongene isixeko kangangokuba kuya kuba phantsi kwamanzi kwixesha elizayo. iimeko ezifanayo kwimbali ngokuphindaphindiweyo, zokuhlala zamandulo abaninzi baya phantsi kwamanzi, yaye emva kwexesha elithile, waphinda wabonakala ngentla komgangatho wolwandle.