Imfihlo "uMbutho waseMzantsi" we-Decembrists: uxwebhu lwenkqubo, iinjongo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba

Imbali yaseRashiya kwiXIX yeXesti iyayityebi ngokukhawuleza kwiintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshutshiswa kwama-Decembrists kwi-Senate Square inendawo ekhethekileyo phakathi kwabo. Emva koko, ukuba injongo yazo yonke impumelelo yangaphumelela kunye nokungaphumeleli kokuzama ukuthatha amandla kweli lizwe kwakukutshintshwa komnye umbusi wecandelo elinye, ngeli xesha kwakuyimbuzo yokutshintsha inkqubo yentlalo kunye nokufudukela kwimodi yaseburhulumenteni karhulumente. Abaqalisi bokuvukela kukaDisemba babebambe iqhaza kwiinkampani ezifihlakeleyo "zaseMzantsi" nakwi "Northern", zikhokelwa nguN. Muravyov, S. Trubetskoi noP. Pestel.

Ngaphambili

Ibali leNgxelo yokuLukela kweCermembrist ngokuqhelekileyo kuthathwa ukuqala ngokusungulwa kukaAlexander Muravyov eSt. Petersburg "Union of Salvation" - uluntu oluyimfihlo oye waluchazela injongo yayo yokukhulula abalimi kwaye benze ukuguqulwa kwamakhadi kummandla wolawulo lukaRhulumente. Le nhlangano yaphela ngonyaka omnye, kwaye yachithwa ngenxa yokungafani kwimbono yabathathi-nxaxheba kwimeko yokubulala. Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi abathathi-nxaxheba baqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo, ngoku "kwi-Union of Success". Emva kokuba abacebisi bafunde ukuba abaphathi baya kuzisa iintlola zabo kwiinqanaba zabavukeli, esikhundleni sakhe, uMntla (ekuqaleni kwe-1822) kunye ne-Southern (ngonyaka we-2121). Umntu wokuqala osebenza kwisikhululo esinqununu, kwaye okwesibini - eKiev.

UMbutho waseMzantsi

Nangona iimeko zephondo ezininzi zombutho wabasebenzi abanobuqhetseba baseAkraine, amalungu ayo ayedlulele kakhulu kunabo "abasenyakatho." Okokuqala, oku kubangelwa ukuba "uMbutho waseMzantsi" wawuquka kuphela amagosa, ininzi lawo ebenolwazi lokuthatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe, kwaye amalungu ayo afuna ukutshintsha isakhiwo sezopolitiko zelizwe ngokubulala nokulwa nemikhosi. Ukuguquka komsebenzi wakhe kwaba ngowama-1823. Kwaye yilapho leyo ngqungquthela yenzeke eKiev, eyamkela inkqubo yenkqubo "yoMbutho Wasezantsi" phantsi kobhali bePavel Pestel, othiwa "Inyaniso YaseRashiya". Lo msebenzi, kunye nomgaqo-siseko womgaqo we-N. Muraviev, apho amalungu eNtshona yoMbutho athembela, adlala indima enkulu ekubunjweni kweembono eziqhubekayo phakathi kobukhosi baseRashiya benkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, okwakubangelwa ukuba kupheliswe i-serfdom.

Inkqubo yoxwebhu

"Pravda" yanikwa kubo inkundla yamalungu "eMzantsi Afrika" ngowe-1823. Nangona kunjalo, waqala ukusebenza ngawo ngo-1819. Ingqikithi ibhaliwe izahluko ezimalunga nomhlaba, iklasi kunye nemiba yesizwe. UPestel ucebise ukubiza kwakhona u-Nizhny Novgorod kuVladimir kwaye uthumele umninimandla wombuso omanyeneyo waseRashiya ngefom yelizwe ekwaseRiphabliki. Ukongezelela, "Inyaniso YaseRashiya" yaphakamisa umbuzo wokupheliswa kweso serfom. Inkqubo ye "Southern Society" yama-Decembrists inikwe kwakhona:

• Ukulingana phambi komthetho wabo bonke abemi;
• Ilungelo lokunyula "i-People's Chamber" kubo bonke abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini;
• Inkululeko yokuthetha, inkolelo, umsebenzi, inhlangano, ukunyakaza nokunyathelisa;
• Ukungahambi kakuhle kwekhaya kunye nomntu;
• Ukulingana phambi kobulungisa.

Iinjongo

Njengoko sele kukhankanywe, "uMbutho waseMzantsi" wawunzima kakhulu kunokuba "uMntla". Injongo yakhe ephambili kukuba:

• Ukupheliswa kwe-autocracy, kuquka ukubhujiswa komzimba kwabo bonke abameli bezindlu ezilawulayo zaseRomanovs;
• Ukupheliswa kweesfowuni, kodwa ngaphandle kokubonelelwa komhlaba kwindawo yobunini bemihlaba;
• Ukuqaliswa komgaqo-siseko;
• Ukupheliswa kwamacandelo okuhlula;
• Ukusekwa koorhulumente abameli.

UP. Pestel: umzobo omfutshane we-biographical sketch

Ngoko ngubani owayengumkhosi we "uMbutho waseMzantsi" kwaye wadala enye yamaxwebhu abalulekileyo kunxulumene nelo laseRashiya, ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo yexesha lokukhanyiselwa? Le ndoda yayinguPestel Pavel Ivanovich, owazalelwa ngo-1793 eMoscow, kwintsapho yaseJamani, apho babebiza ngokuba ngamaLutheranism. Xa wayeneminyaka eyi-12 le nkwenkwe yathunyelwa eDresden, apho yafunda khona kwiziko lemfundo elivaliweyo. Imfundo eqhubekayo uPavel Pestel wathola kwiCorps of Pages, kwaye emva kokugqitywa kwakhe kwendoda leyo yafunyanwa kwinqanaba laseLithuania. Umsebenzi wezempi wequmrhu elizayo lize liphumelele. Ngokukodwa, uPestel wabonisa imimangaliso yenkalipho ngexesha leMfazwe yaseBroodino nakwezinye iimfazwe zeMfazwe yePatriotic ye-1812, wanikezelwa ngamabhaso amaninzi aseRashiya kunye nama-allied.

Umsebenzi wezopolitiko kaPavel Pestel

Emva kokunqoba iNapoleon, imibutho yezopolitiko zaseRashiya yavela phakathi kwamagosa aseRashiya, abeka injongo ekuphuculeni imeko yabalimi kunye nomda okanye ukutshabalalisa i-autocracy. Omnye umkhosi waso nguPavel Pestel, owaba ilungu le "Union of Salvation", kamva we "Union of Welfare" kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1821 wahamba "uMbutho weZiNtu oMzantsi". I-Pestel Pavel Ivanovich eyamkelekileyo ingqungquthela eyayiyintloko yokuba iProstel Pavel Ivanovich wayeyivumile ukuba xa kwenzeka ukunqotshwa kwelizwe lovuko, ulawulo loRhulumente wexesha elifanelekileyo kufuneka libe nelingenammiselo. Le ngcamango yaphakamisa inkxalabo phakathi kwamalungu "aseMntla yoMbutho", njengokuba phakathi kwabavukeli kwakukho abaninzi abaye babona kwizenzo zakhe kunye nomnqweno wokuba ngumtshutshisi, kunye neenjongo zamapolisa. Yingakho "abasenyakatho" bebangekhawuleza ukudibanisa kunye "nabaseMpumalanga", ekugqibeleni banciphisa amandla abo. Ukuqwalasela amaxwebhu ahleliyo, ngo-1824 uPestel, ecinga ukuba akaqondwa kakuhle ngabalingani bakhe-ngezandla, wayejongene nokudakumba okukhulu kwaye kwangexesha elithile elahlekelwa ngumdla kwimisebenzi ye "uMbutho waseMzantsi".

"UMbutho waseMzantsi": abathathi-nxaxheba

Ukongeza ku-P. Pestel, amalungu omphakathi ofihlakeleyo, aququzelelwe phakathi kwamagosa eempi asele kwintsimi yase-Ukraine yanamhlanje, kwakukho amabini amabutho asemasolweni athile aloo xesha. Ngokukodwa, S. Murav'ev-Apostol, M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, V. Davydov kunye neqhawe leMfazwe yePatriotic ye-1812 S. S. Volkonsky banandipha igunya elikhethekileyo phakathi kweenkokheli "zabasezantsi". Ukulawula umbutho wonyulwa I-Directory, apho, ngaphezu kwePestel noNikita Muraviev, nabo bangena kwikota ye-AP Yushnevsky.

Izenzo zamagunya ukuba ziveze imisebenzi yemibutho eyimfihlo

Kwimbali yentlangano ye-Decembrist, njengokuba kukho nawuphi na uluntu olunobulungisa, kwakukho abahlukumezi kunye nabacebisi. Ngokukodwa, iphutha elibi kakhulu lenziwa nguPestel ngokwakhe, owazisa umphathi wakhe, umphathi we-Arkady Mayboroda, emfihlelweni "uMbutho waseMzantsi". Loo mva akazange abe nemfundo, njengoko kuboniswe ngephutha ezininzi zegrammatic ezikhoyo ekuhlalweni kwakhe wabhala kuPestel, kwaye wayenguhlambulukanga esandleni sakhe. Ekwindla ka-1825 uMaiboroda wenza inkunkuma enkulu yemali yejoni. Eyesaba imiphumo, waxelela oogunyaziwe ukuvukela. Ngaphambili, ukugxekwa kwabacebisi benziwa ngumphathiswa ongagunyaziwe uSherwood, owayedluliselwa kuAlexander wokuqala ukuba angqinise aze athumele kwindawo yakhe yenkonzo kwiGeorge Bugsky Regiment ukwenzela ukuba aqhubeke nokubika ngeenjongo kunye neenjongo zabavukeli.

Ukulungiselela ukuvukela

Ekwindla ka-1825, xa idibana neGeneral S. Volkonsky, iPestel, iinjongo zeMbutho waseMzantsi zazinqunyanyiswa kwiinyanga ezizayo, eyona nto yayiyinxalenye yokulungiselela ukuvukela, okwenziwe ngoJanuwari 1, 1826. Inyaniso kukuba ngaloo mini i-Vyatka igosa ekhokelwa nguye kwakufuneka yenze imisebenzi yomlindi ekomkhulu leSibini i-Army eTulchin. Abaqulunqa basebenzela indlela yokukhwela ePetersburg, ukutya okufunekayo kugcinwe. Kwacatshulwa ukuba baya kubamba umphathi kunye nomphathi wabasebenzi baze bathuthele eSt. Petersburg, apho baya kuxhaswa ngamagosa empi aholwa ngamagosa-amalungu eNyakatho yoMbutho.

Imiphumo yokuvukela kwama-Decembrists ngamalungu "eMzantsi Afrika"

Abambalwa bayazi ukuba uPestel Pavel Ivanovich wabanjwa ngaphambi kweziganeko kwiSenate Square, kwaye ngokuthe ngqo, ngoDisemba 13, 1825, ngenxa yesigwebo sama-Maiboroda. Kamva, amalungu angama-37 eMbutho waseMzantsi, kunye namalungu angama-61 eMntla eNtshona kunye nabantu abangama-26 abambene noMbutho weSlav waseMaspala, bavalelwa baze banikwe enkundleni. Uninzi lwazo lwagwetywa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesigwebo sokufa, kodwa emva koko zixolelwe, ngaphandle kwetlanu: uPestel, uRyleev, uBestuzhev-Ryumin, uKakhovsky noMraviev-Apostol.

Ukuphakama kweGoli yeChernigov

Emva kokuba yaziwa malunga neziganeko kwiSenate Square, kwaye ezininzi iinkokheli ze "Southern Society" zibanjwe, abahlobo babo abaseleyo bathetha ukubuyisela amanyathelo okubuyisela. Ngokukodwa, ngoDisemba 29, i-Regiment Kuzmin, uSukhinov, uSoloviev noSpypyllo bahlasele abalawuli babo baseburhulumenteni baza bakhulula uMuravyov-Apostol, owayengumngcipheko kunye nokuphambili kwidolophana yaseThulesi. Ngomso olandelayo, abavukeli bathatha idolophu yaseVaskovkov ne-Motovilovka, apho bavakalisa khona "iCatechism yama-Orthodox", apho babhenela kwiinkolelo zonqulo zamajoni baza bazama ukuchazela ukuba iingxelo malunga nobungqina bamandla kaTsar ziyingqiqo, kwaye umntu waseRashiya makathobele kuphela ukuthanda kweNkosi, kwaye Autocrat.

Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko, ukungqubuzana kwenzeke kufuphi ne-Ustimovka kwidolophana phakathi kwabavukeli kunye nemikhosi karhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, uSim Murav'ev-umpostile walela ukuba amajoni aphephe, enethemba lokuba abalawuli abaye babonakala ngaphesheya kwee-barricades babeya kwenza okufanayo. Ngenxa yokubulala, yena ngokwakhe walimala, umntakwabo waphenduka ngokwakhe, kunye namagosa angama-6 kunye namasosha angama-895 abanjwe. Ngaloo ndlela, "uMbutho waseMzantsi" awupheli, kwaye amalungu ayo apheliswa okanye ahluthwe kwaye athunyelwa kwintlawulo yesigwebo okanye kwimikhosi elwa eCaucasus.

Nangona ukuba i-Decembrist ivuko ayiphumelelanga, yabhekisela kuma-autocrats aseRussia imfuneko yokuguqulwa, okwakunjalo, phantsi komthetho wokuphendulela kukaNicholas II, awazange abanjwe. Ngexesha elifanayo, inkqubo ye "uMbutho waseMzantsi" kunye noMgaqo-siseko "uMraveva wanikezela ukuphuhliswa kwezicwangciso zokuguqulwa kweRashiya ngemibutho enguquko, eyayikhokelela ekuguquleni kwe-1917.