Ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya

Ngowe-1861 isiganeko kwenzeka apho bekulindeleke, abantu abaninzi okuqhubekayo elo xesha eRashiya, kwaye ngonaphakade itshintshe imbali. UMlawuli Alexander II wakhupha Manifesto owenza abalimi njengoko singabakhululekileyo, akazange ixhomekeke bamazwe. Yintoni eyabangela ukuba inkosi ukuthabatha eli nyathelo? Zazisithini izizathu ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya?

Imvelaphi kunye nezizathu utshintsho

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-yeshumi elinesithoba, imfuno lokuphelisa serfdom baba ngakumbi ziyacaca. Nokuphuhlisa ulwalamano market ngokwandileyo iyakuqhwalelisa imeko wobukhoboka ye abalimi. Kule 1840s, eli lizwe waqalisa revolution industrial - inguqu kwezemisebenzi manual koomatshini. Uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso kunye nezityalo wawufuna zabasebenzi, ezo kunqaba - ezi abaqeshisi abafuni ukuba ngaphandle yabasebenzi ukulwa. Ukuba ikhuphe umlimi ukuya emsebenzini, ukuba ubeka imeko ukunika inkosi nemali efunyenwe. Kakade ke, ukwanda iindleko zabasebenzi kunye ndathintelwa kuphuhliso lwamashisini.

Ukugcinwa serfdom siqhuqha kunye nezolimo. Ubukho babasebenzi yamahlwempu ngebhaxa nokubanjezelwa uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe oluqhubela phambili kulinywe, le Ukufakelwa kobuchwepheshe yezolimo. Le benani baba indlela elula - ngokucutha Sasungulwa Holdings kunye nokwandisa serfdom. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo yakhokelela abalimi ngakumbi abahlwempuzekileyo ngakumbi, yaye abaqeshisi - to ungonakala. Iingangamsha kungayekwa ukungena ematyaleni, Sibambise imizi yabo. Ngo-1850 emva kwexesha, 65% ye ngamakhoboka babekwa iibhanki abanini ezifana nemihlaba. Ngoko ke, lo ukupheliswa of serfdom eRashiya kwenzeka kancinci enye indlela - kurhulumente bekuya kuba ngokwaneleyo ukuze azithwale azisuse amafa le abaqeshisi 'ukuba amatyala. Kodwa oko kuya kubangela elinye kwabhukuqwa d'AFP, kwaye elo nyathelo, Alexander II, Kakade ke, akazange aye.

Iinzame ubunokwazi ukutshintsha imeko yangoku abalimi kunye urhulumente ayenzayo phambi. Ngoko ke, ngo-1803 waba wakhupha umthetho basebukhosini 'Kwi kubalimi ezamahala ", phantsi apho amafama ukuba ntshunxeka evuhlongeni bya ngenxa yentlawulelo. Kodwa ukuba simahla ixesha ukususela 1803 ukuya 1825 sakwazi kubantu kuphela 47 amawaka. Isizathu yaba intlawulelo eliphezulu - engange 400 zesilivere kumntu ngamnye, kwaye ukuthingaza kubanini ukuba ahlukane nzima ukulwa. Ngowe-1804-1805 gg. e Livonia and Estland nabalimi wenza abasebenzisi ubomi emhlabeni wabo, yaye savunyelwa ukuba sidlule kuzo ilifa. Landiswa kunye namalungelo abo - ngo-1801 baza bavunyelwa ukuba lokuqeshisa umhlaba, yaye kamva wawavumela ukuba nezorhwebo inxaxheba kumqolo. Ukususela 1844, urhulumente laqalisa yokuguqula ekuthiwa-inventri, ngokutsho apho kusekwa inani ngqo imisebenzi ilizwe, kwaye kwangenwa kwi izintlu - ekuthiwa-inventri yesikolo. Ukuqulunqwa luye yaphela ngenxa kweelana le abaqeshisi. Kuba izangqa abalawulayo khona ngokubaluleka kwacaca ukuba utshintsho izithambiso kule ndawo musa - lifune lokubhangisa ngokupheleleyo serfdom eRashiya.

ukunganeliseki yamahlwempu nesimo sabo akhula nayo kunyaka ngamnye. Ngakumbi kuye kwenyuka emva kweMfazwe ongaphumelelanga iCrimea, leyo mandundu imeko yezimali zeli lizwe. Ngeli xesha ukususela ngo1856 ukuya 1860 eRussia 815 Sasungulwa luqhankqalazo (ukuyithelekisa. Kwiminyaka 1850-1855 kwakukho abangama-215). Ekubulaleni emfazweni yaye basebenza kwi izangqa abalawulayo: kwacaca ukuba iRussia ilahlekileyo, ikakhulu ngenxa backwardness kwazo kwezoqoqosho. Ewe, kwaye ukukhula Sasungulwa yokuvukela abazange lwenza okulungileyo ukuba urhulumente. Ngaloo ndlela, iimeko apho kukho ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya, zingaphawulwa ngokufutshane kuchazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-xenga kwezoqoqosho kunye ingozi imfazwe yamahlwempu.

nokulungiswa ngokutsha

Matshi 30, ngo1856, Alexander II wathetha izikhulu eMoscow kwintetho apho wachaza imeko kweli lizwe waza wathi kubhetele ukuba akhulule imikhosi nabalimi karhulumente abaqeshisi de ke bewenzile; ngokwabo. Ngoko ke umlawuli iye ayintsokothanga thsuphe izidwangube ukuba utshintsho elizayo ayinakuphepheka.

iiprojekthi kuqala enkululekweni ngamakhoboka bayithwala iKomiti Secret on leMicimbi umlimi, kodwa iziphumo ezibambekayo yemisebenzi yayo benganikwa, uze emva koko ngo-1858 ukuya ekulungiseleleni yokuvuselelwa kwatsala isangqa elibanzi labantu. Iikomiti zephondo iingangamsha ababebhala okubuyiselwa iiprojekthi Kwamiswa, ezo zithunyelwe kwiKomiti Main. Ezi projekthi zithathwa umsebenzi ukuyila wabakho xa komiti. Umbuzo yamahlwempu kwaxutyushwa esendimbaneni, nto leyo yenza iinguqulelo vuhlayiseki. Njengoko kwakulindelekile, le abaqeshisi ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya, makayixhome ngokuzolileyo, akamkholisi. Uninzi lweeprojekthi elinikwe yi iikomiti zephondo, wacela ukuba akhulule abalimi okanye abanike umhlaba, okanye eshiya izabelo omncinane. Iinkokeli yokuziphatha (K.D.Kavelin, A.M.Unkovsky) bacebisa ukuba amafama zakhutshwa emhlabeni, kodwa kuba isixa esikhulu. Xa Ekugqibeleni, inguqulelo melo yokuvuselelwa waza wabalelwa iKomiti iidrafti. Kodwa ke, abaninzi bemiqathango yawo wenza kukulungele kubanini.

Reform nemithelela yayo

Ekugqibeleni, 19 Februwari 1861 , xa isikhumbuzo wobukumkani bakhe, Alexander II yavuma Manifesto kunye neMimiselo kuphuculo umlimi. Abalimi ziwela baba "abemi zasemaphandleni" kwaye wasinika kunye namalungelo oluntu kunye noqoqosho. Ngoku asixhomekeki ngumnini kwaye ukhethe umsebenzi yabo - urhwebo, yenzani yezandla, nokuzeyisa ukwenza nawuphi na umcimbi, ukuze afudukele kwezinye nemihlaba, ukulwela amalungelo abo enkundleni, ukutshata ngaphandle kwemvume nabani wakhe. ilizwe labo abalimi kwafuneka ukuba bathenge umnini-mhlaba. 20-25% yemali ke bandihlawula ngokwabo, yaye ezinye ehlawulwa ngurhulumente. Phambi kokuba intlawulo yesabelo yayo abalimi mhlaba bezithathwa njengoko okwethutyana, oko kukuthi, kwafuneka ukuba enze zonke zeenkonzo zangaphambili. Njengokuba umhlaba lahlutha kwisivumelwano ndawo, kwinguqu esa ngentlawulelo wolula ixesha elide. Ukuba hayi ngokuba amatyala kwabanikazi kurhulumente, ebanyanzela ukuba bavumelane ukuthengwa komhlaba abalimi, ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya iza kolulwa infinity. Kuba amahlwempu, ukuthengwa komhlaba engu yobukhoboka - imali ehlawulwe ngurhulumente, ukuba babuya iminyaka engama-49, ngoko nkqu ngomdla.

Kanti ke, nangona iziphene zayo, le yotshintsho yamahlwempu yaba neziphumo ezihle kuqoqosho. Ukuguqulwa abalimi zibe abanini ezamahala wabanika ithuba lokuba nobuhlobo emarikeni. Ishishini wakwazi ukwenza ngenxa yokunqongophala kwabasebenzi. Kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - ukulungiswa umfutho iinguqu ezintsha kweli lizwe - i County, nezigwebo, zemali, emkhosini kunye nezinye yeenguqulelo batshintsha isakhiwo qoqosho nopolitiko yoBukhosi baseRashiya.